UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR 
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 
BUREAU OF HAITI
Impact Evaluation of the Development Assistance 
Program 
Agricultural and Natural Resources Management 
Component 
PL480- Title II 
 
Jocelyn Louissaint 
 Team leader 
March 2007 
Table of Contents 
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ 1 
List of tables.................................................................................................................................... 3 
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... 5 
Executive summary ........................................................................................................................ 6 
1 General Presentation of the Study ........................................................................................ 9 
1.2 Political and social context of the program .................................................................. 9 
1.3 Organization in charge of the execution of the program.............................................. 9 
1.4 Objectives of the program ............................................................................................ 9 
1.4.1. CARE.................................................................................................................. 10 
1.4.2. CRS (Catholic Relief Services).......................................................................... 11 
1.4.3. World Vision ...................................................................................................... 13 
1.4.4. Save The Children .............................................................................................. 13 
1.5 Context and objectives of the evaluation.................................................................... 14 
1.6 Methodology and steps of the evaluation work.......................................................... 14 
1.6.1 Preparatory phase ............................................................................................... 14 
1.6.2 Sampling............................................................................................................. 15 
1.6.3 Data Collection................................................................................................... 15 
1.6.4 Treatment and data analysis ............................................................................... 15 
2 The Achieved Results........................................................................................................... 17 
2.1 General considerations on the agricultural situation before the DAP ........................ 17 
2.2 Results obtained for CARE ........................................................................................ 18 
2.2.1 Improved seeds................................................................................................... 18 
2.2.2 Improved techniques........................................................................................... 20 
2.2.3 Small plant production and reforestation............................................................ 29 
2.2.4 Production loan................................................................................................... 30 
2.2.5 Commercialization of agricultural products....................................................... 30 
2.2.6 Agricultural product storage and transformation................................................ 30 
2.2.7 Animal Husbandry and livestock sale ................................................................ 30 
2.3 Results obtained for WORLD VISION...................................................................... 31 
2.3.1 Improved seeds................................................................................................... 31 
2. 4. 5. Improved techniques........................................................................................... 32 
2. 4. 6. Soil Conservation ............................................................................................... 33 
2. 4. 7. Production of seedlings and reforestation .......................................................... 35 
2. 4. 9. Storage and transformation of agricultural products.......................................... 36 
2. 4. 10. Breeding and sale of animals.............................................................................. 36 
2.4 Results achieved by SAVE THE CHILDREN........................................................... 38 
2.4.1 Improved seeds................................................................................................... 38 
2.4.2 Improved Techniques......................................................................................... 39 
2.4.3 Soil conservation ................................................................................................ 40 
2.4.4 Production of seedlings and reforestation .......................................................... 41 
2.4.5 Credit for production .......................................................................................... 42 
2.4.6 Agricultural products storage and transformation.............................................. 43 
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2.4.7 Animal husbandry and livestock sale ................................................................. 43 
3. Main conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 45 
3.1 General conclusions.................................................................................................... 45 
3. 2. Specific conclusions................................................................................................... 46 
3. 2. 1. CARE.................................................................................................................. 46 
3. 2. 3. WORLD VISION............................................................................................... 47 
3. 2. 4. SAVE.................................................................................................................. 48 
4. Recommendations............................................................................................................. 49 
4. 1. General recommendations.......................................................................................... 49 
4. 2. Specific recommendations.......................................................................................... 52 
4. 2. 1. CARE.................................................................................................................. 52 
4. 2. 2. CRS..................................................................................................................... 53 
4. 2. 3. WORLD VISION............................................................................................... 53 
4. 2. 4. SAVE THE CHILDREN.................................................................................... 54 
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................. 56 
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List of tables 
Table 1- Improved Seeds Utilization by category of farmers according to CARE zones of 
interventions................................................................................................................................... 18 
Table 2- Coping Strategies adopted by the farmers in difficulties following the harvest in CARE 
areas of interventions...................................................................................................................... 19 
Table 3 : Improved techniques practiced by category of farmers in areas of intervention of 
CARE.............................................................................................................................................. 20 
Table 4: Main soil conservation practices by farmer’s category according to the adopted structure 
in the CARE working zone............................................................................................................. 21 
Table 5: Assessment indicators of the soil conservation structures established by CARE by 
farmers’ category............................................................................................................................ 21 
Table 6: Types of support received from DAP by the farmer in realizing the conservation 
structures in the CARE working zone ............................................................................................ 22 
Table 7: Percent of farmers by category to which seed credit has been granted for various crops 
in CARE working area ................................................................................................................... 23 
Table 8: Conservation and transformation of agricultural products by farmer’s category in CARE 
working area ................................................................................................................................... 24 
Table 9: Synthesis of the strength and weakness of the different Care activity branches............. 25 
Table 10: Distribution of the beneficiaries for improved seeds utilization in percent in CRS 
working area ................................................................................................................................... 26 
Table 11: Survival strategies chosen by farmers facing hard time with regard to the harvest in 
CRS working area........................................................................................................................... 27 
Table 12: Improved techniques practiced by farmers category at CRS working zone ................. 27 
Table 13: Main conservation practices by farmers category according to the structure chosen in 
the CRS working area..................................................................................................................... 28 
Table 14: Assessment indicators for the soil conservation structures erected by farmer’s category 
in the CRS working area................................................................................................................. 28 
Table 15: Nature of the support received from the DAP by farmers in the realization of 
conservation structures in the CRS Working area.......................................................................... 29 
Table 16: Percentage of farmers by category who benefited the credit to production for the 
various crops in CRS areas of interventions................................................................................... 30 
Table 17– Synthesis of strengths and constrains of CRS sphere of activities................................ 31 
Table 18- Improved Seeds Utilization by category of farmers according to World Vision zones of 
interventions................................................................................................................................... 31 
Table 19- Strategies of survival adopted by the farmers in difficulty compared to harvest in the 
surface of intervention of World vision.......................................................................................... 32 
Table 20- improved Techniques practiced by category of farmers according to the zone of 
intervention of World Vision.......................................................................................................... 33 
Table 21- Principal soil conservation practices by category of farmers according to the structure 
adopted on the level of the zones of intervention of World Vision................................................ 33 
Table 22- Indicators of evaluation of the structures of conservation built by World by category of 
farmers............................................................................................................................................ 34 
Table 23- Nature of the received supports of the DAP by the farmers in the realization of the 
structures on the level of the zones of intervention of World Vision............................................. 34 
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Table 24- Percentage of farmers per category profiting from the credit to the production for the 
various cultures in the zones of intervention from World Vision .................................................. 35 
Table 25- Storage and transformation of the cultures by category of farmers in the surface of 
intervention of World Vision.......................................................................................................... 36 
Table 26: Synthesis of strengths and constrains of World Vision sphere of activities .................. 37 
Table 27- Utilization of improved seeds by farmers category in Save the Children areas of 
interventions................................................................................................................................... 38 
Table 28- Coping strategies adopted by farmers in intervention areas of e SAVE........................ 39 
Table 29: Improved Techniques adoption as practiced by category of farmer in Save the Children 
areas of intervention ....................................................................................................................... 40 
Table 30: Main Soil conservation practices implemented by category of farmer based on adopted 
Structures in Save the Children areas of intervention .................................................................... 41 
Table 31: Indicators of evaluation of conservation structures built Save by category of farmers. 41 
Table 32: Percentage of farmers per category profiting from the credit to the production for the 
various crops in the zones of intervention from Save .................................................................... 42 
Table 33: Storage and transformation of the cultures by category of farmers in the sites of 
intervention of SAVE..................................................................................................................... 43 
Table 34: Synthesis of strengths and constrains of Save by sphere of activities............................ 44 
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Foreword 
This document constitutes the evaluation report of the DAP Agricultural and Natural Resources 
Management component. Funded by USAID through the PL 480 Title II, the DAP is implemented by four 
international non-governmental organizations (CARE, WORLD VISION, CRS and SAVE THE 
CHILDREN) currently defined as USAID cooperating sponsors (CS). The coordination of the works was 
assured by the consultant Jocelyn LOUISSAINT, as leader of the evaluation team. Other members of the 
team were Jean Chariot MICHEL, Dario Styve CELESTIN and Marcelin NORVILUS, respectively 
assistant coordinator and consultants. The submission of the report is stipulated as one of the contract 
clauses between the team leader and the USAID representative (Purchase order). 
The evaluation team wants to thank all the farmers in the DAP zones of interventions who kindly 
responded to the multiple questions of the surveyors during the data collection phase, the numerous 
responsible and field staff of the CSs for their support and collaboration through all the conduct of the 
assessment. May this study bring its modest contribution to a better orientation of the program for the 
benefits of the most vulnerable farmers groups in the targeted rural areas. 
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Executive summary 
The Development Assistance Program (DAP) is implemented in Haiti under the PL480 title II since year 
2002 and should reach its completion date by year 2006. However, it was extended for one additional year 
(2007). It is implemented in four geographic zones in the country by four USAID partners, namely: 
CARE, CRS, World Vision and Save the Children. 
The DAP ultimate goal is to reduce food insecurity in the targeted zones through increasing the availability 
of and access to food while at the same time improving the utilization biological resources. 
This final evaluation of the DAP Agricultural and Natural Resources component is undertaken before the 
end of the program completion date so that the lessons learned be used as references for the preparation of 
a new phase and orientation for a new program. The main purpose of the evaluation is to determine the 
successful activities and those which totally or partly failed in a way to better calibrate future 
developmental interventions. 
The evaluation survey thoroughly collected data and information on the situation before the program 
implementation through interviewing the beneficiaries groups, while outlining the evidence of changes in 
the farmers livelihoods caused by the program activities. 
The methodology included the following steps: 
• The preparatory phase, which consisted in the review of all documents related to the DAP, in 
meetings with directors and staff of the various CSs for a first presentation of the project activities 
and the preparation of the formal survey. 
• The sampling, which started with the setting up of the number of beneficiaries per CS. A percent 
of 6% served as the basis for the determination of our sampling size, which reached 736 farmers 
for the whole program. We finally opted for the randomly stratified sampling. 
• The field data collection for the formal survey was realized by a group of surveyors and 
supervisors assisted by the consultants. However, other complementary methods allowed the 
completion of the information. They are the non-equivalent witness groups and interviews hold 
with key informants. 
• The treatment and the analysis of the data. 
The results of the evaluation allowed determining the level of success of the activities. Concerning the 
improved seeds, the performance revealed very satisfactory, except in CRS’ areas of interventions where 
76% stated that the harvest from the improved seeds was a failure compared to the one of the traditional 
seeds. For the other CSs, 68 to 93% confessed that the harvest from the improved seeds was higher. This 
activity mobilized most farmers in all the zones (more than 75%). 
Grafting fruit trees and bio-intensive gardens improved techniques were practiced in most of the zones and 
allowed an increase in the farmers’ incomes through profit generated by some highly valued cash crops. 
The green vegetables bio-intensive gardens were, however, not implemented by CRS. CARE reached 65% 
of its targeted groups by the grafted fruit trees activity, followed by World Vision (52%), with STCH and 
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CRS reaching only 25%. However, for the bio-intensive gardens, the participation of the targeted groups is 
higher for SAVE and CARE, reaching respectively 62% and 56% compared to World Vision (22%). 
Soil conservation displayed an appreciable success rate with an important level of the farmer’s 
participation, except for STCH where it oscillates only around 50%. The types of soil conservation 
structures observed are mainly: hedgerows, trash barriers, rock walls and billons. The observed structures 
are built according the technical norms, which can warrant their efficiency to more 75% and in some cases, 
till 98%. The level of satisfaction for crops yield obtained, as a result of the installation of these structures, 
exceed 88% for all the crops in all the zones of the program. The soil conservation structures further 
contributed to the humidity retention in the soil and are highly appreciated by a large majority of farmers. 
Seedlings production and tree planting have mobilized a percent of the targeted population that varies from 
55% to 94%. In general, forest and fruit trees are planted and will constitute a supplemental source of 
revenues for the farmers. 
The allocation of credit to production allowed 85% of the DAP beneficiaries for CARE to increase their 
agricultural production. The agricultural products vary from one CS to another for in-kind credit, but most 
of the time, consisted in beans, plantain and corn, a strategy, which eases the farmers’ acquisition of seeds. 
In the case of CRS, it is only 23% that mentioned that credit to bean and plantain seeds production allowed 
them to increase their agricultural production. 
The commercialization, the storage and the processing of agricultural products have mobilized quite a 
weak percentage of farmers, particularly in the CARE zones. However, this activity is susceptible to 
encourage the production through providing markets to the farmers. 
Livestock rising and the selling of animals, which consisted mainly in the distribution of pigs and 
chickens, are activities assisted by all the CSs. However, problems linked to the death of the chickens and 
a lack of veterinary care services were, most of the time raised. 
Generally speaking, for the four CSs, the improved seeds activities reached a level of success higher than 
70% brought by the adoption level, the germinating rate of the seeds and growing rate of the resulted 
seedlings, by their resistance to diseases and to the yield obtained. The failure rate of 30% can be 
associated to the delay encountered during the seeds distribution and the absence of a specific approach, 
which would encourage the development of partnership between the sector’s operators that would warrant 
the sustainability of the activity. 
 
Concerning the improved techniques, the level of success shows an average rate of 60% for all the CSs, 
which can be interpreted as a result of the adoption rate and additional revenues generated by this activity. 
The failure of 40% can be attributed to a lack of assimilation of the vulgarized techniques, the weakness of 
the support provided in the field, that was deemed very limited and the phytosanitary problems particularly 
observed for the vegetables crops. 
The Soil conservation activities were successful at an average of 75%, not only because of the high 
adoption rate by the beneficiaries of all the categories of farmers, but also as a result of the efficiency most 
of the installed structures and their maintenance by the farmers. However, the inefficiency of the trash 
barriers and the abusive utilization of the hedgerows as fodders can be considered as the weaknesses of 
this activity, which shows a failure rate of 25%. 
Seedlings production shows an average of 78% as a successful activity for the four CSs, due to its high 
level of adoption. This rate is higher for the big farmers who produce and transplant much more seedlings 
than the small farmers and middle-class ones. However, a particular emphasis should be put on the fruit 
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trees, which can generate additional revenues to the families. The failure rate can be attributed to the fact 
the seedlings planted are, most of the time, not well maintained and hence are destroyed because of the 
free livestock rising. The versants under steep slopes are also neglected. 
The activities of storage, commercialization and livestock rising failed all due to the fact that they were not 
really developed in the DAP areas of interventions. This is particularly due to a lack of investment, to the 
precarity of the local conditions and to the absence of partnership with the other entities, notably the state 
public instances. New strategies need to be defined for these components. 
In terms of recommendations for the program reorientation, it is worth mentioning the following: 
• Reinforcing the investments in the agricultural sector; 
• Reinforcing the soil conservation activities, in order to bring appropriate responses that match 
with the extent of erosion, while, at the same time, developing a conservatory and productive; 
• Implementing a comprehensive approach that addresses food insecurity and poverty, which is 
associated with a strategy of wealth creation through economic enterprises articulated to the 
local production network; 
• Increase the participation of the beneficiaries to improve the level of the program 
appropriation; 
• Diversify the technical propositions based on the various identified needs; 
• Develop a partnership with the public institutions and the cities and other community-based 
organizations in order to improve the overall efficiency of the program; and 
• Taking into account the gender issue through encouraging the women participation. 
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1 General Presentation of the Study 
1.1 Brief description of the program 
The Development Assistance Program (DAP) is implemented in Haiti under the PL480 title II. The 
program duration was envisioned for the period between year 2002 and year 2006. However, it was 
extended for one additional year (2007). It is implemented in four geographic zones of the country by four 
USAID partners, as follows: CARE, operating in the Northwest and in the Grand’Anse; CRS, in the South 
and in the Grand’Anse, World Vision and Save the Children, sharing them the Central Plateau. 
1.2 Political and social context of the program 
The Haitian society is facing a crucial problem of poverty characterized by a situation of social exclusion, 
which affect most of the Haitian population groups, notably the rural ones. The lack of dynamism of the 
different sectors of the country’s economy justifies the weakness of the process for wealth creation. The 
modest results of the agricultural sector portray the problem of technicity, of scale economy and of 
production. 
According to data published by IHSI, 55% of the population lives with less than one $ 1.00 US a day, 
76%, with less than 2 dollars. In these conditions, 4/5 of the population can not satisfy their basic needs. 
According to UNDP report on Human Development of 2005, life expectation at birth in Haiti by 2003 was 
53, 7 years. Only 71% of the population has access to potable water and malnutrition affects 47% of the 
population. The precarity of such socio-economical situation explains the various coping strategies of the 
population with repercussions over the over exploitation of the natural resources, the migration and even 
on the recuperation of individuals from the most vulnerable groups by the armed gangs. 
The data available for the last five years indicate that food insecurity ended with high rate of malnutrition, 
notably for the children of the group 0-5 years: 23% of these children are affected by a chronic 
malnutrition, 5%, with acute malnutrition and 17%, with a low weight-for-age. This phenomenon 
contributes also to a high rate of infant mortality (12%), accentuated by bad sanitary conditions and by a 
limited access to basic services. This picture is again more dramatic when we consider that Haiti is 
exposed to numerous natural disasters (hurricanes, floods, land sliding etc.). 
1.3 Organization in charge of the execution of the program 
The Development Assistance Program is implemented by four Title II cooperating sponsors, namely: 
CARE, CRS, World Vision and Save the Children. CARE and World Vision implement their activities 
directly with their field technicians, whereas CRS executes the DAP under a partnership with CARITAS in 
Les Cayes and Save The Children, with MARCH and HAS (Hospital Albert Schweitzer). 
1.4 Objectives of the program 
The goal of the program is to improve the food security through the following objectives: 
1) Increase the productivity through improved agricultural practices and natural resources 
management; 
2) Increase the revenues through improved services of credit and access to markets; 
 
9
3) Improve food utilization through interventions in maternal and child health; 
4) Improve the productive infrastructures and the markets 
Each DAP implementing partner developed specific activities that allows them to reach the objectives of 
the program as developed in the following paragraphs. 
1.4.1. CARE 
Concerning the Agricultural and Natural Resources Management component, it was question to increase 
the agricultural production and the families revenues through some improved agricultural and soil 
conservation practices and to favor the increase of the access to market, to micro-credit and the basic 
training in management of income increase activities, with special attention to women. This DAP 
component is executed in the Northwest mainly in the two communes of Bombardopolis and Bassin Bleu. 
According to the mid-term evaluation for the Northwest, the Ag component constitutes the strategic 
objective # 2 for the DAP program. It was aimed to increase the revenues of 7000 farmers by year 2006. 
Three approaches were then used for the improvement of the agricultural productivity and the household’s 
revenues: 
The first consists in the recruitment and the training of agricultural extension’s agents (one man and one 
woman in each community) in order to promote the agricultural techniques, the soil conservation 
techniques, livestock rising and storage. The second approach uses the system Food for Work as resources 
to support the communities in the identification development projects. The third one consists in the 
provision of institutional support to providers of financial services. 
In order to reach its goal, the project defined four main specific objectives: 
 
1) Increase the agricultural productivity through the usage of sustainable practice. 
 
The activities envisioned for that purpose are summarized as follows: 
¾ Provision of training to 70 agents for the promotion of agricultural techniques (grafting, Bio-intensive 
garden), animal health, storage and soil conservation; 
¾ Provision of support to the agents as to enable them to train, in turn, at least 7000 farmers; 
¾ Introduction and distribution of improved and adapted vegetative planting materials to at least 1600 
farmers; 
¾ Provision of support to local veterinary agents to assist farmer’s participation in the project. 
The activities would be implemented in areas with high potential production and would put the emphasis 
on practices that could immediately increase the farmer’s revenues and better respond to the farmers 
needs. The continuity of these activities would be assured once the farmers caught the economic 
rentability of the implementation. 
 
2) Increase the sales of both crude and processed agricultural products. 
 
The actions envisioned are the following: 
¾ Training of 200 farmers on improved storage techniques; 
¾ Training of 1600 farmers on improved commercialization techniques; 
¾ Training of 300 farmers on crop processing techniques; 
¾ Improvement of roads infrastructures to facilitate the access to the markets in 25 localities; 
10
¾ Provision of assistance to 3 financial institutions and approbation of credit for at least 20 community 
projects. 
The households and women associations with viable activities would be trained to develop businesses 
plans and put in contact with agencies that offer some assistance in Ag-processing. The revenue of the 
households would be improved through increasing the value of their sales by means of processing 
techniques, storage and commercialization. The food for work activities would be used to facilitate the 
access to market. 
 
3) Reduction of erosion process in the areas of interventions of the program. 
 
What follows represent the planned activities: 
¾ Production and distribution of 5 millions forest tree seedlings; 
¾ Production et distribution de 500.000 fruits tree seedlings; 
¾ Training and support in the installation of the structures of soil conservation (500 has to protect). 
The communities would select the specific techniques in order to mitigate the erosion process and increase 
soil productivity. Gully plugs techniques and measures of conservation de sols on the farmer’s plots and 
tree planting would be vulgarized. 
 
4) Increase the community preparedness for emergency situations. 
 
The actions envisaged are the following: 
¾ Provision of training to the communities in the development of an Early Warning System and 
appropriate strategies for the mitigation of risks and disasters; and 
¾ Publication of monthly Early Warning bulletin for the Northwest. 
The program would work with the communities in order to identify and reduce the effects of the natural 
disasters. The publication of the bulletin NEWS would draw the attention of the decision-makers on the 
imminence of the emergency situations. 
 
The key intervention strategy of the program would consist in addressing the beneficiaries needs, in 
providing a negotiated support limited in time, in the assurance of economic, institutional, technical and 
environmental sustainability to warrant an impact in the short, medium and long term.
1.4.2. CRS (Catholic Relief Services) 
The goal of CRS DAP is to substantially reduce the food insecurity level within the vulnerable 
communities in the southern peninsula with a focus on the South and the Grand’Anse. 
To achieve this goal, CRS/Haiti will integrate activities in four sectors: 
• Health and Nutrition (Maternal and Child Health, Water and Sanitation, HIV/AIDS, Micro￾finance); 
• Agriculture 
• Food-Assisted Education; and 
• Humanitarian Assistance 
Concerning the Ag/NRM component, the Strategic objective is to increase access to food for 1,500 
families of small farmers in targeted food insecurity zones. 
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Under the development Assistance Program, CRS interventions aim at three specific results: 
1.-Increase the availability of beans and plantains to 1,500 families on 375 hectares in mountains, through 
the implementation of biological methods of soil conservation, practices for the recuperation of soil 
fertility, and the provision of improved seeds. 
In this sphere, it was planned the following activities: 
¾ Tree planting with 30,000 fruit and forest trees; 
¾ Implementation of practices of natural resources management (anti-erosive structures, organic 
fertilization, tree planting, grafting, recuperation of soil fertility); 
¾ The setting up of three revolving funds that would go to 1500 farmers in the form of loan for the 
acquisition of planting materials such as: plantain drag eons, bean seeds for the exploitation of 375 has 
of land; 
¾ Provision of technical assistance to the farmers. 
2. - Improvement of the farmers revenues and availability of animal proteins for 1,500 families through the 
raising of pigs and improved races of chickens. 
With respect to this aspect, it was envisaged the following activities: 
• Distribution of 4,500 improved chickens to 1,500 farmers 
• Buying and Sales of 1,500 pedigree pigs to 1,500 families 
• The setting up of a credit fund for the acquisition and the provision of food for the pigs and the 
chicken; 
• Provision of health services and training to the farmers. 
3. - Increase and revenues generation through assisted commercialization for two agricultural products at 
the level of 1,500 farmers families. 
The following activities were planned for the achievement of this result: 
¾ Market identification for the commercialization of the agricultural products 
¾ Realization of an economic survey 
¾ Constitution and support to training for three pre-cooperatives 
¾ Commercialization of products and facilitation between pre-cooperatives and identified buyers 
The impact indicators for the project are as follows: 
‰ % increase in the yield of bean among the targeted farmers (391 lbs/ha to 595 lbs/ha). 
‰ % increase in yield for plantain among the targeted farmers (12,652 lbs/ha to 25,000 lbs/ha). 
‰ Duration of food reserves after the harvest (3.5 to 4.5 months) 
The main impact indicator of the project for the Intermediate result is the following: 
‰ Increase in the livestock expressed in Tropical Livestock Unit (2.1 to 3.5 TLU) 
The main impact indicator of the project for the Intermediate result 3 is the following: 
‰ % increase in profit generated by the commercialized products
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1.4.3. World Vision 
In the case of World Vision, the agriculture and natural resource management component aim as strategic 
objective to increase agricultural production and the income of 5400 farmers from all categories in the 
areas of intervention. More precisely, this component works to: 
1. Increase the adoption of improved varieties and technologies 
2. Diversify agricultural production in order to increase family access to basic products for 
alimentation and food security 
3. Reconstruct basic productive infrastructures 
4. Promote water management in order to increase agricultural productivity 
Main activities of this project are : 
¾ Introduction et distribution of improved seeds and good agricultural practices: maize (varieties WPTY 
et Cottoa), sorghum (Variety Soberrano) et vegetable seeds (cabbage, tomato, eggplant, pepper) 
¾ Filed testing researches 
¾ Improved seeds multiplication 
¾ Vulgarization of conservationist agricultural practices susceptible to improve the soils fertility 
¾ Introduction of new local varieties with high production potential 
¾ Promotion of bio-intensive gardens that could allow the farmers to increase their income 
¾ Promotion of crops having high economic and sale level such as plantain and other commercial fruits 
(mango, avocado, etc.) in areas having high erosion potential 
¾ Distribution of fruit trees (lemons, mangos, avocadoes and papayas) and forest trees (cedar, acacia, 
neem, oak, “bois capable”) 
¾ Installation of soil Conservation structures (rock walls, contour billons, trash barriers and hedgerows) on 
steep slopes. 
¾ Production of seedlings and tree planting 
¾ Promotion and vulgarization of irrigation appropriate techniques, rehabilitation of irrigation systems and 
setting up of water users organizations committee. 
¾ Training on : 
o The preparation of compost 
o Bio-intensive gardens 
o The production of green vegetables 
o Grafted fruit trees 
o Soil and water conservation 
1.4.4. Save The Children 
The principal goal of the program is to sustainably increase the agricultural production in the targeted 
zones. The specific objectives of the DAP, as implemented by SAVE and its patterns are: 
1. Adoption and improvement of sustainable agricultural practices by the program beneficiaries; 
2. Income increase of the community dwellers in the rural areas; and 
3. Development of the productive infrastructures in the communities 
With respect to the above mentioned objectives, the interventions include the following activities: 
¾ Agricultural extension activities; 
¾ Training of farmers in improved seeds production conservation; 
¾ Income increase linked to harvests; 
¾ Promotion of marketing opportunities integrating the producers in the commercialization circuits; 
¾ Encouraging income generating activities linked to agriculture; and 
¾ Soil conservation activities (reforestation, gully plugs and erosion control) selected by the communities. 
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1.5 Context and objectives of the evaluation 
The Development Assistance Program (DAP) is executed in Haiti under the PL 480 title II since 2002 and 
would reach its completion date by the end of year 2006. However, it benefited an extension for an 
additional year, ending in year 2007. The final evaluation should be conducted before the end of the last 
year, so that the lessons learned serve as guidance for the preparation of the new phase of the project. 
Normally, the reference situation that would allow a comparison between the “situation before” with the 
“situation after” should be established from the baseline study realized prior to the program 
implementation. However, due to some budgetary constraints, the diagnosis from the departure point for 
the agricultural/NRM component was deemed somehow weak and couldn’t serve as the basis for the 
reference situation. The current survey has then put the emphasis on the collection of information on the 
“situation before” from the program beneficiaries groups, while, at the same time, emphasizing the 
changes in the livelihoods caused by the program implementation. However, in order to assure the 
fiability of the data on the reference situation and also due to the budgetary constraints, some witness 
groups allow to reinforce the data related to the situation before the DAP. These groups differ from those 
of the sampling, not only by their size but also by their late choice. In addition, several key informants in 
the zones of interventions were able to express their views from semi-informal interviews. 
Realized by external consultants, this survey leads to the final assessment aims at determining whether or 
not the DAP program reached its objectives. More precisely, it allowed establishing correlation among the 
types of interventions and the improvement of the farmers’ livelihoods, specifically their assets and their 
food security conditions. The main purpose of this evaluation was then to determine the successful 
activities and those that failed, in a way to draw lessons that could help in the orientation of future 
interventions. 
The evaluation allowed specifically to: 
- Identify the agricultural and natural resources management activities realized (improved 
techniques and innovations per domain) 
- Measure the adoption of improved technologies (effective appropriation) 
The achievement of these objectives should necessary be analyzed from the following stand points: 
- The development and the reinforcement of partnership; 
- The reinforcement of the local organizations capacity in natural resources management, such as 
soil conservation, tree planting and seeds production; 
- The changes observed in the farmers coping strategies; 
- The reinforcement of the families food security (both in availability and accessibility) 
- The changes in the farmers’ behavior in natural resources management (agricultural practices, 
resources management and families survival) 
1.6 Methodology and steps of the evaluation work 
The methodology included the following steps: 
1.6.1 Preparatory phase 
- Review of all the documents related to the program (program documents, progress reports, mid￾term evaluation etc.); 
- Meetings with the DAP directors and the technicians of the four CS, which presented and 
explained to the evaluation team their respective program activities; 
14
- Preparation of the formal survey: the information collected during the first two steps allowed also 
a thorough design of the survey. Guidelines for the interviews and questionnaires were also 
prepared. 
1.6.2 Sampling 
The procedures for sampling included the steps below: 
 
- Setting up of the survey population coverage: In order to ensure the credibility of the aleatory 
sampling procedure, the total number of households for the program was established for each CS 
and disaggregated by commune. 
- Determination of the sampling size: As suggested, the sampling size was set up as 6% of the 
population total size. This percentage guided the choice of the sampling size in each region. A 
total of 736 beneficiaries were then considered for the whole program. 
- Sampling method: In order to reach the representativeness of the sampling, we opted for the 
stratified randomly sampling, which leads us to the following steps: 
A) Identification of the different categories of beneficiaries: Based on the documents 
related to the DAP, and discussions with the responsible and informal interviews, the 
population was divided into various categories. The farmers’ categorization was 
based on the single criteria of number of exploited has, due to the fact that the 
characteristics of the habitat and the number of animals didn’t allow to effectively 
differentiate the farmers. In that vein, we ended with three economic levels of farmers, 
as to reasonably establish the analysis needs. They are: the small farmers (those who 
exploit less than 2 has), the middle-class farmers, with the total area under 
exploitation between 2 and 3 ha, and the big farmers, with more than 3 has. 
 
B) Stratified randomly sampling : Each category of farmers was then divided into 
homogeneous groups, from which were extracted the survey samples. For each sub￾group (association or locality), an exhaustive list was provided by the responsible of 
the partners (CS) and verified during the testing of the questionnaire. This task was 
assigned directly by the Consultants. 
1.6.3 Data Collection 
With the help of the survey guidelines and the questionnaires previously prepared, the data were collected 
in the geographic areas of the four CS, including La Gonâve, in order to end with some exhaustive results. 
1.6.4 Treatment and data analysis 
The software used for the works is the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), which allowed some 
coherency checking, the data treatment and tabulation. First, it was deemed appropriate to divide the 
questionnaire in a various groups for registration, define the control specifications before going through 
the programming. The programs were then tested, as to end with some correct results which effectively 
picture the realities in the field. 
This evaluative survey allowed to collect data that are appropriate to determine the level of success of the 
DAP interventions. In so doing, the data collected were submitted to analysis that permit to draw some 
lessons from the program past experience. For this reason, the data analysis was both quantitative and 
qualitative. The data treatment allowed also two levels of analysis: 
15
 1. The Statistical Analysis: 
The tabulation work was defined by the team, which, at first, established priorities and elaborated the list 
of the results in relations with the retained evaluation criteria. The work consisted in the generation of 
“deductible variables” allowed the consultants to define also the relationship between these variables and 
the observed ones. The data are then treated and presented under the forms of tables. It is worth 
mentioning to precise that all the total values indicated in the tables derived from the pond ration indicated 
directly by the software used, as well as those related to the information on the categories entitled “tous les 
farmers confounded”. Consequently, the figures provided are not simple averages. Adoption rates for new 
technologies promoted under the DAP and also the rates for achieved expected results for the activities 
implemented by the CS were also determined. The distribution of the various activities was made 
according the zone of intervention. The benefits of the activities were evidenced through comparing the 
impacts with the situation before the program. In any case, the success of one activity is based on the 
comparison of concrete results with the beneficiaries’ level of adoption and expectations. 
 2. The Non-statistical Analysis: 
A cluster of qualitative data gathered from personal observations in the filed, from meetings with the 
technical team of the CS and also from some both direct and indirect beneficiaries was objectively 
analyzed. For these different informal interviews, a guideline was first elaborated. The searched 
information were undertaken in view of identifying the strength and the weaknesses of the program and 
also aspects related to its sustainability, with a focus on the ecological compatibility, the social insertion 
and the technical viability of the activities. For example, it was deemed necessary to identify factors that 
favored the adoption of the promoted technologies under the program, in a way to evidence lessons 
learned, which may serve for the future interventions orientation. This analysis allowed also completing 
the statistical analysis, through even highlighting all the process and the modalities for the application of 
the adopted measures, as well as their efficiency. 
16
2 The Achieved Results 
2.1 General considerations on the agricultural situation before the 
DAP
The results are presented by CS and by sphere of activities in order to allow a better understanding of the 
impacts of the interventions and their level of appropriation by the three categories of farmers in the 
targeted communities. This approach allows the outline of each partner specificities. However, it was 
deemed necessary to make a succinct description of the general situation of the agriculture before the 
DAP. 
The considerations below derive from data collected by the evaluation team not only during the field visit, 
but also through the reviews of the existing literature. They translate, except for some specificities, the 
reality of the agricultural sector at the level of various geographical zones before the DAP. In this section, 
it is considered, turn by turn, the different aspects of agriculture linked to the program, such as: the inputs, 
the level of production, the management of natural resources, the credit, the storage methods and facilities 
and the commercialization of the harvested products. 
Except for some very limited areas, the agriculture as practiced in the different DAP areas of interventions 
before its implementation, is particularly a rain fed subsistence agriculture executed by means of very 
rudimentary tools characteristic of the sector for the whole country. Jeopardized by the environmental 
degradation, with, in addition, some technical, economical and tenure constraints, it is mainly 
characterized by some associations of cereals and tubers (maize, congo bean, bean, sorghum, manioc, 
sweet potatoes and peanuts). 
In support to the installation of these staple crops, livestock raising constitutes an important component of the 
agricultural exploitations, not only in terms of the revenues generated to the families, but also by the 
revalorization of the agricultural by products. Facing some serious constraints, such as pest problems, animal 
husbandry is mainly characterized by the dispersion of some small animals (chickens and goats) and by the 
traditional use of ropes for the big ones (cows, horses and pigs), with no improved races, which are generally 
more prolific and thus warrant of the household economies. 
Before the execution of the DAP, the agricultural activities, generally speaking, are undertaken with a 
prohibitive lack of inputs in the in the various areas of interventions. Due to the unavailability of improved 
seeds, cropping is undertaken through the use of grains kept from the past harvests. In addition, fertilizers and 
pesticides are inaccessible to the farmers nurtured by a lack of sustained technical assistance that would 
allow a more appropriate and efficient use of these products. in addition to these problems of lack of inputs 
and technical support, the agriculture of the four DAP zones, being a rain fed agriculture, the crop calendar is in, 
most cases, submitted to delays if not pure cancellation, due to the rainfall irregularities and prolonged periods of 
droughts. These factors exert negative bearing on the zones agricultural production. Despite these significant 
needs, the offer of services for institutional credit is literally inexistent. The farmers (particularly the poor 
and the middle class ones) are then forced to go with the high interest rate credit of the rich farmers, when 
available. 
With their most agricultural campaign mitigated, it is found before the DAP an agriculture with very low 
performance with low yield that bears a very low production characterized mainly by some insignificant 
pounds of grains, some immature fruits and tubers particularly in the small agricultural exploitations. This 
offers few storage possibilities and appropriate techniques for the conservation of the harvested products, 
17
leaves room for the traditional commercialization system that relies mainly on the demarches of 
intermediaries, and favors the installation of the black market, thus increasing the inaccessibility of food by 
the consumers. (Due to the insufficiency of the agricultural production and a lack of appropriate storage 
facilities and techniques, it is always observed some significant prices decreases during the harvest time and 
some increases during the dead periods). 
In terms of the struggle against the environmental degradation, the actions undertaken by both public 
institutions and the NGOs operating in the domain are very limited, with no effective adoption of the soil 
conservation techniques and tree planting by the farmers, except in some zones were some interventions 
allow the achievement of a few results. 
In conclusion, the agriculture, as it is before the DAP, is not warrant of the farmers’ food security and 
generates thus few revenues to the households. This justifies the poor farmers out-migrations I search of job 
opportunities that may exist in some better-of zones. 
2.2 Results obtained for CARE 
Currently the total number of beneficiaries in the Northwest reaches nearly 4800 for the Dap Agricultural 
component. According to the survey, 67% of the farmers were considered as small farmers (be a total of 
3220), 18%, as middle-class farmers (be a total of 850) and 15%, as better-of farmers, totaling 730. 47% of 
the beneficiaries are based in the commune of Bombardopolis and 53%, in the commune of Bassin Bleu. 
2.2.1 Improved seeds 
In order to address one of the program objectives, some improved seeds were distributed for free or on the 
basis of an in-kind credit to the farmers under the DAP in several regions of the Northwest. Each field 
agent was responsible for the distribution in his respective locality. The distributed seeds include: maize, 
sorghum, bean, manioc, plantain and peanut. 
Based on the information provided in the table 1, 78,5% of the beneficiaries, say: 3768 farmers use 
improved seeds dispatched as follows among the categories: 79% for the small farmers, 80% for the 
middle-class farmers and 78% for the better-off ones.
Table 1- Improved Seeds Utilization by category of farmers according to CARE zones of interventions 
Farmers category Bombardopolis Bassin Bleu Total 
Small farmers 84.7 75.2 79.1 
Middle-class farmers 82.6 78.3 80.4 
Big farmers 85.2 64.3 78.0 
All categories 82.2 75.2 78.5 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
The indicators on which the survey is based indicate a performance relatively positive for the utilized 
seeds under the DAP compared to the ones used before: 
18
- From the point of view of their germinating capacity, only 12% of the small farmers, 10% of the 
middle-class farmers, and 12,5% of the big farmers, say globally 11% of all the farmers were not 
satisfied with the performance of the improved seeds; 
- From the stand point of their growing capacity, 17% of the small farmers, 10% of the middle-class 
farmers, and 19% of the better-off, say an average of 16% expressed their disenchantment; 
- From the stand point of their resistance to diseases, 21% of the small farmers, 18% of the middle￾class farmers, and 19% of the big farmers, say nearly 20% of all the farmers expressed the fact that 
they are not satisfied with the results; 
- From the stand point of the yield, 22% of the small farmers, 15% of the middle-class farmers, and 
22% of the big farmers, say globally, 20% of all the beneficiaries were not satisfied with the seeds 
performance. 
Furthermore, the improved seeds allowed some far better harvests compared to those provided by the other 
seeds. Indeed, 68% of the small farmers, 67% of the middle-class farmers and 65% of the big farmers, 
declared having obtained a better harvest, thanks to the use of improved seeds. Obviously, the declarations 
of 57% of the small farmers, 68% of the middle-class farmers and 69% of the big farmers coincide by 
stating that more products are sold to market. As a result, the storage level is also higher with the use of 
improved seeds: 61% of the small farmers, 60% of the middle-class farmers and 69% of the big farmers 
recognized, indeed, having reserved more products. In addition, the improved seeds are conserved better 
than those of the other varieties, according to 80% of the interviewees. The factor that exerts more 
influence on the conservation is the parasites (by 40%); it is followed by the bad storage conditions (25%) 
and the level of humidity (15%). As a matter of fact, 62% of the small farmers, 60% of the middle-class 
ones, and 73% of the big farmers would use improved seeds generated by their own harvest for the next 
season. 
According to the farmers, the improved seeds assure better yields during the good season. However, it is 
the contrary when the seasons are marked by a prolonged drought periods. In most cases, the farmers keep 
a portion of their harvested grains as seeds for the next coming season. 
Dependently on the area under exploitation, the amount of rains that fall in the regions, the amount of 
harvested food may cover the alimentary needs of some farmers for a period going from two to three years. 
Faced by the limited availability of food during a prolonged drought periods, the farmers are forced to 
develop their coping strategies (Table 2) such as: tree cutting (87% of the farmers), the sale of labor 
(92%), the sale of charcoal (95 %) or timbers (90%), as well as other activities (98%). 
 
Table 2- Coping Strategies adopted by the farmers in difficulties following the harvest in CARE areas of 
interventions 
Coping Strategies 
Farmers Categories Tree 
Cutting 
Sale of 
Labor 
Sale of 
charcoal 
Sale of 
Lumber Others 
Small farmers 88.0 93.2 94.7 87.5 98.6 
Middle-class farmers 87.5 91.7 95.2 80.0 100.0 
Big farmers 100.0 100.0 93.3 100.0 100.0 
All Categories 87.5 92.5 94.6 89.7 98.2 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
19
2.2.2 Improved techniques 
Grafting and bio-intensive gardening are practiced by the farmers as improved techniques. According to 
the survey results about 65%% of the farmers have done grafting. However, it seems that the process of 
appropriation is still going on. It is important to notify that Bombardopolis comes first regarding adoption 
rate (table 3). Citrus grafting is practiced by 49% of farmers, mango by 25%. Cabbage and eggplant are 
produced by 48% of farmers following by carrot and beet practiced by 40% of farmers. 
Overwall, the BIG is practiced by 56% of farmers with a concentration at Bombardopolis (71%) and 
Bassin Bleu (43%). 
Table 3 : Improved techniques practiced by category of farmers in areas of intervention of CARE 
Improved techniques 
Category of Grafting Bio-intensive gardenig 
farmers Bombarde Bassin 
Bleu 
All areas 
together Bombarde Bassin 
Bleu 
All areas 
together 
Small 
farmers 78.9 51.0 62.3 75.0 42.7 56.0 
Mid-class 
farmers 83.3 52.2 68.1 59.1 56.0 57.4 
Big farmers 80.8 69.2 76.9 70.4 28.6 56.1 
All 
categories 79.5 51.7 64.8 70.6 43.4 56.1 
 Source : Survey, dec. 2006 
Level of success and failure
The grafting improved technique and bio-intensive garden activities have had a 60% success. 
Indeed, vegetables harvested from these gardens are currently used both to feed family members 
and to acquire other food products and basic needs articles for the family. Some BIG followers 
managed to capitalize their farm by acquiring from their returns chickens and goats, while others, 
the housewives mainly, consider the BIG like an activity that allows them to satisfy their 
nutritional needs. According to them, vegetables are good source of vitamins and minerals that 
contribute to balance the alimentary diet. However, a rather low participation has been observed 
due to the lack of extension and partnership with other organizations working in he same field. 
Then it would be appropriate, in order to reduce the 40% failure observed and to increase 
participation, to set in motion a motivation campaign and provide the farmers with the required 
means to perform this activity. 
2.2.3. Soil conservation 
A great number of farmers carry out soil conservation practices. According to some “notables”, many of 
those who carry those techniques have been motivated by the benefits found by others. Soil conservation 
structures observed include: grass barrier strips, trash lines, stones terraces and contour ridges mainly used 
on Bombardopolis table-land (table 4). 
According to collected information, the farmers refresh the structures before each sowing. They instate 
that such structures help conserving the soil “yo kenbe tè” and maintaining a certain level of soil moisture 
20
which end up to yield increase in cultures sowed in both areas. Large surfaces with soil conservation 
structures are testimony of the importance of the investments made by the DAP project to valorize soil and 
reduce erosion effects. 
Table 4: Main soil conservation practices by farmer’s category according to the adopted structure in the 
CARE working zone 
Soil conservation structures 
Category of farmers Hedgerows Trash 
barriers 
Contour 
billons 
Rock 
walls Others All 
structures 
Small farmers 38.2 82.8 21.5 77.4 9.1 88.1 
Middle-class farmers 44.9 85.7 24.5 81.6 18.4 87.2 
Big farmers 64.3 92.9 26.2 85.7 14.3 97.3 
All categories 43.4 83.7 22.6 78.8 11.5 88.8 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006
The work efficiency is put out by the high levels of some key indicators as shown in table5: 
- Level of respect of the contour lines varies from 98 to 100% among the three farmer categories 
- Structures types established on appropriate slopes among the three farmers categories 
- Well done structures found among 96% of small farmers, 95% middle and 100% in all big 
farmers 
- The habitual 10m distance respected among 94% of small farmers, and 98% among the two other 
categories 
Table 5: Assessment indicators of the soil conservation structures established by CARE by farmers’ 
category 
Conservation structure evaluation 
Category of farmers Respect of 
contour lines 
Accurate 
slopes 
Structures well 
done 
Respect of normal 
distance between 
structures 
Small farmers 99.4 100.0 97.5 94.4 
Middle-class farmers 97.7 100.0 95.3 97.7 
Big farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.5 
All categories 99.2 100.0 97.6 95.6 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
Following the establishment of the structures, substantial yield improvements were observed in various 
crops according to some beneficiaries. Very little of them are not satisfied with the reached performances. 
Independently from the category, farmers’ satisfaction levels go from good to very good. All categories 
taken together, about 75% of the questioned beneficiaries’ rate from “good to very good” yield level of 
products like: corn, bean, plantain or sorghum. Some of them rate as excellent the yield for certain crops 
(9% for corn and 10% for plantain. In addition to production improvements, soil conservation structures 
make a lot of good to the environment. That can be seen particularly through their contribution to soil 
21
retention. More than 80% of the questioned farmers assess that contribution on a “good” to “excellent” 
scale. 
For this activity, the assistance provided to the beneficiaries is mainly concerned with technical and 
formation aspects (table 6). For all farmers’ categories taken together, technical support alone represents 
59% of the assistance. Then comes the formation received by the beneficiaries, which covers about 36% 
of the assistance. However, it must be said that the technical support is more concentrated in areas closed 
to Bombardoplolis (56%) than in areas near Bassin Bleu (44%), but this is the other way around when it 
comes to formation support in both areas (respectively 18 and 82% for Bombardopolis and Bassin Bleu). 
Table 6: Types of support received from DAP by the farmer in realizing the conservation structures in the 
CARE working zone 
Supports received from DAP for structure establishment Nature of support Bombarde Bassin Bleu All areas together 
Technical 80.5 44.4 59.3 
Financial 1.2 0.9 1.0 
Training 15.9 49.6 35.7 
Others 2.4 5.1 4.0 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
There are a few constraints to the development watershed management. They are mainly: i) the lack of 
technical en socio-economical assessment of the established system; ii) the absence of technical references 
and manuals specific to the North-West; iii) the persistency of cared people reflex shown by the farmers 
due to the participative approach limits and absence of a partnership based approach.
Level of success and failure
The soil conservation activity has shown a 80% of success explainable by several reasons 
including beneficiaries ‘participation rate (89%). Indeed, the beneficiaries have received all the 
technical support needed to comply with almost all the soil conservation principles. Yield from 
various crops are good testimony of that level of success. In addition, the effects of those 
practices on soil retention are rather obvious. The 20% failure observed can be attributed to the 
absence of protection structures of the watersheds at the top of the mountains in order to prevent 
gorge formation downhill. Such a situation is noticed in Creve (Bombardopolis). On the other 
hand, the trash barriers are not accurate in this specific situation since there is no technical 
referential for the region. Last, the absence of coordination or partnership with neither public 
institutions nor the NGO’s involved in that type of activity has contributed to limit the positive 
impacts of the interventions and their reproducibility in the future . 
2.2.4 Seedlings production and reforestation 
In this activity, lot of beneficiaries currently transplant trees in their gardens due to sustained motivation 
from the technicians. The seedlings are grown in the project or in individual nurseries. According to the 
people, the area was once a desert, but DAP-Agriculture has changed it to a reforested zone through the 
distribution of trees like: leucena (Leucaena leucocephala), capable (Schaefferia frutescens), frêne 
(Simaruba glauca), mahogany (Swietenia mahogany), cedar (Cedrela odorata), neem (Azadiracta indica), 
eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), casuarinas (Casuarina equisetifolia). These species seedlings are supplied by 
CARE. Some farmers grow their seedlings in their own nurseries after formation received either from 
CARE technicians or field agents of the given area. 
22
According to our observations and survey, the farmers seem to understand better and better the importance 
of reforestation. With regard to land tenure, the owners are those who manage the best the ligneous 
resources. They grow trees in order to harvest them later on. When mature, the tree is either sold or used 
as timber, or to produce coal. For the farmers, the tree is like a saving account to compensate low yield or 
production loss in crops. 
Among the farmer surveyed in the North-West, 55% have participated in seedlings production and 
reforestation. Category does not matter when it comes to that activity. Indeed, 55% of small farmer, 49% 
of middle and 58% of big farmers have taken part to that activity. Bombardopolis (54%) seems to be 
slightly more active than Bassin Bleu (46%). 
Almost all the seedlings are produced (97%) to be transplanted. Those coming from individual nurseries 
are directly transplanted on the owner land and the remaining is planted in other farmers’ plantation. 
However, the plants do not received the necessary care, like watering, to increase success rate. They 
usually expect for rain before transplanting. When the rainy season is delayed, or disrupted; success rate is 
rather low 
The most current species include: oak, cedar, mahogany, mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea 
americana), citrus (Citrus sp.), saman (saman), ash (Simaruba glauca). In general about 56% will be used 
to produce plank and 12% for charcoal, for the middle farmers by instance 60% will go to plank and 25% 
to charcoal production. When it comes to the continuation of seedlings production, 66% of the small and 
78% of the middle farmers think they are able to maintain production without the project, for only 50% of 
the big farmers. On the other hand, almost all the farmers surveyed affirm that seedling production and 
reforestation will continue beyond the project. 
Level of success and failure
The level of success of the activity “seedlings production” can be rated 75%. Besides, the 
objective has been reached beyond expectation as to the number of beneficiaries (1600 farmers) 
since the 55% which had positively granted their participation make by a projection over the 
whole population a total of 2640 beneficiaries. However, the 25% failure may be explained by 
lack or the low weigh of fruit species among the supplied seedlings, the absence of follow up of 
the transplanted seedlings resulting in poor shooting, and the absence of incentive related to this 
activity. Several interviewed farmers wish to be supplied with as many fruit as forest species. 
2.2.5. Credit to the production 
The only credit conceded to the farmers is on seeds. In several planting campaign, one or two “marmites” 
of seeds have been allocated to farmers so they can make the sowing. Indeed, more often, the lack of 
money prevents the farmers to sow on time. Seeds credit given in nature, allows them to face that 
constraint. The seeds rented include: corn, beans, etc. (table 7). 
Table 7: Percent of farmers by category to which seed credit has been granted for various crops in CARE 
working area 
Crops for which credit for production was received 
Category of farmers Beans Congo 
bean Peanut Maize Others 
Small farmers 65.9 5.9 9.4 64.8 48.5 
Middle-class farmers 72.2 14.3 14.3 68.0 50.0 
23
Big farmers 74.1 42.9 42.9 81.8 63.6 
All categories 67.0 13.0 13.7 67.1 50.5 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006
It should be noted that in the Bassin Bleu area, only farmers who have a good harvest must return the 
seeds. In Bombardopolis, the seeds are supplied as donation. 
The farmers are readily interested to obtain seeds from the project since they are short cycle and more 
resistant to pests in comparison with their local seeds. 
Level of success and failure
Credit supply allows at 85% of the farmer to increase their production. In spite of high participation 
rate, the level of success of this activity does not exceed 50% because of the lack of diversity of the 
seeds supplied (corn and beans). The 50% failure may be explained by the absence of coordination 
with local credit institutions, organizational weakness and the beneficiaries’ mentality of cared people. 
Farmers lose also their harvest because of dryness observed during certain period and delay observed 
in seeds delivery. 
2.2.7. Conservation and transformation of agricultural products 
This aspect of the project is not well known to the people. The number of women beneficiaries of this 
activity is rather low. The women transform and condition fruits. They manufacture fruits and other 
products into jelly, jam, floor, pomade, bred and obtain some additional income from that activity. 
Products involved include: corn, beans, ginger, fruits and peanut in really low percent of production. A 
relative majority of people (25% small farmers and 50% middle farmers) estimate that losses reduction is 
the main benefit of this activity. For other, a better conservation (12% small farmers, 50% big farmers) 
and a granted market (12% small and 33% big farmers) are favorable factors for this activity (table 8). It 
seems to be of interest for the farmers, since 88% of the small and all the middle and big farmers wish to 
keep up with this activity. 
Table 8: Conservation and transformation of agricultural products by farmer’s category in CARE working 
area 
Stocked and/or transformed crops Category of farmers Maize Bean Fruits Peanut Others 
Small farmers 4.2 4.7 1.7 1.7 2.7 
Middle-class farmers 4.3 5.0 - 9.5 - 
Big farmers 12.5 10.0 - 10.0 4.8 
All categories 5.6 5.4 1.0 4.7 2.4 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006
Level of success and failure
The conservation and transformation activity is identical to the commercialization one, since they both 
present a similar profile: granted market, willingness to keep up, but low participation rate. Success level 
may be estimated at 20% in regard with the loss reduction brought by this activity. It brings also an 
24
additional income to the family. To increase participation rat in this activity, it would be appropriate to 
invest in the creation of infrastructures in order to welcome more beneficiaries. In the mean time, it would 
be judicious to provide formation on the topic of fruits conservation and transformation and to sensitize 
farmers on necessity to create add on value for their products. 
Animal husbandry and selling 
This activity is practiced mainly in Bassin Bleu where chickens were distributed. The rearing is practiced 
by 25% of small farmers and respectively 23 and 13% of middle and big farmers. According to the 
beneficiaries, the chickens were too young at supply, which result in a high mortality rate. Because of 
that, numerous people have not been able to take advantage of this activity. However, those who were 
fortunate enough have managed to capitalize through buying some goats. On the other hand, goats’ 
distribution in the Bassin Bleu area has just begun. In Bombardopolis area, male goats are mainly 
distributed to some groups, although some members did not receive their cross-breeding yet. 
A synthesis of the activities listed is presented in Table 9. 
Level of success and failure
The rate of success for this activity may be estimated to 50% because of economical benefit to 
farmers. The 50% failure may be explained by the high rate of mortality of the provided chickens 
and the limited number of participants. 
Table 9: Synthesis of the strength and weakness of the different Care activity branches 
Activities Strengths Constrains 
Seed distribution 
-Availability of seed for farmers 
during critical financial period 
-short cultural cycle 
-small quantity of seed distributed 
-late distribution 
-some seed not appropriate 
-drought (climatic conditions) 
-pests et ravagers 
Soil conservation 
-yields increase for different 
crops 
-to reduce erosion 
-lack of human resource for labor 
-lack of financial availability 
-lack of technical human resources 
Commercialization & 
marketing 
- Production of additional income -lack of training 
-no loan 
-small number of beneficiaries 
-difficult transportation 
-lack of capacities for financial 
management 
Animal Husbandry -one of the economic potentials of -small quantity of distributed animals 
25
the region - chicken distributed immature 
-sicknesses 
-lack of veterinary agents 
-lack of drugs & vaccines 
Roads Allow product commercialization Ameliorate roads are too small 
Plant production & 
reforestation 
-Availability of plants for 
transplantation 
-charcoal production 
-no distribution of fruit plants 
-lack of 
-Lack of care after transplantation 
-lack follow up of distributed plants 
Transformation & stockage -to valorize local production -High transportation cost 
-seasonal harvest 
2.3. Results for CRS 
The DAP/Agriculture has introduced bean seeds to the benefit of farmers from three parishes. Habitually, 
the seeds used come from farmers reserve without any treatment. The crafted seeds present some 
improvement since they were screened, dried and treated with fungicide and insecticide before stocking. 
The distribution of the beneficiaries by parish is presented in table 10. 
 
Table 10: Distribution of the beneficiaries for improved seeds utilization in percent in CRS working area 
Categories of farmers Coteaux Les Anglais Roche à Bateau Total 
Small farmers 62.5 100.0 28.6 73.8 
Middle-class farmers 100.0 100.0 50.0 87.5 
Big farmers 66.7 - 100.0 80.0 
All categories 62.5 96.2 65.2 74.1 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006
Not all the beneficiaries of the program have been able to participate at all the activities designed in the 
DAP. It seems that at Les Anglais, an important agricultural region, seeds supply has been prioritized 
mainly for small and middle size farmer. Anyway, the majority of the target group, 1110 farmers, 
participated at that activity. Assessing the efficacy of the improved seed distribution operation requires 
finding a way to measure its performance. During the survey, questions have been asked to the farmers on 
various stages of beans cultivation with improved seeds, including diseases resistance and post harvest 
issues. For more than 94% of the farmers, seed germination was satisfying. 
More precisely, for 31.5% of small farmers and respectively 85.7 and 80% of middle and big farmers, 
emergence was rated from very good to excellent. The same trend was observed for the growth 
parameters. More specifically, for 60% of the big and 85% of he middle farmers, growth was very good. 
As to disease resistance, farmers from Les Anglais are more satisfied than those from other parishes which 
still found this character satisfying in plants from the improved seeds. For 19% of the small farmers 
versus 71 and 60% respectively for middle and big farmers, disease resistance was very good. 
In contrast, the great majority of the farmers were not satisfied of the yield except for the middle farmers 
from Coteaux and Les Anglais. Grain formation and filling are very sensitive stages in beans life cycle. A 
short period of dryness may affect considerably yield. In most cases (76.3%), yield from improved seeds 
plants was found lower than that from local seeds, except for middle farmers of the three parishes for 
which, in about 67% cases, yield from improved seeds plants was higher. Likewise, sales from improved 
26
seed plants were not higher than those from traditional seeds, except with the middle farmers for which, in 
71% of the cases, sales were better with the improved seeds. These data are consistent with those related 
to the quantity of harvested products, even tough the trend for the sales is not following the one for the 
harvest. As to the stocks, the observations are similar. Stock from improved seed plants harvested were 
not higher than those from local seeds, only the middle farmers, in 50% of the cases, reported having 
stoked more products. Post harvest conservation of grains from improved seed plants was reported to be 
worse than for grain from local seed plants. 
However, the majority of the farmers from all categories (up to 71% for the middle farmers) replant the 
grains from improved seeds plants. Beans stocks from improved seeds plants do not last longer than those 
from local seeds; except in Les Anglais where the middle farmers, in 100% of the cases, state the opposite. 
Farmers who could not manage to sell more products have to find various survival strategies (table 11). 
Table 11: Survival strategies chosen by farmers facing hard time with regard to the harvest in CRS 
working area 
Coping strategies 
Category of farmers Tree 
cutting 
Sale of labor 
day 
Charcoal 
sale 
Sale of 
lumber Others 
Small farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Middle-class farmers - - - - 100.0 
Big farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
All categories 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006
The distribution should be done at the beginning of February or July, considered as planting period for 
beans in the region. According to collected information, a bean sowing has been done in April, due to late 
arrival of the seeds. In addition, farmers from middle and low altitude explained that they are mainly 
concerned with seeds for other species like peanut, sorghum and corn that are their main crops. On the 
other hand, the amount of seeds supplied was found too low with regard to the target group. For plantain 
suckers, only varieties well adapted to irrigated and fertile low land were supplied. That has considerably 
affected performance in mountain. 
Level of success and failure
The level of success of the improved seeds distribution is 20% explainable by the high rate of 
participation (74%), the high rate of germination the seeds, growth and disease resistance. The 
80% failure is due to late distribution of the seeds, low yield level obtained with regard to local 
seed plants, and absence of coordination and partnership with public institutions and other 
operators working in the same field. On the other hand, sustainability and reproducibility of this 
operation are not granted without the project support since no formation has been made on this 
thematic for the beneficiaries and no materials have been provided to the target community. 
2.3.2. Improved techniques 
Not all the beneficiaries systematically participate to all the activities. Only 25% of the target populations 
take part to fruit trees grafting with a lower representation in the region of Roche-à-Bateau (table 12). The 
activities of bio-intensive gardens were not implemented in the CRS working area. However, some 
vegetables gardens from the farmers’ initiative have been observed in the field. 
Table 12: Improved techniques practiced by farmers category at CRS working zone 
27
Grafting 
Category of farmers Coteaux Les Anglais Roche à 
Bateau 
All areas 
confounded 
Small farmers 20.0 38.9 28.6 30.0 
Middle-class farmers 75.0 - - 37.5 
Big farmers 33.3 100.0 - 33.3 
All categories 29.0 32.0 13.0 25.3 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006
Level of success and failure
This activity has a 40% success rate. In spite of the weak participation of the farmers, the 
practice of grafting, by making available varieties of great economical value, may improve 
farmers’ income and by this means, keep them from cutting trees. However, the formation 
sessions were too short and the farmers need real technical support in this field. In addition, the 
establishment of bio-intensive gardens is not programmed and the development of a partnership 
with other operators is of great necessity. 
2.3.3. Soil conservation 
The majority of the farmers (about 70%) apply, with the support of the program, some soil conservation 
practices with growing interest from small to big farmers which reach 100% of the target population in 
their category (table 13). 
Table 13: Main conservation practices by farmers category according to the structure chosen in the CRS 
working area 
Soil conservation structures 
Category of farmers Hedgerows Trash 
barriers 
Contour 
billons 
Rock 
walls Others All 
structures 
Small farmers 54.8 50.0 57.1 47.6 2.4 68.3 
Middle-class farmers 37.5 37.5 50.0 25.0 - 87.5 
Big farmers 50.0 16.7 50.0 50.0 - 100.0 
All categories 47.0 43.4 49.4 47.0 1.2 69.1 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006
The majority of the farmers build mainly grass barrier strips, trash lines, contour ridges and stones terraces 
(table 14). During the survey, a technical assessment has been realized according to 4 structures types 
mentioned. For the majority of the farmers (between 84 and 98%), the structures were established in a 
technically correct manner. 
Table 14: Assessment indicators for the soil conservation structures erected by farmer’s category in the 
CRS working area 
Conservation structure evaluation 
Category of farmers Respect of 
contour 
lines 
Appropriate slopes Structures well 
done 
Respect of normal 
distance between 
structures 
Small farmers 92.9 96.4 92.9 89.3 
Middle-class farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 71.4 
28
Big farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 
All categories 96.4 98.2 96.4 83.9 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
The structures impact on yield was found satisfying. For all the crops observed, yield has been rated in 
almost 90% of the cases from satisfying to very good. The differences between categories are not very 
significant, although the level of dissatisfaction is higher in big farmers. For 97% of the farmers, the 
structures effects on soil retention are obvious with no real preference for one particular type. The DAP 
has provided several types of support to the farmers in implementing the management structures. 
However, according to the majority of them (76%), received support was only technical. 
Table 15: Nature of the support received from the DAP by farmers in the realization of conservation 
structures in the CRS Working area 
Supports received from DAP for structure establishment 
Nature of support Coteaux Les Anglais Roche à Bateau All areas together 
Technical 70.6 82.4 76.5 76.5 
Financial 5.9 - 5.9 3.9 
Training - 11.8 5.9 5.9 
Others 23.5 5.9 11.8 13.7 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006
Level of success and failure
The performance level (75%) of soil conservation activities, which appears to be the one that has the 
highest level of success, is explained by the high adoption rate (70%), the application of construction 
technical norms, the response brought to the population real needs of the areas of intervention, and job 
creation particularly in the of ravine correction. The failure rate of 25% is explained by the limited scope 
of conservation actions as compared to the extent of soil degradation de construction problems in the 
region, the non utilization of the watershed approach when placing the structures and the absence of a 
strong partnership between the state institutions and the NGO in order to insure the durability of the 
interventions. 
2.2.3 Small plant production and reforestation 
Around 81% of all farmers participate in this activity without any significant difference between counties. 
Farmers received technical assistance from the program and all of them (100%) vouch being able, from 
now on, to reproduce the small plants without the DAP aid. The species sowed are: cedar, ash-tree, oak, 
leucena, mahogany, cassia, different citrus species and mango. Around 32% of those farmers plan to make 
boards with those planted trees. 
Success and failure level
The high adoption rate of this section (81%) and the evident disposition of all farmers categories to go 
with the activities without the DAP contribution (reproducibility and sustainability) explain the success 
level of 80%. The 20% failure level is the result of the limited recovery of the transplanted small plants, 
the plantation lack of follow up and the non utilization of the watershed approach. Nonetheless, it is too 
early to precisely know this activity ultimate non success level by measuring the small plants survival rate 
and the economic advantages for farmers. However, the weak partnership bond might limit this activity 
success. 
29
2.2.4 Production loan 
CRS did not actually implement any micro credit activity. However, the seeds distribution activities by 
using a seed loan strategy to farmers who have to give back the seeds such as to reconstitute the stock 
which will be available to farmers for future agricultural campaigns and even others. The concerned 
species are kidney bean (seeds) and plantain (suckers). The majority of farmers took part in this activity. 
Nevertheless, only 23% of farmers think that the production loan helped them increase their agricultural 
production (table 16). 
Table 16: Percentage of farmers by category who benefited the credit to production for the various 
crops in CRS areas of interventions 
Crops for which credit for production was received Category of farmers Bean Plantain 
Small farmers 100.0 100.0 
Middle-class farmers 100.0 - 
Big farmers 100.0 - 
All categories 100.0 100.0 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
2.2.5 Commercialization of agricultural products 
All surveyed farmers state that they have not participated in any agricultural product commercialization 
activity. 
2.2.6 Agricultural product storage and transformation 
This activity was not done in the area where CRS is engaged. 
2.2.7 Animal Husbandry and livestock sale 
Stock breeding is quite an important activity in CRS intervention areass since 63% of farmers do that. 
Chickens and pigs were distributed to farmers against payment, in order to allow them to increase both 
their income and animal protein availability for their family. 
Many farmers think that, as well as for the seeds, the quantity of animals distributed was too small. Some 
farmers affirm having given the contribution of “400 gourdes”, but they have not received the pigs after 
several months. Others mention the favoritism of group leaders who unfairly distribute the seeds and the 
animals to their relatives. That practice creates some tension within the groups. 
Information given by beneficiaries allowed the identification of some problems during the execution of 
this activity: 
• Caution measures were not taken during chickens distribution when considering the death rate at 
delivery; 
• Unavailability of veterinarian care in remote zones; 
• The stated preference for goat and sheep over pigs, particularly in the mountains where farmers 
affirm that pigs are more demanding as far as feed and health care are concerned. 
30
However, since the DAP activities started more recently in Les Anglais county, more goats were 
distributed on farmers demand. 
Animal distribution and sale success rate
This activity success may be estimated at 40%. This activity allows an increase in farmers income and the 
availability of animal protein for their family members. The 60% of non success level finds its meaning in 
the small number of chickens and pigs distributed, the existing uneasiness within the groups because of the 
estimated unfair distribution of animals, the chicken high death rate during delivery, the poor accessibility 
of veterinarian care and the farmer’s preference for animal species other than those distributed. 
Table 17 presents a synthesis of different activities along with their strengths and constrains. 
 
Table 17– Synthesis of strengths and constrains of CRS sphere of activities 
Activities Strengths Constrains 
Seed Distribution 
-In time of financial 
difficulties, farmers can still 
find their seeds 
- -delay in distribution 
-Plantain seed not suitable to dry 
areas 
-drought (climatic conditions) 
- 
Soil conservation 
-rise in crop yields 
-reduction of erosion and 
damages 
-require additional labor 
resource 
-Lack of financial mean 
Animal husbandry 
-one of the region economic 
opportunities 
-small number of distributed 
animals 
-lack of veterinarian agents 
No drugs, no vaccines 
Reforestation and small plant 
production 
-Availability of tree for sale 
-Charcoal making 
-Lack of nurseries 
-lack of care after transplantation 
-lack of follow up on the 
distributed small plants 
2.3 Results obtained for WORLD VISION 
2.3.1 Improved seeds 
According to the survey results, the rate of improved seeds utilization by the Program beneficiaries in the 
WV intervention zones is very high in all farmers’ categories (table 18). Farmers (100%) of all three 
categories use improved seeds at La Gonâve. In the Central Plateau, a small difference between small and 
large holders was observed which makes it between 97 and 99%. Considering the sample of investigated 
farmers, it is obvious that a large majority of the program beneficiaries (99%) use improved seeds which 
show better germination and growth rates, good disease resistance and better yields. 
Table 18- Improved Seeds Utilization by category of farmers according to World Vision zones of interventions 
Category of farmers La Gonâve Plateau Central Total 
Small farmers 100.0 98.4 98.6 
31
Middle-class farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Big farmers 100.0 97.3 97.8 
All categories 100.0 98.0 98.3 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
Harvests resulting from the improved seeds are by far higher than those produced by the traditional seeds. 
The results speak for themselves. 91.4 % of the small farmers affirm that harvests were better with the 
improved seeds, 93.3% in the average farmers and 97.7% at the large ones. The improvement of the 
quantities of products collected implies that the quantities of market products increase in all the categories. 
It is the case for approximately 92.0% of the small farmers, 92.9 % of the average farmers and 97.7% of 
large ones. The same scenario was observed both for the sale and the storage. 
All categories combined, the traditional seeds commonly called seeds are preserved better than the 
improved seeds (approximately 95% of surveyed confirm it). For the small farmers it is the parasites up to 
25 % and bad conditions of storage also up to 25 % which are the cause. In the average farmers, the causes 
are not defined, whereas 100% of the large farmers show the bad conditions of storage. 
Level of success and failure 
According to estimations, the shutter of support to the recipients of Program DAP with improved seeds 
succeeded up to 75% because of the adopted strategy, durability assured the intervention and the additional 
incomes brought to the surveyed planters, all categories combined. However, it should be announced that 
the shutter of distribution of improved seeds to the recipients of the DAP has points of weakness which 
reveals a level of failure of approximately 25%. The fundamental causes of this rate of failure are 
explained by the late arrival of the seeds, the insufficient quantities distributed for sowing their parcels, the 
number of recipients who deserve to be increased compared to the population of the served communities 
and the non availability of the inputs like fertilizers and pesticides, etc. 
 
In terms of strategies of survival, the small farmers practice primarily the cut of trees, the sale of working 
days and the sale of wood planks. The average and large farm practice only these two last strategies (table 
19). 
 
Table 19- Strategies of survival adopted by the farmers in difficulty compared to harvest in the surface of 
intervention of World vision 
Coping strategies 
Category of farmers Tree 
cutting 
Sale of 
labor day 
Charcoal 
sale 
Sale of 
lumber Others 
Small farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Middle-class farmers - - 100.0 - 100.0 
Big farmers - - 100.0 100.0 - 
All categories 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
2. 4. 5. Improved techniques 
32
According to the results of the investigation, the practice of the bio-intensives gardens is not too 
widespread in the zones of intervention of World Vision. Only 20.7% of the small farmers, 27.0% and 
25.6% of the large farmers have vegetable gardens (table 20). They are small pieces of land close to the 
court of the house where vegetables are cultivated in an intensive way. 
 
Table 20- improved Techniques practiced by category of farmers according to the zone of intervention of World 
Vision 
Improved techniques 
Grafting Bio-intensive gardening Category of farmers La 
Gonâve 
Plateau 
Central 
All 
zones 
La 
Gonâve 
Plateau 
Central 
All 
zones 
Small farmers 47.4 71.3 67.9 26.3 19.8 20.7 
Middle-class farmers 27.3 56.7 48.8 22.2 28.6 27.0 
Big farmers 14.3 47.1 41.5 12.5 29.0 25.6 
All categories together 35.1 62.7 58.1 22.2 22.1 22.1 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
For these husbandries, some farmers use the compost and the natural methods to fight against the parasites. 
Between 82 and 89 % of the recipients who practice the activities of bio-intensives gardens receive the 
support of CS. 
Level of success and failure 
The practice of the techniques improved like the grafting and the bio-intensives gardens shows a rather 
high rate of success. This one is 80% bus those which practice them very well assimilated the techniques 
and adapted the principles relating to it. They continue to maintain the cultures and reproduce the activities 
with or without the assistance of the Program: it is a proof of durability. These gardens allow the farmers 
who practice them to produce vegetables for subsistence farming in order to improve quality of their food. 
The investigations revealed that a certain part of harvests are sold at the market and generate incomes to 
the owners. 
2. 4. 6. Soil Conservation 
The results of the investigations show that 83 % of the recipients of the program practice the conservation 
of the grounds. Those which do not practice the structures of conservation of ground state that they are 
unaware of them or are quite simply reticent. It will be noted however that this strong rate of total 
participation of the recipients in the activities of conservation of the grounds unequally set out again 
between the 2 zones of intervention of World Vision. Indeed if in the “Haut Plateau Central” the rate of 
acceptance of the practices of conservation of ground by the recipients of program DAP is 90.2 %, it is 
only 37.9% in “La Gonâve” (table 21). 
Table 21- Principal soil conservation practices by category of farmers according to the structure adopted on the level 
of the zones of intervention of World Vision 
Structure de conservation des sols 
Category of farmers Hedgerows Trash 
barriers 
Contour 
billon 
Rock 
walls Others All 
structures
Small farmers 47.6 74.7 8.2 52.4 6.1 85.7 
33
Middle-class farmers 54.3 54.3 8.7 56.5 4.3 78.9 
Big farmers 45.7 65.2 15.2 67.4 13.0 78.4 
All categories 
together 47.2 68.6 9.3 55.7 6.9 83.0 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
According to results' presented at table 22, the structures are generally well built (90.4%) with the 
technical aid of CS because the investigations revealed that the level lines are respected (87.9%) and 
suitable slopes (76.5%). 
Table 22- Indicators of evaluation of the structures of conservation built by World by category of farmers 
 
Conservation structures evaluation 
Category of farmers Respect of 
contour lines 
Appropriate 
slopes 
Structures well 
done 
Respect of normal 
distance between 
structures
Small farmers 88.3 78.3 93.2 80.0 
Middle-class farmers 76.2 61.9 76.2 57.1 
Big farmers 94.1 81.8 93.9 84.8 
All categories 87.9 76.5 90.4 77.4 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
The outputs of the cultures increased with the protection of the grounds and thus the set up structures 
contribute indeed to the retention of the ground. The majority of the recipients declare themselves ready to 
ensure the maintenance of the structures along with other farming activities, the quickset hedges in 
particular produce fodder for the cattle. The nature of the received supports of the DAP is provided to table 
23. 
Table 23- Nature of the received supports of the DAP by the farmers in the realization of the structures on the level 
of the zones of intervention of World Vision 
Supports received from DAP for structure establishment Nature of support La Gonâve Plateau Central All areas 
Technical 43.8 21.5 23.8 
Financial - - - 
Training 56.3 27.1 30.0 
Others - 51.4 46.3 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
 
Level of success and failure 
We consider according to the results of the investigation and the observations made on the ground that this 
activity has a rate of success of approximately 80%. This success is explained by the will of the growers to 
protect their ground against erosion. They adhere to the principles and adapt the practices of conservation 
of ground preached within the framework of the Program. These structures are maintained by themselves 
with the motivation of the executives attached to the Program, from where the durability of this activity. 
34
By the contribution of this activity to the retention of the ground and water and consequently by his 
influence on the increase in harvests, one can also say that it contributes largely to the increase in the 
incomes of the recipients who practice it. The rate of failure of 20% is explained by the absence of a 
partnership with other sectors working in the field and of incentive economic related to this activity. 
 
2. 4. 7. Production of seedlings and reforestation 
Great majority of surveyed (82.7%) take part in the activities of production of seedlings within the 
framework of the program. The trees are produced in seedbed by groupings of growers to be then 
distributed and transplanted to 99.5% in the gardens of the recipients. The farmers profit from the support 
of World Vision and declare that they are ready to continue the experiment, to produce and transplant 
trees, after the program. The principal species met are: the cedar and the oak, mahogany tree, acacia, 
citrus, mango tree. One will note that inquired which does not plant trees explain, in majority, which they 
do not have the economic means for this activity. 
 
The majority of the recipients of DAP / World Vision take part in the activities of production and / or 
transplantation of fruit trees or forest. Generally the profit groupings set up collective seedbeds with the 
technical support of monitors placed at their disposal by World Vision and the active participation of the 
members. The produced seedlings will be then transplanted in their gardens, generally near their houses. 
The reasons for which certain recipients do not practice this activity remain the fact that for them the 
reforestation remains the business of the state and that they do not find it beneficial to plant trees without 
them not being paid. Good numbers of them always tend to believe that the trees are investments with 
differed profitability and that they do not find it beneficial to undertake this activity. 
 
Level of success and failure
Just as the conservation of ground, it is estimated that this activity succeeded with nearly 80% for the same 
reasons that the trees are regarded as agents anti erosion and who at the same time will be used for the 
production of fruits, boards, wood for heating, etc. The level of failure of 20% comes from the mentality of 
certain recipients and weak rate of resumption of the transplanted seedlings. 
2. 4. 8. Credit for production 
The credit for production is given especially for cultures like bean, it but, banana and the manioc. In the 
category of the small farmers, 83.7 % of surveyed profit from the credit to the production from bean and 
96.9 % with the production of corn, 96.2% for banana and 95.1% for the manioc. For the average growers, 
between 91 and 100 % profit from the credit to the production of the above mentioned cultures and for the 
large ones, 100% for all the cultures (table 24). This support in general enables them to increase their 
production. All in all, the program enables them to produce more, to better preserve, store and sell their 
products under better conditions. 
Table 24- Percentage of farmers per category profiting from the credit to the production for the various cultures in 
the zones of intervention from World Vision 
 
Crops for which credit for production was received Category of farmers Bean Plantain Manioc Maize Others 
Small farmers 83.7 96.2 95.1 96.9 97.4 
Middle-class farmers 91.7 96.6 100.0 100.0 96.2 
Big farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.2 
35
All categories 86.8 96.5 96.2 97.7 96.0 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
The credit with the production relates to especially the activities of improved seeds where the recipient 
receives from it a certain quantity (bean and corn) which it must restore with harvest with a minimum of 
interest as announced by introducing the activity of the seeds itself. This activity, according to the results 
of the investigations makes it possible to increase the production. The rate of success is lower than that of 
the improved seeds themselves because it should be said that the seed in oneself helps the recipients to 
increase their income. It is not obvious that they always refund generally affirming a bad harvest. 
However, an activity of agricultural credit known as is successful when the rate of refunding makes it 
possible to reconstitute stocks for the renewal of the cycle, but it often happens that the capital (nature) 
decreases considerably after 2 or 3 cycles to cancel itself afterwards. 
 
 
Level of success and failure 
The rate of success of this activity reaches 45% because of the low level of refunding of the loans. The 
failure can also be allotted to the mentality of assisted people because of the limits of the participative 
approach and absence of a partnership step. 
 
2. 4. 9. Storage and transformation of agricultural products 
Storage and the transformation are done particularly for the grains such as corn, bean and groundnut. The 
small farmers practice them more than the means and large farmers. With an average rate of 45%, the corn 
comes at the head, follow-up of bean and other cultures (table 25). The limitations with the performance of 
this type of activity lie in the lack of infrastructures of storage and transformation. Important 
measurements deserve to be planned to improve the conservation of the grains which remains which 
remains a major asset for the producers. 
 
Table 25- Storage and transformation of the cultures by category of farmers in the surface of intervention of World 
Vision 
Stocked and/or transformed crops Category of farmers Maize Bean Peanut Others 
Small farmers 58.0 44.9 26.3 46.4 
Middle-class farmers 36.4 30.0 6.7 24.3 
Big farmers 13.3 2.5 4.9 - 
All categories 45.6 33.0 16.3 34.4 
Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
2. 4. 10. Breeding and sale of animals 
The recipients of DAP-World Vision have the practice of the traditional breeding. However, within the 
framework of the program, an attempt at introduction of improved parents (chickens and goats) is at its 
beginnings in all the communes and all the categories of farmers take part of it. Table 26 has the synthesis 
of the assets and constraints by activity for World Vision. 
36
 
Table 26: Synthesis of strengths and constrains of World Vision sphere of activities 
Activities Strengths Constrains 
Seed distribution 
-Availability to beneficiaries 
farmers of seeds with the 
highest performance 
-Insufficiency of the quantity of 
distributed seeds 
-distribution delay 
-drought (climatic conditions) 
-pests and spoilers, 
- lack of follow up. 
Soil conservation 
-rise in crop yield 
-contending erosion 
-lack of labor 
-lack of financial means 
-lack of technicians 
- lack of follow up 
Commercialization & 
marketing 
- generation of 
complementary income 
-lack of training 
-No credit 
-Low number of beneficiaries 
-difficulty of transport 
-Deficiency in fund management 
capability 
Animal raising 
-One of the region economic 
potentials 
-Low number of distributed 
animals 
- Distributed chickens not 
mature 
-Diseases (bugs, diarrhea) 
-Lack of veterinarian agents 
-No drugs nor vaccines 
Roads Allow commodities transport 
and sale 
Improved sections are too short 
and do not last long. 
Small plant production and 
reforestation 
-availability of trees for sale 
-charcoal production 
-lack of care after transplantation 
-lack of follow up on the 
distributed small plants 
Transformation and storage -valorization of local 
production 
-high cost of transport 
-seasonal crop harvest 
37
2.4 Results achieved by SAVE THE CHILDREN 
2.4.1 Improved seeds 
Over 115 recipients surveyed, (or 90.3 %) have 100 used improved seeds. However, the utilization rate 
changes with different categories of farmers. The results are summarized in table 27. 
Table 27- Utilization of improved seeds by farmers category in Save the Children areas of interventions 
Category of farmers Maïs￾sade 
Mar￾chand 
Mire￾balais 
Pte Riv. 
Artib. Verrettes Total 
Small farmers 90.9 88.5 76.9 100.0 100.0 90.7 
Middle-class 
farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Big farmers 100.0 100.0 75.0 - 100.0 85.7 
All categories 93.8 89.7 75.0 100.0 100.0 90.3 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
90.7 % of small farmers have panted improved seed. It should be noted that the rate goes up to 100 % in 
the communes of Petite rivière and Verrettes, followed by Maissade (90.9 %), Marchand (88.5 %) and 
Mirebalais (76,9 %). 
Improved are also used by all farmers surveyed in the interne diate category and in all communes, against 
85,7 % in the big farmers category. So, 14,3 % farmers this group do not use improved seeds, all of there 
are living in the commune of Mirebalais (the DAP Program improved seeds are not used by 25 % of big 
farmers on this commune. There are no big farmers in Petite Rivière. 
Taking the sample of surveyed farmers into account, it is obvious that most of the recipients (87 %) have 
used improves seeds. Nonetheless it is important to consider farmers satisfaction level (through 
germination, rate, growth, rate resistance to diseases and productivity) to gauge the pertinence of the 
program. 
Between 25 and 33 % of the recipients surveyed, all categories includes, consider that the yields resulted 
form improved seeds are lower than those provided by traditional seeds. The highest rate of these 
recipients (45 %) is found in the small farmer’s category in the commune of Marchand. On the opposite, 
the commune of Mirebalais has shorn the highest rate which is 66 % in the intermediate farmers category. 
For most recipients (between 62 and 68 %) better yields are performed with the improved seeds. Il should 
be note that the rate is maximum (100) for intermediate and big farmers in Maissade, Marchand, and 
Verettes. Mirebalais is therefore the place where the satisfaction level is very low for the improved seeds. 
The amount of food available on the marker increases a result of yield improvement this is shown for 56 % 
and 67 % of the people surveyed except obviously for Marchand (small farmers) and Mirebalais 
(intermediate and big farmers). The same scenario is repeated in terras of sale and preservation. For all 
categories included, foodstuffs resulted from the traditional seeds are better preserved than those doming 
from the improved seeds (80 to 86 %). Only small farmers of the 3 communities (Maissade, Marchand 
and Petite Rivière) have proposed some explanations for this. Forty three percent (43 %) of them believe 
38
that humidity in responsible for preservations result, while 57 % attribute the latter to bad stocking 
conditions. 
Between 67 and 78 % of the people surveyed, all categories and communities included, use improved 
seeds coming from their own stocks. This is different for 45 % of small farmers in Marchand and 66 % of 
big farmers in Mirebalais due to their perception of a low satisfaction level for stocks resulted from the 
improved seeds. 
Tree cutting (100 %), day work sale (100 %) charcoal or wood board sale (100 %) are some survival 
strategies adopted by small and intermediate farmers in save the children’s intervention areas (table 28). 
Table 28- Coping strategies adopted by farmers in intervention areas of e SAVE 
Coping strategies 
Category of farmers Tree cutting Sale of 
labor day 
Charcoal 
sale 
Sale of 
lumber Others 
Small farmers 100.0 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Middle-class farmers 100.0 - 100.0 - 100.0 
Big farmers - - - - - 
All categories 100.0 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
Level of success and failure
It is estimated that the distribution of the improved seeds has succeeded at 70 %. As a distribution 
strategy, the seeds are given to the farmers at the beginning of the agricultural season according to the 
same modalities used by World Vision. The same warranty used also provided by the strategy in terms of 
seeds preservation and availability. It is the same for the results obtained in relation to the program 
objectives (activity appropriation and improvement of recipients’ socio-economic conditions). The 
improved seed component failure level is in turn, estimated at 30 %. As well as World Vision, it is mainly 
due to the relay in the distribution in relation to the agricultural calendar, the low amount provided in 
comparison with the needs and the back of other inputs (fertilizers, pesticides).
2.4.2 Improved Techniques 
Grafting and bio-intensive gardening are practiced by the farmers as improved techniques (table 29). 
According to the survey results about 61,6% of the farmers have produced vegetables on small land lots 
near the houses on an intensive basis. Some of them have included the use of organic fertilizers and natural 
methods to control parasites. The most important vegetables involved are: 
- Carrots and beet only by small farmers. Most of the farmers in this category (64%) have been 
using this practice for more than 18 months in Marchand, Mirebalais and Petite Rivière. As far 
as Maissade is concerned, these vegetables have been cultivated in bio-intensive gardening for 
less than 6 months. 
- Tomato, hot pepper, cabbage, egg-plant and spinach cultivation has been practiced by most 
small farmers for at least one year in all the communities where the program is being 
implemented. For the 2 other categories, the practice has been carried out for more than 18 
years. Bio-intensive gardening particularly is very common in Verettes as a proof that it is 
well established in this community. Papaya cultivation is currently made in Maissade by all 
categories of farmers, by small farmers only in Marchand, Mirebalais and Petite Riviere as 
well as by small and big farmers in Verettes. 
39
Table 29: Improved Techniques adoption as practiced by category of farmer in Save the Children 
areas of intervention 
Grafting 
Category de farmers Maïs￾sade 
Mar￾chand 
Mire￾balais 
Pt Riv. 
Ar 
Ver￾rettes 
All 
areas 
Small farmers 30.8 3.8 21.4 46.2 53.8 26.6 
Middle-class farmers - - - - 100.0 11.1 
Big farmers - 100.0 40.0 - 100.0 50.0 
All categories 23.5 6.9 17.9 36.8 61.9 27.2 
 Bio-intensive gardening 
Category de farmers Maïs￾sade 
Mar￾chand 
Mire￾balais 
Pt Riv. 
Ar 
Ver￾rettes All areas
Small farmers 92.3 80.8 21.4 69.2 76.9 69.6 
Middle-class farmers 50.0 100.0 20.0 33.3 
Big farmers 100.0 100.0 25.0 
All categories 88.2 79.3 14.3 73.7 71.4 62.3 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
The success of this type of garden with the technical assistance of save the children has motivated the 
families to increase the cultivated surface area. According to the women groups, the gardens are aimed at 
meeting the needs of the Household for food as well as revenue for the women themselves from the sale of 
extra production. The vegetable garden advantages are well understood by the participants. 
Success and failure level
Grafting is one of the improved techniques that show a very low level of success with 72% non-users. It is 
considered as not being applied since practiced by only 20% of the farmers. On the opposite, vegetable 
gardening has been very successful. Although the number of applicants does not exceed 70%, the success 
has been ranked at 80% due to the high level of assimilation and application by those who have been 
taking advantage of the bio-intensive gardening principles. They are still taking care of the gardens and 
replicating the activities with or without the program assistance. 
2.4.3 Soil conservation 
The survey results show that 49,6% of the recipients have applied soil conservation practices. The 
conservation structures mostly concerned are: 
- Hedgerows (73%) adopted by almost all categories of farmers in all communities except Petite 
Riviere where the lots are cultivated on low lands. 
- Rock walls (68%) also practiced by all categories of farmers and all communities. However, 
the application rate is higher for small farmers of Mirebalais and big farmers in general. 
- Trash barriers (59%) similarly used by all recipients and communities. The highest rate (92%) 
is found in Maissade, but these structures are adopted at 38% as an average for each category 
of farmers. For intermediate farmers in Maissade and Marchand, they are practiced at 100%. 
As far as big farmers are concerned, the use of trash barriers is ranked at 100% in Maissade 
and 40% in Mirebalais. 
According to the results in table (30), the soil conservation structures are well made (77%) with the CS 
technical assistance, for the survey results have revealed that the contour lines techniques and associated 
40
scopes are verified for good at 84% and 87% respectively. In addition, soil conservation structures are 
carried out by about 50% of the recipients involved in the DAP program operated by Save the Children. 
Table 30: Main Soil conservation practices implemented by category of farmer based on adopted Structures 
in Save the Children areas of intervention 
Soil conservation structure 
Category of farmers Hedgerows Trash 
barriers 
Contour 
billon 
Rock 
walls Others All 
structures 
Small farmers 24.1 38.8 6.3 22.5 10.1 46.7 
Middle-class farmers 33.3 55.6 - 55.6 22.2 75.0 
Big farmers 37.5 37.5 - 87.5 37.5 100.0 
All categories 25.0 80.0 15.0 5.0 25.0 54.2 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
As a result of soil protection through these techniques, there is an increase in yields. For this reason, the 
recipients are motivated to perform maintenance works in the soil conservation structures. Moreover, they 
understand, for instance, that hedgerows can also provide additional food for livestock. 
Table 31: Indicators of evaluation of conservation structures built Save by category of farmers 
Conservation structure evaluation 
Category of farmers 
Respect of 
contour 
lines 
Appropriate 
slopes 
Structures well 
done 
Respect of 
normal distance 
between 
structures 
Small farmers 86.5 83.8 78.4 73.0 
Middle-class farmers 85.7 100.0 71.4 71.4 
Big farmers 71.4 85.7 71.4 71.4 
All categories 83.9 87.1 77.4 74.2 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
Success and failure level
The survey results as well as on site observations have indicated a 60% success rate for soil conservation 
activities. The basis for this achievement is the recipients willing to control erosion damages on their 
agricultural plots. Maintenance follow-up is also a good indicator of sustainability. Nonetheless, there is a 
40% failure rate as a result of a lack of motivation and technical assistance in some areas involved in the 
program. In those circumstances, the recipients are persistent in a type of traditionalism consisting in 
claiming payment for soil conservation works. 
2.4.4 Production of seedlings and reforestation 
Great majority of surveyed (93.7%) take part in the activities of production of seedlings within the 
framework of the program. The trees are produced in seedbed by groupings of growers to be then 
distributed and transplanted to 95% in the gardens of the recipients. This rate varies for the small farmers 
from 82% at Petite Riviere to 100% at Mirebalais. For mid-class and big farmers trees produced were 
transplanted at 100%. 
41
The farmers profit from the support of Save and declare that they are ready to continue the experiment, to 
produce and transplant trees, after the program. The principal species met are: the cedar and the oak 
(92%), avocado (94%), citrus (Mirebalais and Verretes) and less blazing. One will note that inquired 
which does not plant trees explain, in majority, which they do not have the economic means for this 
activity. 
 
The majority of the recipients of DAP / Save take part in the activities of production and / or 
transplantation of fruit trees or forest. Generally the profit groupings set up collective seedbeds with the 
technical support of monitors placed at their disposal by Save and the active participation of the members. 
The produced seedlings will be then transplanted in their gardens, generally near their houses. 
Level of success and failure
Just as for soil conservation, it is estimated that this activity succeeded with nearly 75%% for the same 
reasons that the trees are regarded as agents anti erosion and who at the same time will be used for the 
production of fruits, boards, wood for heating, etc. The level of failure of 25% comes from the mentality of 
certain recipients and weak rate of resumption of the transplanted seedlings. The reasons for which certain 
recipients do not practice this activity remain the fact that for them the reforestation remains the business 
of the state and that they do not find it beneficial to plant trees without them not being paid. 
2.4.5 Credit for production 
The credit for production is given especially in nature (seeds) for crops like bean and maize. In the 
category of the small farmers, 87 % of surveyed profit from the credit to the production from bean and 100 
% with the production of corn. For the average growers, 100 % profit from the credit to the production of 
the above mentioned crops and for the large ones 66.7% received for beans and 75% for maize (table 32). 
This support in general enables them to increase their production. All in all, the program enables them to 
produce more, to better preserve, store and sell their products under better conditions. 
DAP-Save beneficiaries do not use any particular circuit for product commercialization. They sell 
products at traditional markets as shown in the survey results that demonstrate between 97 and 100% of 
farmers do not use any special market. 
Table 32: Percentage of farmers per category profiting from the credit to the production for the various crops 
in the zones of intervention from Save 
Crops for which credit for production was received Category of farmers Bean Plantain Manioc Maize Others 
Small farmers 87.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 86.7 
Middle-class farmers 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Big farmers 66.7 - 100.0 75.0 100.0 
All categories 86.2 100.0 100.0 97.6 92.0 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
The credit with the production relates to especially the activities of improved seeds where the recipient 
receives from it a certain quantity (bean and corn) in nature which it must restore after harvest with a 
minimum of interest as announced by introducing the activity of the seeds itself. This activity, according to 
the results of the investigations makes it possible to increase the production. The rate of success is lower 
than that of the improved seeds themselves because it should be said that the seed in oneself helps the 
recipients to increase their income. It is not obvious that they always refund generally arguing a bad 
harvest. However, an activity of agricultural credit known as is successful when the rate of refunding 
42
makes it possible to reconstitute stocks for the renewal of the cycle, but it often happens that the capital 
(nature) decreases considerably after 2 or 3 cycles to cancel itself afterwards. 
Level of success and failure
The rate of success of this activity reaches 45% because of the low level of refunding of the loans. The 
failure can also be allotted to the mentality of assisted people because of the limits of the participative 
approach and absence of a partnership step. 
2.4.6 Agricultural products storage and transformation 
This activity has not been well developed through Save The Children areas. Maize is the only crop which 
has been transformed for consuming and some fruits at Maïssade, Petite Rivière and Verrettes. However, 
all farmers have practiced agricultural product storage. (Table 33). 
Table 33: Storage and transformation of the cultures by category of farmers in the sites of intervention of 
SAVE 
Stocked and/or transformed crops Category of farmers Maize Ginger Fruits Peanut Others 
Small farmers 4.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Middle-class farmers 14.3 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Big farmers 14.3 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 
All categories 7.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
 Source: Survey, Dec. 2006 
2.4.7 Animal husbandry and livestock sale 
The recipients of DAP-World Vision have the practice of the traditional breeding. However, within the 
framework of the program, an attempt at introduction of improved parents (cocks and goats) is at its 
beginnings in all the communes and all the categories of farmers take part of it. Table 34 presents a 
synthesis of the strengths and constraints by activity for Save the Children. 
43
Table 34: Synthesis of strengths and constrains of Save by sphere of activities 
Activities Strengths Constrains 
Seed distribution 
-Availability to beneficiaries 
farmers of seeds with the highest 
performance 
-Insufficiency of the quantity of 
distributed seeds 
-distribution delay 
-drought (climatic conditions) 
-inappropriate yam drageons 
-pests and spoilers, 
- lack of follow up. 
Soil conservation 
-rise in crop yield 
-contending erosion 
-lack of labor 
-lack of financial means 
-lack of technicians 
Commercialization & marketing 
- generation of complementary 
income 
-lack of training 
-No credit 
-Low number of beneficiaries 
-difficulty of transport 
-Deficiency in fund management 
capability 
Animal raising -One of the region economic 
potentials 
-Low number of distributed animals 
- Distributed chickens not mature 
-Diseases (bugs, diarrhea) 
-Lack of veterinarian agents 
-No drugs nor vaccines 
Roads Allow commodities transport and 
sale 
Improved sections are too short and do 
not last long. 
Small plant production and 
reforestation 
-availability of trees for sale 
-charcoal production 
-No fruit species distributed 
-lack of nurseries 
-lack of care after transplantation 
-lack of follow up on the distributed 
small plants 
Transformation and storage -valorization of local production -high cost for transportation 
-seasonal crop harvest 
44
3. Main conclusions 
3.1 General conclusions 
Improved seeds 
This type of intervention in the form of loan facilitates the access of seeds to much of small farmers who 
often have difficulties in acquiring them. The problem lies in the fact that these small farmers sell the 
essence of their production at low price at the time of harvest and buys grains at full prices at the time of 
the sowing. 
On the other hand, the performance of the improved seeds was acceptable for all the partners of execution 
except CRS. Even if the performance of the handcrafted seeds, in terms of output, were not considered to 
be too satisfactory compared to seeds used like traditional seeds, one cannot conclude hastily with a low 
effectiveness from this intervention in the case of CRS. The behavior of the improved seeds was not 
remarkable only with the phase of harvest. Environmental factors, such for example, the climate, can 
assign the output to the phase of the formation and filling of the grains. 
The aspect which seems more negative in the intervention relating to the supply seeds, it is the non￾observance of the farming calendars, in the sense that those often arrive late. This was announced in the 
case of all CS. This factor is likely to affect the performances of these seeds. 
Crops with strong commercial value 
For farmers of the fertile zones of the plains, sometimes irrigated like “Roche a Bateau”, “Les Anglais”, 
the distribution of suckers of "frank" and “musky” banana tree for example allowed the increase in the 
production of this variety of great economic importance. In some areas, because of the problem of the 
availability of suckers, the farmers were obliged to plant more fig-bananas than they really needed. 
Currently, with the intervention of the program, the farmers could decide on the proportion to give to each 
variety according to the needs of the market. This intervention allowed a certain improvement of the 
incomes coming from the banana tree crop. 
However, in the less fertile zones often on mountains, the distribution of banana suckers did not have the 
same success. Actually, the program ordered suckers of the same variety of banana tree ("frank" or 
"musky"). These types of banana trees are very demanding and do not adapt to the not very wet zones of 
mountains, particularly the not very fertile slopes. Other varieties could be more appropriate. The 
distribution of suckers of banana tree must be based on the needs expressed in a precise way by the 
farmers. 
 
Weak participation of the recipients and parachuting of the interventions 
One of great deficiencies of the DAP resides in the parachuting of the interventions. The activities seem to 
have been given in advance and each CS could at least make a choice among the panoply of the considered 
activities. Recipients and resource-persons affirmed that workshops of identification of the problems and 
definite needs for the farmers were not carried out before the implementation of the activities. This is why 
the interventions were not reasoned according to the specificities of the various categories of farmers. The 
problem of the varieties of banana tree less adapted in the not very fertile zones of the mountains seems to 
illustrate this point of view. The adaptability of the species constitutes an important factor to take into 
account because in certain contexts corn, sorghum and the yam could appear more useful. 
 
45
Strategy of focusing towards the poor 
The DAP aims at decreasing the problem of the food insecurity by the increase in the food availability, the 
access to food and the biological use of food. This program enters the strategy of the USAID to improve 
the way of life and the basic services to the profit of the vulnerable populations. The DAP, which lies 
within the scope of the fight against poverty, in spite of the existence of various categories of farmers in 
his group-target uses, by certain types of retained activities , a strategy of focusing towards the poor. This 
strategy is justified by the research of the effectiveness and equity allowing people who truly need to 
benefit of the program. Distribution of chickens and improved pigs besides, illustrates well this strategy. 
 
However, the informal interviews, without giving place to statistically representative measurements, can 
provide information allowing another appreciation of the effectiveness of the activities of the program. The 
risk of the practice of the favoritism can be also supported by the choice of this strategy. In addition, the 
resources theoretically assigned to the poorest are finally conveyed to the most skilful and better organized 
people. Thus, more fortunate people of the zones of intervention of the DAP acknowledged to have bought 
pigs distributed within the framework of the program from the poorest farmers. 
 
The weak participation of the women in the activities 
Many activities of the DAP / agriculture concern in majority the men who direct the farms most often. The 
final recipients of the activities of distribution of bean seeds, of suckers of banana trees are in the majority 
men. The building sites of conservation of grounds engage more men than women. However, other types 
of activities, like the transformation and the credit aimed much more women. 
Concerning specifically CRS, the transformation and credit sections were not developed, which led women 
to think that they are not taken sufficiently into account within the framework of the program. 
 
Conservation of the grounds and reforestation 
The work of correction of gullies had visible effects in terms of reduction of the damage. Moreover, the 
arranged gullies were quickly developed, thanks to the alluvial deposits by the culture of banana, the 
“malanga” (xantosema sp) etc. Anti-erosive structures were also set up on the level of the country parcels. 
However, there were no notable changes in the strategies of survival of people. 
The reserves expressed compared to this activity relate to neither their effectiveness, nor their relevance. 
However, the slopes of hay are inappropriate and the quickset hedges are overused by the farmers for 
cattle food. The installation truly meets the real needs of the population. The engagement of the DAP in 
this activity seems to have been too timid compared to the extent of the problems of impoverishment of the 
soil. The engagement seems to be limited not only in terms of resources, but also in terms of time. These 
activities, started by unquestionable CS in particular CRS during a certain time, did not continue or are 
quite simply reduced in a considerable way in time. In addition, the plantation of trees was insufficiently 
associated to the correction of gullies. The training courses in grafting were considered to be too fast. The 
continuation and the consolidation of this activity would make it possible to consolidate the assets. 
 
 
3. 2. Specific conclusions 
3. 2. 1. CARE 
The North-West is a zone where the extra-agricultural activities are important in the strategies of 
maximization of the incomes of the rural populations. Program DAP laid down ambitious objectives and 
contributed to the rise in the general level of development of this department in particular the neighboring 
areas of “Bassin Bleu” and “Bombardopolis”. Because of this the program agreed to substantial 
46
investments in order to improve the production tools (Distribution of improved seeds, Conservation of the 
grounds, Production of seedlings and reforestation, Credit with the production, etc.) and undertaken 
actions of reinforcement of the capacities and improvement of incomes of the peasants particularly of the 
women. It also disinclined several localities. 
These initiatives, although having constituted a framework of emancipation of the rural world in general 
and women in particular, however certain major challenges of poverty the such rural migration and the 
weakness of the local economic fabric did not take up from which the young people are excluded. It seems 
like that is explained by various reasons: 
 
i) Vulnerable local economy, not based on the diversification of the sources of income; 
ii) Insufficiency of structures of support adapted to the needs for the local communities; 
iii) Limits of the participative approach; and 
 
i) Insufficiency of an overall vision integrating the relations city / countryside, spaces of 
dialogue of the local actors and their strategies of diversification of incomes per subfield. 
 
The DAP could not create a framework of rural development integrated opened into the changes of the 
local systems of production, into the diversification of the sources of income related to the reduction of the 
risks of the farms, with the promotion of activities, extra-agricultural incomes and employment and with 
the dynamics of the exchanges city / countryside which however exploits the future of the North-West. 
 
3. 2. 2. CRS 
With regard to CRS, the recipients were selected through the groupings partners of CARITAS diocesan of 
“Cayes”. This approach has certain advantages. The choice of the groupings was thus done on the basis of 
experience of CARITAS which knows their dynamism, their seriousness. Moreover, the grouping 
approach facilitates the implementation of the activities of the program by a faster contact with the whole 
group-targets. 
 
However, the groupings do not seem to come through with a democratic and transparent operation. Certain 
members complain about the behavior of the leaders of grouping who chose only their close relations to 
benefit the program. Perhaps, it acts of a lack of information and dialogue on the methods of collaboration 
to the implementation of the DAP / Agriculture. Certain members do not seem to have understood the 
strategy of loan of seeds, that is, with refunding of the first recipients, one will be able to serve the others. 
 
 
In addition, the contacted resource-persons warn against the risk of a favoritism deviance. There are 
particularly at “Les Anglais” other groupings which for a long time have good references in the zone in the 
agricultural sector, but which do not take part in the activities of the program, because they are not 
"CARITAS groupings". 
 
3. 2. 3. WORLD VISION 
The results of the investigation of evaluation of program DAP implemented by World Vision in the “Haut 
Plateau Central” and ”La Gonâve” show that the majority of the considered activities within the 
framework of the program were implemented with a level of satisfaction of the recipients which exceeds 
the ordinary average. Almost all the inquired take part in the program of improved seeds and for all the 
indicators of performance as of the seeds, the rate of satisfaction is very high. The programs of 
conservation of the grounds, of bio-intensive gardens (or parcels of demonstration) associated to the mini￾47
systems of irrigation per pumping had appreciable successes. For the production, the distribution of the 
seedlings and the techniques of grafting, considerable efforts were authorized and the results are rather 
convincing. However, a lot is still to be made to improve the section of accompaniment of the recipients in 
storage and the conservation, the transformation and the marketing of the products as well as the breeding. 
 
According to the profit farmers, the project carries certain improvements in the agricultural work of the 
zone from an economic standpoint as well as technical. To widen the framework of the project is the wish 
expressed by a significant number of farmers because the quantity of received seeds is tiny and sometimes 
arrives very late compared to the season of seedling. The delay on the distribution of the seeds constitutes 
one of the major handicaps for the farmers for at the beginning of the rainy seasons, the seeds are not on 
the spot. Moreover, it did not follow there for certain activities like the conservation of the grounds, the 
reforestation and the distribution of the improved seeds. 
 
3. 2. 4. SAVE 
Save The Children steps in, directly or through its partners MARCH and HAS, in the implementation of 
program DAP in five (5) communes at the beginning and now eight (8) where it develops several activities 
of which improved seeds project which gave more or less satisfactory results according to the commune. 
Moreover, the bio-intensive garden and the conservation of ground had many positive impacts in the zones 
where these activities were undertaken. However, the projects breeding, storage and transformation of 
products are not very wide. Generally, DAP improves the living conditions of the recipients in the surface 
of intervention of Save The Children. 
 
48
4. Recommendations 
4. 1. General recommendations 
The principal recommendations produced in this background document must be used as a guide for the 
reorientation of the program during the next years according to the objective of this work of evaluation. 
Before approaching the specific proposals by CS, it proves to be important to clarify the points mentioned 
below which must touch the whole of the program. 
 
1- Reinforce investments in the agricultural sector 
The section Agriculture / Natural resources had a limited importance compared to the other sections of the 
DAP, according to received information. A more consistent engagement for the financing of this section 
would be to encourage. Agriculture is an economic activity which relates to a good part of the rural 
population very struck by the problems of food insecurity and poverty. The natural resources modulate the 
environment of life of the populations often struck by natural cataclysms. The continuation of the 
objectives of fight against poverty and the food insecurity passes by actions supported in the agricultural 
field and the protection of the natural resources. 
2- Reinforce actions on soil conservation 
More specifically, the actions of soil conservation deserve to be continued and reinforced. These actions, 
particularly the treatment of the gullies, had visible effects, not only in the limitation of the damage on the 
roads and the downstream infrastructures, but also on the production by valorization of the alluvial 
deposits for the culture of species with great commercial value. This asset of the DAP deserves an 
engagement supported within the framework of another program. 
A greater importance should be attached to this activity which will have to be carried out throughout the 
program. Many work remains to be made in the zones of intervention under study. An inventory of all the 
gullies must be carried out with programming of their installation. 
However, it is important to maintain this approach which distinguishes work with community nature from 
work on the private parcels. The payment of the workers for the realization of the alteration work, within 
the framework of projects of creation of job, should not be maintained that within the framework of 
projects to community nature, like the treatment of torrential gullies or the repair of the roads. On the 
individual parcels, the program must continue to give responsibilities to the farmers in the realization of 
their work of protection. 
With the intensification of work of creation of job for the installation of the gullies and the maintenance of 
the roads, the program must take care not to disturb the agricultural activities by engaging many farmers at 
the times when they should be much occupied in the agricultural work. Work of creation of job offers an in 
the short run assured income in opposition to work in rain agriculture. The managers of the organizations 
partners of the execution should be able to have a precise knowledge of the farming calendars so as to 
intensify the building sites of creation of job for the periods of weak agricultural activity. On the other 
hand, for the periods of intense farming activities, the building sites can function a certain number of days 
per week, so as to leave time with the farmers for their activities of agricultural production. 
However, work of conservation of grounds should not be restricted with the treatment of the gullies. The 
installation of the gullies, in spite of its fast impacts, could not be viable long-term, without a parallel work 
on the slopes. In the contrary case, the advanced degradation of the slopes risks to destroy the thresholds 
49
on the level of the gullies and to cover the beneficial alluvial deposits with not very fertile coarse 
materials. 
 
It is important to associate the conservation grounds on the slopes a productive approach which privileges 
biological structures of conservation of grounds whose species give place to higher opportunity costs. With 
the limitation of the surfaces available for the farms, the anti-erosive structures, in spite of their protective 
function closes down a certain surface with the production reduce farmer’s earnings. This is why, it is 
necessary to encourage as much as possible structures which have at the same time a conservatory and 
productive effect. 
The reflections on the "bann manje" should be continued to bring innovations according to the species, 
needs and market, so as to set up effective anti-erosive structures, but also viable from the economic point 
of view. For example, of the varieties of cane with sugar resistant to the dryness could have an economic 
interest more important than the grass elephant, in so far as the cane can be consumed at the same time by 
the men and the cattle. Another innovation in the productive approach could be the erection of quickset 
hedges of jatropha associated to other species. 
Lastly, another lesson which it would be necessary to make profitable within the framework of a new 
project is a more close integration of the actions of plantations of trees and conservation of the grounds. 
 
3- Associate the fight against poverty and the food insecurity to a strategy of creation of richness. 
The strategy of focusing towards the poor of a campaign against the food insecurity and poverty can find 
its justifications and has also its limits. The implementation of a single approach of relief of the misery of 
poorest is likely to create the need for permanent use of external environment. In other words, it is 
necessary to give to the communities, by supporting all their resources the possibility of dealing with 
themselves. 
It would be necessary, on the one hand, to develop and diversify additional activities allowing the 
generation of incomes for the poor, which would support the access to food. It is also necessary to 
encourage the increase in the food availability while working directly with the poor producers. 
In addition, this type of activity in favor of the increase in the incomes of poorest drawn starting from their 
own activities could be associated to other activities of creation of richness which target the non poor 
directly. This last type of activity concerns the promotion of local companies integrated well into the paths 
of production and transformation in the zones of intervention. It is convenient to encourage for example 
processing undertakings of agricultural produce which offers regular outlets to the farmers. The micro￾units of transformation through the groups of women are very useful, but do not have often an enough 
wide impact to encourage in a constant way the local production. In other words, it would be necessary to 
find the means of financially promoting the development of companies of any size, viable, which in more 
of the outlets offered to the production of the zone can offer employment to the population and even 
regular incomes. This strategy of promotion of company, even when it targets the non poor directly is 
likely to have durable impacts on the poor. 
 
Several institutions wrongly hesitate to support "deprived projects", under pretext which the number of 
final recipient is restricted. It seems promising to support any type of companies which instigates the paths 
of local production whether they are cooperative or private companies. Different standard of support could 
be necessary: formation in management, technical training, technical reconversion, financial support. 
Various methods could be considered with regard to the financial support: loan, partial and even total 
subsidy. The subsidies could give place to contracts between the contractors and a representative local 
50
organization which could receive supports on behalf of the company for the financing of activities of 
development. This chain reaction of development which targets the not-poor directly is likely to reinforce 
the effects of the actions which target the poor. 
 
4- Increase the participation of the recipients 
The weakness of the participation of the recipients in the decision levels related to the implementation of 
the program seems one of the causes of the low level of success of certain activities of the DAP. It is true 
that a program of development can have certain orientations already determined in advance. However, a 
certain level of participation of the fascinating parts, at least a regular consultation will make it possible to 
target the specific needs for the farmers. Several methods of animation and participative data acquisition 
(x-ray group, brain storming, MARP) can help to target relevant and effective actions. The participation of 
the recipients is likely to increase the effective appropriation of new technologies and their replicability. 
The permanent dialogue between frameworks of the program and the target population will make it 
possible to avoid a whole series of failures observed on the level of the program, like the delays in the 
distribution of the seeds. Specific needs for species or varieties according to diversity agro-ecological 
could be taken into account and indeed satisfied. 
5- Diversify the technical proposals according to the specific needs 
 
The planning of the activities must be based on a precise knowledge of the diversity of the needs in the 
zones for intervention, which can induce a larger variety of answers on behalf of the program. This will 
require for the program manager at the same time more flexibility for maneuvering as well as decision 
making, so the action can represent an effective response to the specific needs and the identified problems. 
Knowledge of the farming calendars must be specified with the definition of deadlines for the arrival of the 
seeds of each species in the localities or groups of localities, because it can exist differences in the farming 
calendars in close zones located at different altitudes. 
The program distributed bean seeds, but the farmers of many zones explained that the corn and the 
sorghum are more important cultures in their system of production and consequently, that they have a 
greater need for the seeds of these species. 
 
Suckers of various varieties of banana (or yams) could be distributed according to the various agro￾ecological zones, according to the requests of the farmers. 
6- Develop a partnership with the official structures and the other local actors 
The program must develop a better partnership with the official structures and the other local actors. The 
opinions of the structures of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Natural resources and the Rural 
Development (MARNDR) and the Department of the Environment (MDE), on the central and 
decentralized level must be taken into account in the orientation of the Program and in implementing the 
activities. This partnership will allow a better articulation with the actions of the various speakers, to avoid 
duplications, the inter-institutional conflicts and facilitate the attack of the results within the framework of 
the national objectives of development. Moreover knowledge of the technicians on the ground can 
constitute a valuable contribution for the implementation of the program. This partnership should extend to 
the local communities, responsible for the development of their communities. One of the structures of 
articulation of the actions could be made up starting from the Platforms of Dialogue which can join 
together the decentralized services of the central State, the Communities and ONG. 
51
7- Take into account the question of the gender 
The Program, to be able to contribute to the reduction of the food insecurity and poverty, may find it 
beneficial to promote a better taken into account of the question of the gender. The women are actresses 
who have the capacity to induce positive changes in the environment. In the areas of intervention of the 
DAP, in more of the women heads of household, others by processing and manufacture of certain 
agricultural produce and marketing provide additional incomes to their families. All the partners of 
execution should develop actions of support with the activities of the women in their zones of intervention. 
It is the same for the activities of microcredit. 
4. 2. Specific recommendations 
4. 2. 1. CARE 
The project will have, in the future, to tackle these problems on the basis of a more participative step and 
within the framework of an approach of local development type where the agricultural and extra￾agricultural occupations combined with the development of activities of services of proximity will have a 
strategic range and impacts on the local dynamics of development. That will imply strategic choices in 
terms of instruments and modes of intervention, as well as an efficient institutional assembly likely better 
to combine the dynamics of the various institutions and local actors. 
The DAP should, for this reason, seek a harmonization between the official efforts with his efforts in order 
to accelerate the processes of development and reduction of rural poverty in the North-West. The 
recommended approaches should be able to reconcile the requirement of conservation of the natural 
resources and the requirements of diversification of the sources of income and of the improvement of 
standards of living of the poor populations, particularly in micro-zones (generally of the under-basins 
slopes) where the concentration of the interventions should have a range and impacts carrying changes and 
generators of multiple and durable socio-economic effects. The instruments of support should also adapt to 
the diversity of the local actors of development to ensure the investments structuring as well as the 
investments of impulse of the local private initiatives. 
The perpetuation of the practices of conservation of the grounds requires measurements of accompaniment 
aiming at their progressive appropriation by the farmers who would undertake the necessary valorization 
and maintenance work. The future strategy of support to work of project DAP should be based on a more 
participative approach founded on techniques adapted to the context. It would result in a plan of total, 
coherent and precise installation in its methods of financing and execution according to specificities' of 
each zone of intervention. 
In a specific way, will have to be touched the following points: 
o Increase the number of recipients 
o Continue and intensify the distribution of the improved seeds 
o Installation of a shop of inputs 
o Irrigation of the zones with weak localized slopes close to the rivers 
o Provide more framing to the producers by the increase of the ground agents 
o Intensify the formation 
o Establish a system of credit at a weak rate 
o Introduce improved races which are adapted to the local conditions and being able to give 
a better production of flesh 
o Form veterinary agents and to make prevention 
52
o Increase the availability of the financial resources to be able to improve more sections of 
road 
o Increase the number of seedbeds and to intensify the distribution of fruit trees 
o For the transformation, to seek means to plant more fruit-lofts in order to obtain more 
raw materials 
4. 2. 2. CRS 
For CRS, it is advisable to encourage the development of certain activities which were not implemented 
within the framework of the current Program, such as for example the bio-intensive gardens, the 
transformation and the marketing of products etc. A work of support to the reinforcement of the groupings 
will be able to facilitate their operation and to increase the transparency in the decision-making within 
these organizations. It would also be necessary to integrate other groupings which have good references in 
the zone even if they do not have experience of work with CARITAS. 
4. 2. 3. WORLD VISION 
The recommendations for a new orientation of the program are as follows: 
o To sensitize the recipients on the importance and the durability of the activities of the 
program in order to carry them to adapt and retort certain assets of the program. 
o Listen as far as possible to the populations for better encircling their expectations and to 
support them in the shutters having relationship with the program. 
O Facilitate the access to the credit with the production in the zones of intervention of the 
program. World Vision should encourage some organizations specialized in credit and in 
cooperative to give a technical and financial support to local organizations of credit ,or 
embryonic credit unions so they can provide better services to the population. 
 o Help or assist the profit populations in the provisioning of inputs and other products 
necessary to in general undertake their activities and within the framework of the program 
in particular. This support would consist in helping the Community groupings in the 
installation of the small shops of inputs and agricultural machineries and small 
Community stores as wished by certain growers. 
O Develop as far as possible, a partnership with the other speakers in the development 
community, in particular and especially official institutions, in the search of synergy and 
harmonization from the point of view of coherence for better helping the poor populations 
to improve their living conditions. 
 
In a specific way, it will be necessary to think of: 
ƒ To widen the framework of the project by giving the access to the other farmers who wish it, 
ƒ To increase the quantity of distributed seeds which is sometimes too small for to sow parcels 
of the recipients and to produce the minimal quantity to ensure the survival of the family. This 
will prevent the beneficiary to be forced to mix different categories of seeds on the same parcel. 
ƒ To make the provisions to distribute the seeds in time because delay on distribution of the 
seeds constitutes one of the major handicaps for the farmers because at the beginning of the rainy 
seasons, the seeds are not on the spot. 
 To set up a program of follow-up for certain activities like Conservation of ground, reforestation 
and distribution of the improved seeds. 
53
4. 2. 4. SAVE THE CHILDREN 
In term of specific recommendations for Save The Children by commune of intervention, the principal 
points mention below can be retained. 
On Maïssade: 
o To ensure a better coordination (synergy) between the various institutions working in the field of 
agriculture and between the growers and the technicians 
o To help the farmers in ploughing with animal haulage 
o To distribute tools to help in the agricultural work and of conservation of ground 
O To facilitate the access or the provisioning of inputs by the installation of a shop of inputs 
o To train the recipients on the environmental importance of the trees 
o To give the types of trees according to the request of the peasants and to distribute some more 
o To distribute seeds of good quality and in time and to give insecticides 
o To check the maintenance of the anti-erosive structures 
o To integrate in the program the road infrastructures to help the flow of the products 
o To distribute seeds of good quality and in time and to give insecticides and manures 
o Enlarge the bio-intensive garden section of the project 
o To facilitate the access to the credit with everyone 
On Marchand, 
o To give premiums of encouragement at the time of work of conservation of ground 
o To increase the number of tools and pumps has sprinkling, 
o To facilitate the access or the provisioning of inputs by the installation of a shop of inputs 
o To help the recipients to regularly maintain (to clean) the irrigation canals 
o To distribute seeds of good quality and in time and to give pesticides and manures 
o To ensure a good coordination between the notable ones of the area and the DAP 
o To grant the credit in species (in particular for the activities of the women) 
o To ensure the flow of the products 
o To increase human resources on the ground 
On Mirebalais, 
o To continue the direct credit with the production 
o To increase the number of human resources 
o To integrate projects of grafting, breeding and storage in the DAP-Mirebalais program 
o To distribute the seeds in time in greater quantity and to give pesticides 
o To ensure a good coordination between the peasants and the DAP 
o To train the recipients more 
On Petite Riviere de l’Artibonite, 
o To facilitate the improvement of the road infrastructures for the flow of the products 
o To ensure of the veterinary and food care the distributed improved animals 
o To ensure the storage of the products 
o To train the recipients on the importance of the reforestation 
O To distribute tools for the plantation of trees 
54
o To maintain (to clean) the irrigation canals 
o To diversify the distributed seeds more and to give them in time 
o To integrate banana and rice seeds in the program improved seeds 
o To distribute agricultural tools 
o To ensure the flow of the products 
o Enlarge the breeding project 
o To increase the number of human resources with 1 technician by communal section 
o To grant the credit in species to the small merchants 
On Verrettes, 
o To help the recipients to maintain the irrigation canals, 
o To increase the quantity of seeds to be distributed, 
o To ensure the flow of the processed products on the national and international market 
o To increase human resources on the ground 
o To intensify the breeding 
o To give more framing to the farmers 
o To integrate the credit in species for the tradesmen and the credit of materials motorized in the program 
O To distribute the seeds improved in time and to give insecticides and manures 
o To help the farmers in the tilling of their grounds with bufs and plough 
o To integrate the credit in species 
 
55
Bibliography 
Books
GITTINGER (J.P.), Analyse économique des projets agricoles, I.D.E.,Economica,1985, 547 pages. 
GREGERSEN (H.M.) ; BROOKS (K.N.) ;HAMILTON (L.S.), Guide pour l’évaluation économique des 
projets d’aménagement de bassins versants, Cahier FAO Conservation 16, Rome, 1989, 164 pages. 
HUDSON Norman W., Les raisons du succès ou de l’échec des projets de conservation des sols, Bulletin 
Pédologique de la FAO 64, ROME 1993,70 pages. 
MICHEL (JC) ; Considérations sur l’évaluation et la réorientation des projets de gestion conservatoire et 
productive des bassins versants en Haïti, CEFEB, Marseille, 1999, 78 pages. 
SHENG (T.C.), Guide pratique d’aménagement des bassins versants. Etude et planification, Cahier FAO 
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