ITN National Social Marketing Project in Cameroon
Midterm Evaluation Report
Name of PVO: Population Services International
Program Location: East, South and Center Provinces of Cameroon
Cooperative Agreement No: HFP-A-00-02-00043-00
Program Dates: October 1st, 2002- September 30th, 2005
Date of MTE Submission: October 29th, 2004 
MTE writers and editors:
Alan Handyside, Team leader and external consultant
Dr. Leonard Mbam-Mbam, Health Advisor, World Health Organization
Dr. Emmanuel Forlack, East Province Coordinator, PNLP
Shannon Bledsoe, Associate Director for Family Health, PSI/ACMS
Theresa Gruber-Tapsoba, Country Representative, PSI/ACMS
Mary Warsh, WCA Senior Associate Program Manager, PSI
Melissa Merten, Child Survival Program Manager, PSI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF ACRONYMS 4 
MIDTERM EVALUATION
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMMARY 5 
RECOMMENDATIONS 9 
2. ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS 11 
2.1. Background 11 
2.2. Program Objectives 12 
2.3. Program Strategy 12 
2.4. Research and DIP Modification 13 
2.5. Implementation of Program 13 
2.5.1 Media and Promotion Materials 14 
2.5.2 Training and NGO Collaboration 15 
2.5.3 Public Sector 16 
2.5.4 National Malaria Control Program 17 
2.6. Sales & Distribution 18 
2.6.1 ACMS Sales 18 
2.6.2 ACMS Distribution 19 
2.6.3 Public Sector Issue of Nets 19 
2.6.4 Abuja Net Targets 20 
2.7 Comparison with Other Countries 21 
2.8 Pricing 21 
3. MEASURABLE INDICATORS 23 
4. BUDGET SPEND 27 
5. CROSS CUTTING ISSUES 28 
5.1. Community Mobilization 28 
5.2. Communications for Behaviour Change 28 
5.3. Capacity Building 28 
5.3.1 PVO Strengthening 28 
5.3.2 Local Partner Strengthening 29 
5.3.3 Sustainability 29 
6. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 31 
7. CONCLUSIONS 32 
8. EVALUATION ANNEXES 33 
9. REQUIRED ATTACHMENTS 45 
 
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PVO RESPONSE 57 
1. PVO COMMENTS and ACTION PLAN 58 
2. WORKPLAN 61 
3. ANNUAL BUDGET and FORM 424a 64 
 
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TABLE OF ACRONYMS
ACMS Association Camerounaise pour le Marketing Social
ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
BCC Behavior Change Communications
CBD Community Based Distribution
CBO Community Based Organisation
CR Country Representative
CS Child Survival
CSGP Child Survival Grants Program
DHS Demographic Health Survey
DIP Detailed Implementation Plan
EPC Eglise Presbyterien du Cameroon 
EOP End of Project
FEMEC Federation des Eglises et Missions Evangeliques du Cameroon
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GOC Government of Cameroon
HA Health Animators
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IR Intermediate Results
IPC Interpersonal Communication
ITN Insecticide Treated Net
KAP Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices
LLN Long lasting Nets
LQAS Lot Quality Assurance Survey
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MCH Maternal and Child Health
MIS Management Information Systems
MOH Ministry of Health
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
PLAN Plan International - Cameroon
PMSC Programme de Marketing Social au Cameroon
PNLP National Malaria Control Program
POS Point of Sale
PRISSM Promoting Improvements in Sustainable Social Marketing
PSI/W Population Services International –Washington
PVO Private Voluntary Organization
RBM Roll Back Malaria
SCS Service Catholique de la Sante
SOW Scope of Work
UIC Community net treatment centre
UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WB World Bank
WHO World Health Organization
WRA Women of Reproductive Age
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MIDTERM EVALUATION
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Malaria has been a major problem for many years in Cameroon and is endemic in most of 
the country. Malaria is the leading cause of mortality with a reported 2 million cases
annually. The disease particularly affects those vulnerable groups such as the 850,000
women who are pregnant each year and the 2.6 million children under five years of age. 
USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP has provided funding to the value of $1,299,937 over a 
period of 3 years commencing October 1st 2002. This funding is to be matched by funds 
from PSI to the value of $650,000. 
As part of this program, a mid-term evaluation has been carried out in Cameroon by a 
three man team between 27th August and 12th September 20041
. 
PROJECT GOALS AND IMPLEMENTATION
The goal of the project is to reduce the incidence of malaria related mortality and
morbidity in pregnant women and children under five years of age in three provinces of
Cameroon, namely East, Centre and the South. 
The objectives of the program are to increase informed demand for ITNs and net
treatment and convince the families already owning bednets that the most important
people to sleep under nets are pregnant women and small children; to increase equitable 
access to ITNs and net treatment; and to increase capacity to sustain ITN programming in 
Cameroon and that of PSI to achieve health impact through MCH interventions. 
A KAP study conducted in 2001, showed that bednet ownership was small and mainly in 
urban areas. Only a small number of people knew that it is important that young children
and pregnant women should use nets as protection from malaria. Knowledge of ITNs
was small and very few people knew where to obtain one. There was limited knowledge 
about their value in protecting from mosquitoes. Accurate understanding of malaria
transmission was low, particularly in rural areas. 
The Performance Indicators in the DIP were mostly unchanged from the PSI proposal,
and agreed by USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP in June 2003.
FINDINGS
ACMS works well with the National Malaria Control Program (PNLP) at a central level, 
and also at a local level in each of the 3 project provinces (Centre, East and South). 
ACMS also works with selected NGOs who provide access to the rural communities
through their personnel trained by ACSM as CBD agents. ACMS itself sells and
 
1
 Alan Handyside, an independent consultant and team leader, Dr.Emmanuel Forlack, East Provincial 
PNLP Coordinator, Dr Leonard Mbam-Mbam, Health Advisor of WHO. 
6 
distributes nets and re-treatment kits to the commercial sector in urban and peri-urban 
areas. This is now being extended to more rural outlets. 
The communications strategy to date has been to use mass media, drama and IPC with a 
local troupe (caravan), and interpersonal communications (IPC) via NGO peer educators, 
including those of ACMS. Initial communications have been mostly generic, but branded 
advertising has now commenced. 
To date, eight radio spots have been produced, these being three generic spots in French
and equivalent translations into local dialect, and two branded musical spots. By August 
2004, 1,440 generic spots and 360 branded spots for Super Moustiquaire, the bundled net, 
have been aired. ACMS plans to air 840 radio spots for Super Moustiquaire and Bloc re￾treatment kits between October 2004 and February 2005, along with 72 TV spots on the 
two branded products. 
Three different billboard posters have been generated, covering malaria transmission,
vulnerable populations (pregnant women and under-fives), and re-treatment. These are
very visible in all of the three target provinces, with 300 sites using double-faced posters. 
A local theatre troupe (caravan) has been trained and has been giving performances to
NGOs, women’s groups, religious organizations and local societies, as well as
marketplace IPC. Different types of presentation have been developed, focusing on the 
relatively low cost and high value of ITNs in comparison with conventional malaria
treatment, demonstrations on how to treat and re-treat ITNs, and their value in preventing 
malaria. 
To date some 52 NGOs have become involved with the ACMS program, most receiving 
training and materials and many purchasing product for onward sale in their
communities. Representation among NGO partners has been achieved in all three target 
provinces.
SALES AND DISTRIBUTION
ACMS commenced selling Super Moustiquaire into the commercial trade in March 2004. 
In the six months to end August, 35,333 ITNs have been sold across all of the three target 
provinces, and the objective is to reach 72,000 by end 2004. Although no volume target 
was part of the DIP, the PSI proposal suggested that 200,000 ITNs would be sold by
EOP. 
The launch of Bloc treatment kit as a stand-alone product did not commence until August 
2004. Sales in this month amounted to 940 units. It is believed there will be an increased 
demand for re-treatment kits for the remainder of the project. 
Distribution of Super Moustiquaire is good in all of the three target provinces with 205
regular points of sale have been negotiated directly by ACMS sales people. There are a 
greater number of stockists in total since ACMS promoters sell stock from appointed
wholesalers to other retailers.
Most of the distribution points are new ones to ACMS. Typically they are clothing
shops, some toiletry stores and those outlets dedicated to selling baby products and
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household goods. As yet only a few pharmacies stock ACMS ITNs and kits, but the
project plans to expand its sale to pharmacies by the end of 2004.
One of the limitations to the ACMS program to date has been shortage of readily
available stock. The initial injection of funding from PSI/W of $150,000 has proved
insufficient to create a viable revolving fund for continuous availability of commodities.
A request for additional funds from PSI/W is being prepared, and this will greatly
improve ACMS’ capacity to expand sales. 
NATIONAL MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAM
There is a National Strategic Plan which recognizes malaria as being a major cause of
morbidity and mortality. This plan aims to have 60% of children under five years of age 
and pregnant women sleeping under an ITN by end 2005 (‘the Abuja target’).
In 1999, the public sector commenced a program to open up net treatment centres. There 
is now a centre in each of the 10 provincial capitals. These centres provide information 
on malaria, can sell nets, although these are small in number, and also treat nets which
are brought in by the public. 
Under HIPC funding, 157,000 nets were delivered to health centres in 2003 and given
away free of charge to pregnant women along with tablets for treatment. This initiative
was supported by the Minister of Health and widely covered by radio and TV.
Unfortunately, there were insufficient nets available to provide distribution to every
health centre in the country, and this left many unsatisfied potential consumers.
A further 678,000 nets was delivered to the public sector provincial depots in May 2004. 
Unfortunately, the decision was taken to treat these with liquid, rather than with tablets. 
The logistics of how to get these nets treated and issued is unclear at present. The process 
being delayed further by the Ministry of Finance, which has yet to release the funds to
pay for the treatment. 
Cameroon has been successful in obtaining funding from Global Fund for its malaria 
program. This includes the provision of 1.14 million nets and nearly 2 million tablets at a 
total cost of $7.1 million. These nets are to be targeted at children under five years of age 
and issued free of charge on the basis of production of a card verifying a completed
course of vaccination. 800,000 of these nets are forecast to arrive in February 2005, but 
this looks a little optimistic. 
The PNLP also determines policy in conjunction with the MOH, WHO, WB and other
interested parties. However, announcements are sometimes made by the Minister of
Health which can create changes to agreed policy. 
As well as indicating prices at which nets should be sold nationwide, the Minister
decreed that no health centre, whether public sector, confessional or private, would
receive any free nets if they were found to be selling nets. ACMS was instructed not to 
sell nets to health centres. This has substantially affected the ACMS program design from
that agreed with USAID, in that the roll-out of subsidized nets to clinics has been
blocked. 
8 
GOC has exempted from excise duties all nets coming into the country for malaria
programs. However, this has not been extended to netting material, which is one of the 
reasons affecting the delayed start-up of a local net manufacturing company.
At the present time there is an estimated pool of 300,000 nets in Cameroon. In order to 
meet the Abuja target of 60% of pregnant women and children under 5 years of age
sleeping under an ITN, a further 1.5 million nets need to be made available to households 
in the next 15 months. Given present logistical problems in the public sector, it would
appear that the 60% Abuja target is going to be very difficult to reach. There is also the 
spectre of leakage of these free nets into the commercial trade, which may affect ACMS’ 
sales. 
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
An LQAS study was conducted in August 2004 among 228 respondents. This
methodology is somewhat different from that of the baseline KAP and the results should 
be treated with some caution.
There appears to be a growing recognition that malaria is transmitted only by mosquitoes, 
especially in rural areas, and the use of ITNs as a means of prevention is increasing
satisfactorily. The correct identification of the vulnerable groups who should use a
mosquito net is also growing, especially for pregnant women, as is the number of the
target groups claiming to sleep under an ITN.
The number of outlets selling ITNs is increasing and 40% of people believe they would
find one in a marketplace.
PSI has mainly fulfilled its requirements in delivering health impact through MCH
interventions.
The change in program design brought about by ACMS’ inability to sell nets and
treatment kits through health centres means that several of the indicators are no longer
relevant. ACMS/PSI will need to re-negotiate some of the indicators with USAID and 
develop a revised logframe.
BUDGET SPEND
Of the obligated cost of the program at $1,299,937, with 64% of time elapsed, 48% of
this USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP funding has been spent. Of PSI/W’s match of
$650,000, $297,464 or 46% has been spent, almost entirely on commodities.
The main areas of shortfall in USAID expenditure are in field staff and fringes, due to
financing of these items from other ACMS funds in the early part of the program, media 
and communication/education material, due to the delayed start of the program, and
research and monitoring, but the latter will be corrected on payment of the recent LQAS 
study. 
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Given the improving sales position, communications work planned on the branded
promotion, and final KAP study due in 2005, it is likely that the
USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP grant will be fully utilized by EOP, although some re￾alignment of a few line items may be necessary. Similarly, a further injection of PSI
funding will bring their contribution to the mandated amount.
CAPACITY BUILDING
During the course of the project, ACMS has built a strong team focused on the malaria 
project. All relevant staff has been trained and core knowledge is good. 
PSI/W has also been assisted by the grant in that they too have increased staff devoted to 
child survival and specifically malaria, and PSI now has 16 programs worldwide devoted 
to nets and re-treatment. Capacity in Cameroon has also been improved by the training of 
public sector staff and those of the NGOs associated with the program. 
SUMMARY
The project has started well with a comprehensive BCC program and training of partner, 
public and NGO sector personnel. Communication activities are expanding and, among
those exposed to the campaigns, there appears to be a growing understanding of malaria 
transmission and prevention. Capacity of both ACMS and other partner staff has been
increased. Overall, it appears that the uptake of ITNs is growing nationally. Delays have 
occurred in procuring ITNs and kits but there is a heightened demand for ITNs which
ACMS could well fulfil in its target provinces, provided further commodity funding is
rapidly made available.
Despite the progress being made, it is felt that a 3-year period is inadequate to achieve the 
behavior change levels indicated in the DIP. The process itself does not lend itself to
rapid change since the programs do not get underway until the DIP has been agreed. This 
generally leaves only about two years to achieve the indicated results.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. WHO and other stakeholders should work with the PNLP to determine a timed
action plan for the issue of the GOC nets to pregnant women and children under 
five.
2. ACMS should continue to work closely with the PNLP and MOH to develop
modus operandi for the implementation of policy decisions, especially where
these impact on implementing agency programs.
3. ACMS should work with the PNLP on changing policy and continue to press for 
authorization to sell nets through health clinics given delays in the issue of free
nets.
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4. ACMS should proceed as quickly as possible to develop a proposal to PSI/W to 
increase the allocation of additional funding to allow improved purchase of
commodities.
5. ACMS should commence distribution to pharmacies, open up retail outlets in
each district of major towns and continue to examine new business opportunities, 
particularly among large private sector enterprises.
6. ACMS should examine ways of developing stockheads of product in more remote 
areas and should also look at ways in which deliveries of stock to its provincial
outlets can be further improved.
7. ACMS should give attention to creating more visible point-of-sale materials in its 
outlets so that consumers will better identify stockists of ITNs and kits.
8. ACMS should ensure that the caravan troupe is better informed of all the retailers 
selling ITNs and kits in the vicinity of their performances, and should provide the 
troupe with megaphones for marketplace activities.
9. ACMS, PSI/W and USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP should revise the logframe
and adjust EOP targets.
10. ACMS should consider if a re-alignment of line items for the remaining period of 
the grant is necessary, and propose any changes to USAID.
11. USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP should consider an extension to the Cameroon
program after September 2005 in order to continue the ACMS’ communications
work and provide for improved coverage and better ways of developing the rural
market.
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ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS
2.1 BACKGROUND
Malaria has been a major problem for many years in Cameroon and continues to be so. 
The disease particularly affects those vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and
children under five years of age. Basic health indicators report under-five mortality as
150/1000 children, infant mortality is 74/1000 live births and maternal mortality
550/100,000. 40% of child deaths are due to malaria, with malnutrition, respiratory and 
diarrheal diseases also being major problems. A large number of people are affected by 
malaria, with an estimated 1.5 bouts of malaria per capita per annum. Recent projections 
estimate the population of Cameroon could be as large as 17 million people in 2004, with 
46.4% of these being under 15 years of age and 15.5% under 5 years of age.
There are some 1,191 public health centres staffed with nurses and auxiliaries, and also
national, provincial and district hospitals in the larger conurbations. However, since 68% 
of the population lives in rural areas where population density is lower, these people
inevitably have poorer access to these facilities. The PNLP commenced establishing net 
treatment centres throughout the country in 1999, and there are now 10 centres, one in
each regional capital.
Unlike some other countries, Cameroon has been active in malaria control for several
years. It adopted a National Policy Declaration in 1997 and has had a Plan of Action
since 1998. The President has personally supported the Roll Back Malaria (RBM)
campaign and a Strategic Plan was developed and adopted in 2002. Funding has been
growing in recent years to reach in excess of US$7 in 2003 and support is due to come on 
stream in 2005 from the Global fund. The major present GOC activity in ITNs is aimed 
at delivering free nets to pregnant women and the Global fund will focus on providing
ITNs to those families with children under 5 years of age. (A more detailed account of
the history and support given to malaria is to be found in Annex 3). 
USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP has provided funding to ACMS to the value of
$1,299,937 over a period of 3 years commencing October 1st 2002, with the main
objectives of increasing the use of ITNs, especially among pregnant women and children
under 5 years, and especially in rural areas. This funding is to be matched by funds from 
PSI to the value of $650,000 mainly for the provision of commodities.
As part of this program, a mid-term evaluation has been carried out in Cameroon by Alan 
Handyside, an independent consultant and team leader, Dr. Emmanuel Forlack, East
Provincial PNLP Coordinator, and Dr Leonard Mbam-Mbam Health Advisor of WHO. 
The evaluation was carried out in country between 27th August and 12th September 2004. 
2.2 PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
The ultimate goal of the project is reduce the incidence of malaria-related mortality and 
morbidity in pregnant women and children under five years of age. This implies
increased use of ITNs among these target populations, with a special emphasis on rural
areas. There are various ways in which this can occur. Of those people who already
have bednets, the communications element of the program can inform and help convince
12 
the families in those houses that the most important people to sleep under nets are
pregnant women and small children. The second way of meeting the objective is to
persuade consumers of the value of ITNs and increase the number of nets purchased. 
Thirdly, it is also important to convince families with ITNs of the increased protection
that they get by retreating the nets at appropriate time intervals.
 
2.3 PROGRAM STRATEGY 
ACMS works with the National Malaria Control Program (PNLP) at a central level, and 
in 3 provinces, the Centre, East and South, to support PNLP programming and ensure
that ACMS messages and activities promote the national goals for malaria prevention. 
ACMS also collaborates with PLAN Cameroon, which has trained a large number of
rural women’s associations as CBDs in the East province, and with other local NGOs that 
ACMS has trained in malaria transmission, prevention, and re-treatment. These NGO
partners help increase ACMS’ access to rural communities. ACMS itself sells and
distributes bundled nets to the commercial sector in urban, peri-urban and, latterly, in
more rural outlets. 
The communication element to create behavior change uses IPC through its NGO
partners and provincial promoters which hold net treatment demonstrations and educative 
sessions on malaria transmission and prevention throughout their provinces; utilizes mass
media, mainly billboards and radio to date, with TV spots to begin in November 2005; 
and drama conducted by a travelling theatre troupe. Initial communications were mostly
generic to help overcome the main misunderstandings identified in the baseline KAP, but 
branded advertising has now commenced. Thus, this USAID funded program delivers
communication messages at all levels in the 3 target provinces, supported with activities
particularly focused on the rural communities served by the partner NGOs in zones where 
they are active. 
Sales of the ACMS bundled nets and re-treatment are generated through normal
commercial channels and also via the NGOs, thus giving ACMS more direct access to the 
communities at which the program is targeted. It was originally planned that ACMS
work through public- and private-sector health centres, including those associated with
religious groups. However, this was effectively blocked by the MOH which announced
at the time of the issue their of free nets to pregnant women, that any health centres,
whether private or public, would not receive any free nets for distribution if these same 
health centres were found to be selling ITNs. Understandably, health centres are
reluctant to go against the MOH edict. The MOH also expressly barred ACMS from
selling nets through clinics even if the clinics agreed not to give out free nets, because the 
minister did not want any confusion among the population between free nets and those
for sale. 
The National Malaria Control Program (PNLP) is the coordinating body which has the
mandate for driving the malaria initiative in Cameroon. ACMS works closely with this
organization and is greatly appreciated for its technical input and communication work,
since the generic communications produced by ACMS affects all potential net owners,
whatever their source of supply. The PNLP has some resources and capacity for
communications programs, but ACMS is the real driving force in terms of mass media
13 
communications to the general public. Hence ACMS is providing an extremely useful
service to the national initiative.
2.4 RESEARCH AND DIP MODIFICATION
The PSI proposal in 2002 used data from a baseline KAP financed by UNICEF in 2001. 
This showed that most respondents (98%) knew of malaria and most could correctly
identify the symptoms of malaria. 91% of respondents had had malaria at some time and 
59% knew that mosquitoes were the mode of transmission. However, there was also
considerable misinformation about mode of transmission, and only 40% identified
malaria as coming from mosquitoes uniquely. In 2001 only 9% identified a mosquito net 
as a means of avoiding malaria, and less than 1% named an ITN. In terms of net
ownership, only 20% of urban respondents reported owning a net and this figure was
only 10% in rural areas. Hardly any of these nets would be a treated net. Unlike in some 
other countries with an emerging net market, it was not particularly the head of
household who dominated the usage of the net in the household. Usage by the target
groups was low, mainly due to low net ownership, with usage by children under 5 years 
of age being about 10%, and 5% by pregnant women. Although 18% of respondents had 
heard of an ITN, few knew where to obtain one. The most common place for net
purchase at all was in the market. 80% had heard of re-treatment, probably through the 
PNLP program of net treatment centres.
It would thus appear that in 2001, bednet ownership was small and mainly confined to
wealthier urban areas, and that only a small number of people knew that it is important 
that young children and pregnant women should use nets as protection from malaria.
Knowledge of ITNs was small and very few people knew where to obtain one. There 
was limited knowledge about their value in protecting from mosquitoes. Accurate
understanding of malaria transmission was low, particularly in rural areas.
The Program Outputs in the DIP were mostly left unchanged from the PSI proposal, and 
it is against these which the program will be measured. The CSHGP Project Planning
Matrix is shown in Annex 4.
2.5. IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAM
The main thrust of the program is to create Behavior Change, particularly in the rural
areas, and implicitly to sell an increased number of bednets. The focus of the behavior 
change is to encourage usage of bednets among the most vulnerable groups, namely
children under 5 years and pregnant women.
It was originally planned in the DIP that ACMS would sell ITNs and re-treatment kits to 
the commercial sector in three provinces, namely Centre, South and East. They would
also sell nets to health centres, both public and private, to make subsidized ITNs available 
to the vulnerable target groups. This has not happened due to the decree by the Minister 
of Health preventing sales to health centres, thus blocking this part of the program. 
ACMS has instead collaborated with NGOs and religious groups to facilitate entry into
more rural communities and to better reach the prime target groups of pregnant women
and under-fives.
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2.5.1. Media and Promotion Materials
The communications strategy to date has been to use mass media, drama and IPC with a 
local troupe (caravan), and interpersonal communications (IPC) via NGO peer educators, 
including those of ACMS. Initial communications have been generic but branded
advertising has now commenced. These communications are aimed at conveying
messages and information about:
1. Mode of Transmission – Malaria is transmitted by night-biting mosquitoes
2. Perception of risk – children under 5 and pregnant women are the most
vulnerable groups
3. Advantages and availability of products – Treated nets provide better
protection than untreated nets, and re-treatment ensures continued protection
is inexpensive, easy and safe. 
The main mass media used has been radio, since television is limited in its coverage to
mainly urban areas. The campaigns are also supported by billboards and point of sale 
(POS) materials (posters, stickers, etc). To date, eight radio spots have been produced, 
these being three generic spots in French and equivalent translations into local dialect,
and two branded spots. By August 2004, 1,440 generic spots have been aired and 360 
branded spots for Super Moustiquaire. ACMS plans to air 840 radio spots for Super
Moustiquaire and Bloc re-treatment between October 2004 and February 2005, along
with 72 TV spots for the two branded products. Three different billboard posters have
been generated, covering malaria transmission, use by pregnant women and small
children, and the third on re-treatment. These are very visible in all of the three target 
provinces, with 300 sites using double-faced posters. Smaller posters using the same
images and self-adhesive stickers are also visible in most of the stockists but some work 
still needs to be done to better inform consumers of where bundled nest and re-treatment 
kits are available for sale. 1,221 of these posters have also been distributed to partner 
NGOs. Other materials have been or will be produced, including calendars, keychains,
plastic bags, bumper stickers, caps and t-shirts for use in IPC and other group activities.
A local theatre troupe has been trained and travels through peri-urban and rural areas
caravan-style with promoters and either the sales or communications coordinator. The
theatre troupe has been giving performances to NGOs, women’s groups, religious 
organizations and rural communities, as well as marketplace IPC, while the promoters
open up new points of sale. A variety of presentations have been developed, focusing on 
the relatively low cost and high value of ITNs in comparison with conventional malaria 
treatment, demonstrations on how to treat and re-treat ITNs, and its value in preventing
malaria. The troupe has been in operation since July, and was created in response to
findings in a research study commissioned by ACMS earlier in 2004. Intending to reach
rural populations through a regular weekly radio show, ACMS conducted a study to
determine rural women’s radio habits and found that the majority of the rural target
population (especially in the East province) does not have access to the radio. ACMS 
decided instead to focus resources on IPC, creating the travelling theatre caravan. The
caravan visits a different zone each month, following a planned route, agreed in
conjunction with the sales promoters and head office marketing personnel. They give 
about 3 performances each day and have reached a large number of people in the target 
provinces. Their skits are very popular and attract large audiences and, after the drama is 
15 
finished it is usual for the group to reinforce the health messages given, demonstrate net 
treatment, and encourage net/treatment purchase when the sales promoter is present.
There is a need for the provision of a megaphone so that the troupe can be better heard in 
noisy marketplaces and so that the gathered crowd can better hear their performance. It 
will also benefit their performances if some appropriate costumes can be provided.
2.5.2. Training and NGO Collaboration
Part of the ITN program has been to explore new avenues for ACMS in working with
Community Based Distributors (CBD) in the NGO sector. The purpose is to work with
existing operations that already have greater access to the more rural communities than
does ACMS traditionally, and train them as both IPC and CBD agents.
To date some 52 NGOs have collaborated with ACMS, most receiving training and
materials (either from Plan or ACMS) and many purchasing product for onward sale in
their communities. Many of these are small organizations but representation among
NGO partners has been achieved in all three target provinces.
One of ACMS’ major successes has been working with PLAN Cameroon in the Eastern
province. Training was given to PLAN who then subsequently trained 128 local
community based organisations (CBOs) under its own child survival grant. Most of these 
have 4-5 members and training covers vaccinations, respiratory diseases, HIV/AIDS,
IMCI as well as malaria. The members promote good health practices in households in
their local communities. Each group was issued with 50 PLAN-financed, with the
instruction to sell them at less than CFA 5000 and create a revolving fund with the
money. This was because the initial instruction from the Minister of Health was that all
nets should be sold at this price. This decree was later amended to CFA3500 on the
introduction of the ACMS net. 
Once these initial nets were sold, the CBOs had no other source of good-quality nets. 
When ACMS began its program, it sourced these CBOs, providing them with nets,
treatment and materials and offered the support of ACMS promoters in sales and
demonstrations. The ACMS bundled nets have sold quickly in the main town, Bertoua,
and a little more slowly in the extreme rural areas where, despite its subsidized low price, 
Super Moustiquaire was still thought by the CBOs to be beyond the means of some of the 
poorer populations. Shortage of stock at ACMS has inhibited the sales growth in some of 
PLAN’s programs. The arguments used by PLAN CBOs to persuade people of the value 
of ITNs have been monetary, in comparing the price of an ITN with conventional 
treatment for malaria, and the pain caused by the disease. Often children have been used 
to testify to adults the value of nets in the management of malaria. A recent evaluation of 
the PLAN program has shown that in their target areas, one-third of children now sleep 
under a net at night. Messages on re-treatment are also given and PLAN has found there 
is a need to emphasise using one tablet per net and not treating several at once. It is
believed that this practice stems from the earlier communal net treatment program
organized by the PNLP. PLAN’s worthwhile program is closing at the end of September 
2004 and a proposal for re-funding is being developed in partnership with PSI/ACMS
and Helen Keller International for submission to USAID. The work carried out by PLAN 
has been highly effective and it is hoped that funding can be made available for their
Cameroon activities.
16 
AfroAid is a Swiss based umbrella organization that funds small NGO programs such as 
AHDSEFCA in Cameroon. This group operates mainly in and around Yaounde and
works on cleaning up local areas and encouraging the use of clean water, as well as
focusing on malaria prevention. AfroAid provides funding for the purchase of ACMS
nets at the official NGO price of CFA2800, and then sells them to AHDSEFCA for
CFA2500, who then sell on to consumers at CFA3500. This scheme gives a little more 
margin to the local NGO and, since joining up with ACMS in April 2004, they have sold 
812 nets. They also plan to purchase Bloc re-treatment and commence a program
showing local communities the value of re-treating nets.
ALHYSCA was created in 1999 and operates in the Central and Southern provinces. 
They commenced collaboration with ACMS on the promotion and selling of the female
condom and have now moved into malaria and ITNs. Following training by ACMS, they 
have started malaria sensitization and ITN distribution through local groups, societies for
employee protection and families within their communities. To date they have bought
2400 nets and these are selling well.
PHARE is another small NGO working in and around Yaounde. They have 5 peer
educators and have been working on HIV/AIDS sensitization and condom use for several
years. AMCS has trained their educators in malaria management and has provided them 
with marketing materials and 125 ITNs. To date they have sold 100 of these. They
would like to increase the number of field workers and base them inside communities to 
save on travel costs. 
For many smaller Cameroonian NGOs, funding is a problem and although they would
like to expand their operations, they are inhibited from doing so. Although the ACMS
ITN program is well appreciated, several local NGOs feel that the price of the nets are 
still too high for some of the poorer populations. Despite this, many also regard the issue 
of free nets with some concern, as they feel that the system may well be abused resulting 
in dissatisfied local communities.
2.5.3 Public Sector
For some years the GOC has been active with its malaria program. There is a National 
Strategic Plan which recognizes malaria as being a major cause of morbidity and
mortality and aims to reduce these by 50% by 2010. Most specifically in relation to
ITNs, this plan, announced by the President in Abuja, aims to have 60% of children under 
five years of age and pregnant women sleeping under an ITN by end 2005.
To this end the public sector commenced a program in 1999 to open up net treatment
centres. There are now 10 centres nationwide, one in each of the provincial capitals. 
Community net treatment centres (UIC) are also being created within health areas of the 
provinces. To date 45 have been created nationally. The PNLP action plan intends to 
eventually create at least one UIC in each health area. These centres provide information 
on malaria and also treat nets which the public bring in to them. WHO assisted in this 
program by giving the GOC 50,000 nets and 144,000 treatment tablets. Although some 
centres are very active, notably the one in the Eastern province, others are less functional. 
One of the main problems is that they are located in the main towns in each region and it 
17 
is somewhat difficult for members of the public, particularly those in rural communities,
to transport their bulky nets to these treatment centres which are several miles away.
More recently, under HIPC funding, over 800,000 nets were ordered. The first 157,000 
of these, were delivered in 2003 to health centres and given away free of charge to
pregnant women along with tablets for treatment. This initiative was accompanied by
promotional events in each of the provinces, attended by the Minister of Health and
widely covered by the national TV and radio stations. This created huge interest and
demand, but there were insufficient nets available to provide for every health centre in
the country and many pregnant women who came to health centres to claim their free net 
left disappointed. 
The second tranche of these nets, 678,000, was delivered to the provincial depots in May 
2004. Unfortunately, the decision was taken to treat these with liquid, rather than with
tablets as in the first issue. The liquid is currently in Yaounde and the nets are scattered 
nationwide. The process of getting these nets treated is being held up further by the
Ministry of Finance which has yet to release the funds to pay for the treatment. A tender 
will need to be issued and the contractor, when appointed, will then have to either bring
all the nets back to the capital for treatment or, alternatively, visit each of the provinces 
and treat the nets locally. Either way, this looks like being a long drawn-out process. A 
third alternative would be to procure tablets, possibly from ACMS, issue these to the
provincial depots, and treat the nets there, in the health centres, or at home. This
unfortunate situation means that, despite their being a large demand for nets, many
pregnant women in the country are being denied accessibility.
Cameroon has been successful in obtaining funding from Global Fund for its malaria
program. Amongst other things, this includes the provision of 1.14 million nets and
nearly 2 million tablets at a total cost of $7.1 million. These nets are to be targeted at 
children under five years of age on the basis of producing a card verifying a completed 
course of vaccination. The first 800,000 of these nets are forecast to arrive in February
2005, but this looks a little optimistic. In addition the Global Fund is providing for the 
production of 4 radio spots and 2 TV spots, with a projected airing of 183 radio and 52 
TV spots. Funding for provision of posters, leaflets and brochures is also available, and 
the total cost of these marketing materials is $113,000.
One extremely useful contribution made by the GOC is to exempt from excise duties all
nets coming into the country for malaria programs. However, this has not been extended 
to netting material, which is one of the reasons affecting the start-up of a local net
manufacturing company. 
2.5.4 National Malaria Control Program (PNLP)
AMCS’ collaboration with the PNLP is one of the most important partnerships in the
program. The Director of the PNLP has been in the post since 1999 and is determinedly 
developing malaria initiatives in Cameroon. Amongst other activities, this involves
fundraising from the GOC and other donors to provide commodities, funding for training
local staff and others, and organizing such public events as Africa Malaria Day. The
PNLP also determines policy in conjunction with the MOH, WHO, WB and other
18 
interested parties. However, announcements are sometimes made by the Minister of
Health that can create changes from agreed policy. Price is one of these. 
At one stage it was announced that nets would be sold for no more than CFA5000, which 
was subsequently amended to CFA3500 on the introduction of ACMS ITNs. Thus the
introduction of ACMS products influenced the MOH to revise their prices down from
5000 to 3500, and treatment from 1000 down to 500, making them more accessible to 
consumers. Also, the PNLP is permitted to sell nets through net treatment centres. These 
nets are purchased out of the MOH budget, but funding for this part of the program is not 
extensive so very few are actually sold under this mechanism. However, the overall
reduction in prices affects both nets and treatment so, when they are sold, they too are 
cheaper to the consumers.
More importantly as far as the ACMS program is concerned, the Minister’s instruction
blocking the sale of nets in health centres has substantially affected the ACMS program
design from that agreed with USAID, in that the roll out of subsidized nets to clinics has 
been prevented. A further decree from the MOH was that ACMS nets should be of 100 
denier, although 75 denier is commonly accepted in most other countries as being more
than adequate. This increased ACMS’ product cost.
ACMS and the PNLP have cooperated well on the training front, and ACMS is valued by 
the PNLP for its input on technical matters. Thus, the present
USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP program has helped the PNLP and the public sector
develop the capacity of the workers in its program.
 
2.6. SALES AND DISTRIBUTION
2.6.1. ACMS Sales
ACMS commenced selling Super Moustiquaire into the commercial trade in March 2004. 
There were lengthy delays in obtaining the nets and insecticide for a variety of reasons, 
nearly all out of ACMS’ control. In the six months to end August, 35,333 ITNs have 
been sold across all three target provinces, and the objective is to reach 72,000 by end 
2004. Although no volume target was part of the DIP, the PSI proposal suggested that 
200,000 ITNs would be sold by EOP. This looks achievable provided additional funding 
can be obtained from PSI.
It is an agreed part of the grant that PSI would provide $650,000 over the life of the
project. PSI has made $150,000 available and it was calculated that with receipts from
sales, this revolving fund would allow purchase of ITNs and kits to the value of the
agreed sum. However, this projection is somewhat flawed. The length of time it takes to 
receive nets is about 3 months from time of order placement. In addition, it takes about 2 
months before sales revenues flow back to ACMS. ITNs are issued to the 6 sales
promoters but until these are sold and invoiced, there is no return-to-fund revenue. 
Finally, there is so much demand worldwide for nets that the manufacturer is requiring
90% of the value of the order to be paid up front at the time of the order. Thus, the 
funding provided by PSI is tied up for a considerable period of time and this has created 
stock shortages. A request for additional advance of funds from PSI is being prepared 
now. Provided this is granted, then larger quantities of product can be ordered at a time, 
19 
creating a stock buffer essential to the freeing up of stock and fulfilling the undoubted 
latent demand for the product.
Problems related to the supply of insecticide held up the launch of the bundled nets, since 
these require a tablet of insecticide in each pack. This has now been resolved but
difficulties obtaining further supplies have meant that the launch of Bloc treatment kit as
a stand-alone product did not commence until August 2004. Sales in this month
amounted to 940 units. It is believed that with the heightened awareness for the re￾treatment of nets, and with an increasing pool of nets from both ACMS and PNLP, there 
will be considerable demand for re-treatment kits for the remainder of the project. 
2.6.2. ACMS Distribution
Distribution of Super Moustiquaire is good in all of the three target provinces. In total
205 regular points of sale have been negotiated, 107 in Yaounde and the Central
province, 55 in the South and 43 in the East. Wholesale stockists have been appointed 
with 16 in Centre, 5 in the South and 5 in the East. The six sales promoters, two in each 
region, transfer sell to retailers using stock from these wholesalers and have also opened 
up retail outlets in their own right. Further work needs to be done in opening up more 
retailers so that every quarter of the major towns has at least one retailer present in the 
locality. There also needs to be improved linkage with the caravan troupe so that they
know all the retailers in the vicinity of where they are giving their performances,
particularly in market places. Limitations of stock have slowed down this distribution 
drive but once stock availability becomes freer this can be achieved.
Most of the distribution points are new ones to ACMS. Typically they are clothing
shops, some toiletry stores and those outlets dedicated to selling baby products and
household goods. ITNs are seen as a household product and the above outlets are where 
consumers believe they are most likely to find an ITN. As yet only a few pharmacies
stock ACMS ITNs and kits, but a distribution drive into these stores is planned.
The logistics of distribution needs some attention, particularly as the program volumes
increase. At present, other ACMS project vehicles can deliver ITNs in Yaounde with
relative frequency and ease. There are two project pick-up vehicles (in addition to an all￾purpose vehicle) which are used to deliver ITNs in bulk to the major depots in the
Southern and Eastern provinces as well as more outlying areas in Central province. 
However, these vehicles also have to be used to deliver from these depots to outlying
stockists within each province. Because of the distances involved, these vehicles are only
able to run a provincial journey cycle about once per month. Bulkiness of ITNs means 
that they cannot be easily transported by ACMS vehicles carrying other products. 
Therefore, as volume grows and consumer demand increases, there will be a requirement 
for more frequent deliveries to stockists within the provinces. Presently, product is often
couriered through ESI, a courier service, to provincial warehouses. There are plans to
change this to delivering directly to provincial wholesalers, as the warehouses are not
cost effective. Despite this, the requirement for additional transport arrangements needs
to be addressed.
 
2.6.3. Public Sector Issue of Nets
20 
Whilst the PNLP is a partner in providing ITNs and re-treatment to consumers, in a
sense, it are also a competitor. From a public health perspective, the source of ITNs may 
not matter, as long as consumers are buying and using them, but the partnership programs 
have to work alongside each other and both should aim to be sustainable. Therefore the 
sales of PNLP products are relevant to the progress of the ACMS project.
As stated above, the PNLP has issued 157,000 nets free of charge to pregnant women
through some of its health centres. When the second tranche of 678,000 nets will become 
available is unknown, but it is unlikely that all of these can be issued to pregnant women
in a short period of time. There are about 850,000 births each year and thus at any point 
in time there are this number of pregnant women. However it is believed that only 20% 
of pregnant women go to health centres for ante-natal care. Thus, unless demand
increases substantially with the issue of free nets, or more pregnant women go to health
centres for reasons other than ante-natal care, then it could take a year or more before all 
of these nets are in use. The danger is that, in its drive to issue nets quickly to try and 
move towards the Abuja target, the health centres may be encouraged to issue ITNs to a 
wider population other than pregnant women. This abuse could lead to considerable
leakage of nets into the commercial trade and be sold for prices less than the ACMS
product, but give a higher margin to the trader. Potentially, this could cause some
disturbance to the ACMS program during 2005.
2.6.4. Abuja Net Targets
At the present time there is an estimated pool of 300,000 nets in Cameroon. This results 
from 50,000 nets from WHO, 36,000 from COTCO (Exxon-Mobile), 157,000 from
PNLP, 35,000 from ACMS, and the balance from historical private-sector sales.
There are just over 3 million households in Cameroon and approximately 2.5 million
households with a WRA living there. In the next 15 months over one million of these
women will become pregnant and be eligible for a free ITN, and many will have a child 
under 5 years of age. For the 60% Abuja target to be met, more than 1.5 million ITNs 
will need to be in use by the end of 2005. Given the present pool of ITNs and the
variables involved in actual use by the target groups, the actual objective should be to
furnish a further 1.5 million households with ITNs in the next 15 months on top of the
existing national pool.
There are problems with this. Although a considerable number of nets could become
available during 2005 in the public sector, say 1.45 million, it will take some time to
issue these ITNs correctly to the target groups of pregnant women and young children. 
Also, the research necessary to confirm achievement or otherwise of the Abuja target will
need to be conducted in early 2006. If all the 678,000 nets were to become immediately 
available and given out over the next few months to pregnant women, by early 2006,
most of these women will no longer be pregnant at the time of the research. If all the nets 
were held up until late 2005 before issue, then there is insufficient time to find enough
pregnant women to give them to. The 800,000 expected Global Fund ITNs could also 
become available for issue to vaccinated children and, if they arrive early enough in
2005, then it is possible that many of these could be issued. But again, this depends on
the effectiveness of the vaccination program, and the rate at which small children are
brought to the clinics.
21 
Therefore, it would appear that the 60% Abuja target is going to be very difficult to
reach, given the delays in the GOC programs to date. ACMS has an excellent
opportunity to contribute to assisting in reaching the target in their three target provinces, 
provided that sufficient stock is made available in the near future. Time is of the essence 
in this.
2.7. COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES
It is of interest to note the progress of ITNs being made by other social marketing
programs in other countries. Comparisons are influenced, amongst other variables, by
the length of time the program has been operating, the amount and nature of the funding, 
the ITN history of the market, and the influence of both public and private-sector 
activities. Of the programs started in recent years by PSI, Malawi is performing best in 
terms of sales per capita at a rate of 0.098 ITNs/capita. This program distributes ITNs and 
re-treatment kits to the commercial sector and, in conjunction with the public-sector 
program, sells ITNs through government health centres. This program was the basis of
the design of ACMS’ program but, as noted above, ACMS has been prohibited by MOH 
from following this program design in Cameroon. Malawi’s program is extremely
successful and in 2003 alone it sold over one million ITNs. Zambia, Benin and Rwanda 
all have rates at about 0.02 nets/capita. In the last two years, PSI/Kenya obtained a large 
funding for an ITN program and now sells at a per capita figure of 0.021 ITNs. This is in 
a market where there is high demand and few public sector sales. Assuming that ACMS 
achieves its target by EOP it will be selling at a running rate of 0.008 nets/capita in 2005. 
Naturally, each country faces different constraints, and the importance of the public
sector contribution in Cameroon is somewhat greater than in other countries, which may
affect the SM results.
2.8. PRICING 
Price is an important variable in persuading a large number of people to purchase an ITN. 
For many, especially in the rural areas in which the ACMS project has focused much of
its activities, the absolute outlay is difficult to find, even at subsidized prices. The current 
consumer price for an ITN from ACMS is CFA3500 ($6.50 at current exchange rates) 
and CFA600 for a treatment kit. ACMS has used various methods of IEC to show
potential consumers that these prices are not excessive. This has included a comparison
with the cost of treating malaria by other means such as medicines and cost of health
consultancy. The communication efforts have focused on getting consumers to realize
the value of the purchase of an ITN, as well as the health issues associated with malaria, 
but more work needs to be done in this area if large numbers of consumers are to
appreciate this and purchase ITNs and kits. Behavior change takes time.
ACMS sells its product at cost-recovery, but the level of cost recovery is dependent on
exchange rates remaining stable. The basic price structure for Super Moustiquaire is that 
wholesalers buy at CFA2300, organizations such as NGOs buy at the demi￾wholesale/association price of CFA2800, retailers buy at CFA3000, and all sell to
consumers at CFA3500. These margins for the trade are sufficient for most traders to
feel that the absolute income per net sold is worthwhile. 
22 
As seen above, large volumes of ITNs going through the public sector are planned for 
2005. The introduction of a considerable volume of free nets through the health facilities 
could disturb the level of sales through the ACMS program and, by implication, of the
pharmacies and other private-sector outlets. The proposal is to limit issue of free ITNs by 
the PNLP to pregnant women and those with young children. This is laudable but, unless 
strict controls on their issue can be instituted, carried out, and monitored, there is a
serious risk of product leaking back into the trade or being re-exported. This could
irrevocably damage the nascent private-sector business in ITNs and the sustainability of
both ACMS and PNLP programs. Further dialogue needs to take place with all partners 
in the malaria program on the matter of free nets and pricing.
23 
3. MEASURABLE INDICATORS
Many of the performance indicators relate to knowledge, awareness and behavior change. 
An LQAS survey was carried out in August 2004 as an indicator of progress towards
these objectives set in the DIP. However, the methodology used by this small sample of 
228 respondents is somewhat different from the original KAP, which had 2016
respondents. (LQAS methodology is noted in Annex 4). Not withstanding the advantages 
of using LQAS as a measurement tool, the present LQAS study appears to have produced 
households with a higher incidence of net ownership than would be expected and this
undoubtedly affects some of the results. However, the small sample size means the
confidence limits on the results are somewhat broader than the KAP data. 
From observation, many of the indicators will be attained but, for some, there will need to 
be a longer period of communications activity for all of them to be reached. The
comments below relate to the consultant’s personal opinion based on data obtained and 
field observations. The process of developing the DIP following award of the grant
means that work could not commence on the program itself until June 2003. This leaves 
only 27 months to achieve the indicated targets.
(In the notes below the mid-term results from the LQAS study are under the
heading LQAS. The results are also presented in tabular form in Annex 5)
Goal: Reduced incidence of malaria-related mortality and morbidity among children 
under five and pregnant women in East, Centre, and South provinces of Cameroon 
This is to be measured by DHS surveys and national mortality data.
Purpose: Increased use of ITNs among rural pregnant women and children under five 
Intermediate Indicators
IR1: Increased informed demand for ITNs
Output 1.1. % of adults who know that malaria is only transmitted by mosquitoes 
increased 
Indicators
· Baseline: 28% rural; 51% urban, Mid-term = 33% rural; 59% urban, EOP=50% 
rural; 66% urban
· LQAS mid term: 54% Rural, 55% Urban
The rural indicator shows increasing correct knowledge of transmission but 
the urban figure is unchanged. Increased communications work needs to be 
done if the EOP target is to be reached.
Output 1.2: % of adults who identify ITNs as a method of malaria prevention increased. 
Indicators
· Baseline: 1%, Mid-term =12%, EOP=25% 
· LQAS mid term: 18.9%
It is possible that this indicator will be met by EOP.
24 
Output 1.3: % of adults who identify children under five and pregnant women as high￾risk groups for malaria increased. 
Indicators
· Baseline: 46%, Mid-term =56%, EOP=66%
· Modified Baseline: Children under 5 years 37%, pregnant women 9%
· LQAS mid term: Children under 5 years 42%, pregnant women 24%
Knowledge about protecting children was already fairly high at the time of 
the initial KAP, and this has changed only slightly. Awareness of the need to 
protect pregnant women was less well known and this has grown, probably 
due to the public sector work as well as that of ACMS
 
Output 1.4: % of 0-5s and pregnant women reported to have slept under a net the 
previous night increased. 
Indicators
· Baseline: 4%, Mid-term=20%, EOP=33% (rural) and baseline: 10%, Mid￾term=21%, EOP=33% (urban). 
· Amended baseline: Children under 5 years 10.5%, Pregnant women 5%
· LQAS mid term: Children under 5 years 51.5%, pregnant women 45.5% 
The urban rural split is not available due to small sample size. There also 
appears to be an increase net ownership in the mid term research which 
gives inflated results.
Output 1.5: Difference in reported use between 1st and 4th socioeconomic quartiles 
decreases by 25%. 
Indictors
· Baseline: 25%, Midterm=22%, EOP=19%
· Amended baseline: The figure is believed to have been 21%
· LQAS results are under investigation but sample size is probably too small to 
give meaningful results.
Preliminary urban data available looks to be unchanged from the revised 
baseline. Rural sample very small
IR2: Improved equitable access to ITNs
Output 2.1: % of targeted outlets selling ITNs increased.
Indicators
· Baseline: 0%, Mid-term =25%, EOP=50%
· Indicator should be number of outlets and not percentage
· Mid-term result: Number of outlets selling ITNs now in excess of 205 in the 
target provinces
Output 2.2: % of adults who know at least one source of ITNsincreased.
25 
Indictors
· Baseline: 1%, Mid-term =12%, EOP=25%
· LQAS mid term: 60% but these include Health Centres. Commercial outlets 
figure is 40%
This indicator should be met as most people name the marketplace as a 
source of ITNs
Output 2.3: # of outlets offering ITN subsidies to pregnant women and mothers of 
children under five increased. 
Indictors
· Baseline: 0, Mid-term =25, EOP=50
No longer relevant as program design changed. 
Output 2.4: % of outlets offering ITNs at prices within the willingness to pay range of 
target populations increased. 
Indictors
· Baseline: 1%, Mid-term =12%, EOP=25%
Most outlets are offering ACMS nets at CFA3500. 
IR3: Increased capacity to sustain demand creation and delivery of ITNs in 
Cameroon
Output 3.1 % of PRISSM indicators in which ACMS is in growth or mature stage 
increased. 
Indictors
· Baseline: 30%, EOP=75%
A second PRISSM has not been conducted as further analysis by PSI showed 
that the PRISSM becomes less valuable upon repeated application. A
strategic planning session is planned which will indicate the stages of
development of ACMS.
Output 3.2: % of partner clinics integrating project messages and materials in normal 
health service delivery increased. 
Indictors
· Baseline: 0%, EOP=85%
No longer relevant due to program design change
Output 3.3: Project BCC materials used by at least two NGOs not funded by the project. 
Indicators
· Baseline: 0, Mid-term =1, EOP=2
52 NGOs have used ACMS materials
Output 3.4: At least one additional donor identified to fund targeted subsidy schemes. 
26 
Indicators
· Baseline: 0, EOP=1
ACMS is actively seeking an additional donor
Output 3.5: At least one major international net manufacturer begins unsubsidized 
distribution in Cameroon. 
Indictors
· Baseline: 0, EOP=1
This operation has not yet commenced due to taxes still being levied on 
netting material. ACMS actively petitions the government to remove taxes 
and tariffs on nets and treatment.
IR 4: Increased capacity of PSI in delivering health impact through MCH 
interventions
Output 4.1: Number of project materials through Intranet, Profiles, and CD-ROM. 
Indicators
· Baseline: 0, Mid-term =2, EOP=5
PSI/W has distributed Project Profiles: 17, Research Briefs: 4, Biennial 
Reports: 2, Issue Briefs: 1, AIDSMark publications: 11, Other: 2
Output 4.2: Number of PSI MCH department capacity-building/planning workshops 
conducted. 
Indicators
· Baseline: 0, Mid-term =1, EOP=3
These are held bi-annually. One has been held during the life of the project.
Output 4.3: Number of MCH fundraising materials disseminated. 
Indicators
· Baseline: 0, Mid-term =12,000, EOP=25,000
PSI has disseminated 11,500 fundraising materials, including ‘Disinfecting
Water, Saving Lives: PSI’s Safe Water System Prevents Diarrhea’, ‘Meeting a 
Fundamental Need: Social Marketing of Micronutrients Prevents Anemia,
Saves Lives’ and ‘Keeping Malaria at Bay: Mosquito Nets Treated with
Insecticide are Inexpensive, Effective.’
With the substantial changes in the program design brought about by the MOH
denying ACMS access to the health clinics, and the fact that results for pregnant 
women and children under five appear to be proceeding at different rates, it is 
recommended that ACMS/PSI re-negotiate some of the indicators with USAID and 
develop a revised logframe.
27 
4. BUDGET SPEND
Of the obligated cost of the program at $1,299,937, with 64% of time elapsed, 48% of
this USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP has been spent. Of PSI’s match of $650,000,
$297,464 or 46% has been spent, almost entirely on commodities. In total, therefore,
47% of the combined budgets have been spent already.
The main areas of shortfall in USAID expenditure are in field staff and fringes, due to
financing of these items from other ACMS funds in the early part of the program; media 
and communication/education material, due to time spent developing a regional
francophone insecticide brand and delays in the production of campaign materials,
brought about by the main advertising agency falling into bankruptcy during the contract;
and research and monitoring, but the latter will be corrected on payment of the recent 
LQAS study. 
Given the improving sales position, communications work planned on the branded
promotion, and final KAP study due in 2005, it is likely that the
USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP grant will be fully utilized by EOP. However, there
may be some need for a re-alignment (to be confirmed with USAID). For example, the 
travel line item may need to be increased to better reach more rural areas and training
increased to improve staff capacity in reaching rural populations. There may also need to 
be some increase in consultancy and equipment line items, but these can be funded from
local staff items and fringes. As far as the PSI match is concerned, a further injection of
PSI funding will bring their contribution to the mandated amount.
28 
5. CROSS CUTTING ISSUES
5.1 COMMUNITY MOBILISATION
The program has worked with NGOs in 3 provinces of the country. Training has been
given in CBD and IPC and the large number of people effectively mobilized has
improved their capacity tremendously. The introduction of ITNs and re-treatment 
programs to their already useful work in the communities has given them a renewed
sense of purpose in being able to counsel the consumers in their target areas with
something different. The communities themselves have been mobilized by increased
awareness of the problems associated with malaria, and to take action by purchasing
ITNs and using them for the more vulnerable target population. The simultaneous
activities by the PNLP have also fostered a heightened awareness of malaria and its
treatment and the general “noise” about the disease has made an enormous impact on
demand for ITNs and re-treatment.
5.2. COMMUNICATIONS FOR BEHAVIOUR CHANGE.
This is one of the main thrusts of the USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP program. In the 
past, various messages have been developed by the GOC, but the quality of materials has 
not been sufficiently attractive to induce behavior change, other than very slowly and in
limited numbers. ACMS has correctly used research-driven communications to develop
BCC materials which appear to be having a useful effect at consumer level. This is
reflected in the increased sales of PNLP ITNs as well as those of ACMS. 
ACMS has been able to benefit from experience in other PSI markets with respect to
malaria communications. This has been advantageous to the program itself in its
strategic approach in Cameroon, and PSI/W also has gained additional insights into the
use of BCC in addressing Child Survival programs. This information is shared through
The Wave, PSI’s internet-based information and best practices site, and through CDs and 
other materials sent regularly to country programs around the world. 
5.3. CAPACITY BUILDING
5.3.1 PVO Strengthening
ACMS has increased the capacity of its staff through this program. New appointments 
have been made to manage the family health component of operations, which includes
the malaria program. Both local and international training has been provided to research
and communications departments, as well as to the ITN sales team. The addition of the 
ITNs and kits has broadened the base of ACMS portfolio and new distributive points
have been opened which may well benefit other ACMS products, particularly condoms.
This will increase ACMS’ health impact in rural areas and provide a model to scale up 
nationally when funds become available. 
ACMS has also commenced using promoters (who were hired to facilitate net distribution
in rural areas) to promote other family planning and MCH products in the rural areas (i.e. 
they will begin offering a 'package' to distributors and rural women's associations that
include nets, insecticide kits, condoms, ORS, and the soon-to-be-launched safe water
29 
product. This has helped ACMS re-think how they might be able to improve its
distribution system, not only to reach rural populations, but also to offer an integrated
package of products. 
Some of the research that has been done for this project has also had an impact on other 
ACMS initiatives. A study carried out on rural women's listening habits (radio) showed 
that the target population in certain rural areas does not have the level of access to radio 
that was previously believed, and this has led to think of other ways of reaching rural
populations (i.e. through the caravan, women's and church associations, and promoters --
all of which is now planned for other products such as condoms and the safe water
product).
Through input from malaria staff in PSI from other countries, ACMS staff has also
benefited from their experience and expertise. This cross-fertilization of experience in
programs in practice gives a broader perspective to the ACMS program.
5.3.2 Local Partner Strengthening
The major partners in the ACMS program are the PNLP and several NGOs. All of these 
have received training from the ACMS team and the modules developed by the program 
are now included in the trainings of these organizations. The function of ITNs and re￾treatment are now better understood and ACMS’ generic communications have benefited 
all of these organizations’ work. 
Before this project, ACMS did not for the most part seek out partnerships with other
NGOs. This was really the first project where ACMS began building relationships with
other NGOs, and this has been expanded to other projects. ACMS now has
strong collaborative relationships with many local and international NGOs, as well as
with the National Malaria Control Program. All of the BCC materials were developed in
collaboration with a large number of partners, which is not usually the way ACMS had
developed communication campaigns in the past. As part of this, ACMS has helped
facilitate the National Malaria program's efforts to bring partners together to
discuss malaria-related issues by hosting partner meetings and by keeping partner
collaboration on the PNLP' agenda. 
5.3.3. Sustainability
The ACMS program has helped commence raising awareness of the means of
transmission of malaria and the ways in which malaria can be avoided. The DIP rightly
enumerated the large population at risk and the program has gone some way in fulfilling
the latent demand for ITNs and correct usage for vulnerable people. However, creating a 
critical mass of behavior change will take time. It is likely that reaching the targeted
national pool goal of ITNs and their correct re-treatment will take a longer period of time 
than that of the present program.
Financially, ACMS makes a reasonable cost recovery which, by the end of the currently
funded USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP project, will go some way towards the purchase 
of product in the future. In addition they are seeking ways in which this can be
improved. They are also seeking other donors to support the program. However, if the 
30 
ITN and re-treatment uptake is to continue to grow and marketing efforts are to be further 
supported, then additional funding will be required for the next three years at least until
the products reach their full potential. Continued communication is undoubtedly
necessary, as is the effort to create wider accessibility in the rural areas. 
31 
6. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
The ACMS ITN program has built a dedicated ITN team comprising the Assistant
Program Director, Marketing Manager, Sales Manager, research assistant, six sales
promoters and the caravan troupe. This team benefits from the existing ACMS structure, 
which provides integrated resources including packaging, finance, administration, human
resources and MIS.
In the initial stages of the program, a dedicated team such as this is of vital importance. 
Often in SM programs, existing business is built around condoms, FP and other product 
programs. Malaria ITNs and re-treatment kits are frequently a new product category to 
many in the organization and need unique development of training, communications and
materials. Because of the product’s physical bulk compared to condoms and FP products, 
careful thought needs to be given to logistics and management on how to integrate these 
products into an existing tariff of products, and distribution is sometimes different from
existing structures. 
The ACMS team has worked well together, especially in using research to develop its
BCC strategy, communications activities and materials. Other in-house resources have
integrated the ITN project well. However, care must be taken not to try and absorb the 
ITN project into mainstream activities too early. New development projects need
nurturing and focus of attention in a single-minded way by experienced personnel. The
project has clearly benefited from this in its first two years.
The project benefits from management input from PSI/W where there are now positions 
of MCH Director and a Child Survival Coordinator, who oversee projects globally. This 
allows experiences to be shared across programs and, where new methods and skills are 
developed, to be integrated into new programs. Technical input is also received from
PSI’s Senior Technical ITN Advisor, which is beneficial to all projects, and keeps
programs abreast of new methods and information on malaria related topics.
32 
7. CONCLUSIONS
The project has started well with a comprehensive BCC program and training of partner 
public and NGO sector personnel. Communication activities are continuing and, among
those touched by these, there appears to be a growing understanding of malaria, its cause 
and methods of prevention. Capacity of both PSI and other partner staff has been
increased. Overall, it appears that demand for and uptake of ITNs is growing nationally. 
Despite the progress being made, it is felt that a 3-year period is inadequate to achieve 
some of the behavior change levels indicated in the DIP. The process itself does not lend 
to rapid change, since the programs do not get underway the DIP has been agreed. This 
generally leaves just over two years to reach the indicated results. An extension to the 
project to continue and expand the good work in progress should be considered.
33 
ANNEX 1 CONTACTS
ACMS/CAMEROON
Mme . Theresa Gruber-Tapsoba Permanent Secretary 
Mme. Shannon Bledsoe Directeur Adjoint Sante Famille & 
Technical Advisor PSI
Mr. Bouba Tchamaki Administration Manager
Mr. Sali Adamou Sales Manager
Mr. Patrice Bende Marketing Manager
Mr. Maurice Kwite Research Manager 
Mr. Jules Onanina Promoter Yaounde
Mr. Anselme Ndzie Promoter Obala
Mr. Salomon Ndjock Promoter Bertoua
Mme. Bernadette Nga Promoter Ebolowa
Mr. Marcellin Ondoua Promoter Sangmelima
Mr. Paul Bina Promoter Batouri
CARAVAN 
Mr. Maurice Akolo Animator
Ms. Rolande Loe Animator
Mr. Jean Marie Awona Animator
MOH
Dr.Jean-Blaise Doaw Delegue Eastern Province 
PNLP
Dr. Okalla Abodo Permanent Secretary /MCP
AFRO AID
Mr. Dani Horowitz Vice Chairman
Mme. Suzanne Apanda President Yaounde Branch
PLAN INTERNATIONAL
Dr. Esther Tallah Health Coordinator
Dr. Mfornyam Cristopher Child Survival Project Coordinator
Presidents, Chairmen, Secretaries of local CBO’s
PHARE
ALHYSCA
Mr. Gabriel Eka’a Owona Coordinator
34 
ANNEX 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY
ITN Proposal PMSC, PSI, Dec 2001
Child Survival SM of ITNs in Cameroon Detailed Implementation Plan, PSI April 2001
ITN Marketing Plan, PSI, 2004
National Strategic Plan for Malaria, MOH, May 2002
National plan for Communication on Malaria, MOH, January 2004
Child Survival Grants Program, ITN/CAM Annual Report, ACMS October 2003
DHS 1998, Macro International, 1998
Baseline KAP, IRESCO, March 2001
KQLA Survey, ACMS, August 2003
Availability of ITN Study, Action Synthese, 2003
Market Structure for ITNs, ACMS, March 2003
Agency Briefs for Research, ACMS, 2004
Pre test of Logos, URAD, November 2003
Pre test of IEC Material for ITNs, EOCAP, March 2004
Female Listeneing Habits, URAD, February 2004 
Monthly Activity Reports, ACMS, March-August 2004
PSI Annual Sales &Health Impact Report, PSI/W, 2003
Sales Data, ACMS, March – August 2004
Organograms, ACMS, 2004
35 
ANNEX 3 History of Malaria Program in Cameroon
Malaria control began in Cameroon in 1992, and a National Policy Declaration was
adopted in July 1997. Malaria control had traditionally focused on treatment of cases,
vector control, and IEC activities, which are supported by training, operations research, 
and epidemiological surveillance. In May 1998, the first Plan of Action was developed.
 
In December 1998, a Working Group for Malaria Control was created which included the 
National Coordinator; the Director of Pharmacy in the Ministry of Public Health; two
members from the health education unit in the Ministry of Public Health; two
entomologists from the Community Health Division of the Ministry of Public Health; a
representative from the WHO, UNICEF, and research institutes (OCEAC, ORSTOM)
and two paediatricians from the Central Hospital of Yaoundé. 
Following the launching in 1998 of the RBM initiative by the WHO Director General, the 
President of Cameroon officially supported malaria control in a letter to the Director
General of WHO, and the Minister of Public Health signed the Abuja Declaration to Roll
Back Malaria in April 1999 on behalf of the government. The official debut of the
Initiative was the national launching conference on July 25, 2000 with participants from
the Ministry of Public Health, other ministries, partner organizations, NGOs, universities
and research institutes, the press, religious institutions, the community, and delegates
from the different levels of the health system.
A situation analysis of malaria in Cameroon was conducted between November 2000 and 
August 2001 to serve as the basis for planning the program. This analysis informed the
elaboration and national adoption on April 2002 of a Strategic Plan for Malaria Control
for the period from 2002 to 2006. 
Major partners of the RBM Initiative include WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, the World Bank, 
and the European Union. Other partners include several other ministries, NGOs, private
sector clubs, such as the Lion’s Club International; universities; research institutes, and
communities. WHO and UNICEF are viewed as the leaders of the RBM initiative in
Cameroon, along with the Ministry of Public Health. They assisted the government in
instituting a tax exemption for importation of bednets and insecticide and in sponsoring 
early consultancies.
Between 1999 and 2002, WHO provided some 50,000 nets and 144,000 insecticide
tablets to MOH net treatment centres, and COTCO (Exxon-Mobile) issued 36,000
pretreated nets to populations along the Chad-Cameroon pipeline in 2002. The National
Malaria Control Program issued 157,000 ITNs through health centres in 2003 directed
towards pregnant women, and ACMS commenced its ITN and re-treatment program in
March 2004, mainly targeting communications at women of reproductive age and parents 
of young children but selling to the commercial sector.
 
Before 2003, government expenditures for malaria were difficult to ascertain, since the
budget was not organized by program. The 2000-2001 bulk investment budget allocated 
by the MOH for malaria and HIV/AIDS control was about $2,857,143. Allocation of a 
specific budget from government sources started in 2003. Unfortunately it seems that the 
amount allocated in the year 2004 was less than the previous year, probably due to
36 
misunderstanding of the funding allocated by GFATM, which is meant to be an
additional funding to rapidly scale up malaria interventions, and not an alternative
funding source to the state budget.
Additional budgets from the HIPC initiative of respectively $1.7million and $7million 
were allocated in 2002 and 2003 for the purchase and distribution of treated bednets to 
pregnant women (157,000 in 2002 and 678,000 in 2003). Another funding from the same 
source previewed the purchase and distribution of treated bednets to another 800,000 
pregnant women, but this was later reduced.
. 
WHO allocated $204,000 for years 2000 to 2001 and $170,000 in 2003 and 2004 to the 
RBM Initiative from extra-budgetary sources, giving a total of $374,000.
37 
Annex 4 LQAS Methodology
Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) was initially designed in the 1920s to
assess the quality of industrial commodities (Robertson et al., 1997). Over
recent decades, the method has been adapted by health-system evaluators and
is quickly being recognized as a viable means of assessing health-worker
performance and intervention coverage. Multinational agencies and various
institutions have been involved in health applications of LQAS. For example,
WHO adapted the method to monitor immunization services, and it created a
manual to assist health managers in using LQAS to assess both coverage and
quality of immunization services (WHO, 1996).
The hallmark of LQAS is the division of the target population into smaller,
administratively meaningful units (lots) and the selection of small, random
samples from each of those units. Data gleaned from these stratified random
samples provide supervisors and program managers with a sufficient amount of
information on which they can base management decisions. In addition to
enabling managers to monitor sub-divisions within their project area, LQAS
also offers the flexibility of aggregating data across sub-divisions to
obtain a coverage estimate for the entire project area.
LQAS has a number of advantages over cluster sampling. Five such advantages
are presented below.
1) Cluster sampling, unlike LQAS, only yields overall coverage
estimates. Because of this it hides differences in coverage between
sub-divisions of a project's catchment area. While LQAS does not yield
specific coverage estimates for sub-divisions, it does identify which
sub-divisions have acceptable levels of coverage as well as those that are
performing below expectation. In this regard, it is possible to target areas
that require additional resources in order to achieve project objectives.
2) LQAS coverage estimates tend to be more precise than estimates
obtained using cluster-sampling techniques. This greater precision is due to
the fact that LQAS is rooted in principles of stratified sampling, which
generally yields estimates with narrower confidence intervals than estimates
derived from cluster samples of the same size. With LQAS, every stratum
(e.g., village, ward) is sampled. With cluster sampling, many strata may be
omitted in the selection of clusters.
3) As mentioned above, LQAS is a more efficient sampling design than
cluster sampling. In many countries, families or individuals with similar
behavioral patterns tend to live in close proximity to one another. The
selection of neighboring households within a given cluster, as is done with
cluster sampling, introduces a bias that does not exist when individuals are
selected randomly. This bias is reflected in a statistical measure known as
the design effect (DE). DE equals 1.0 (no design effect) if the sample
design is as efficient as a simple random sample. There is no design effect
38 
associated with LQAS. In contrast, cluster sampling is associated with
increased sampling error and is therefore less efficient than simple random
sampling. For cluster samples, DE is assumed to be equal to 2.0. There must
be twice as many respondents in a cluster sample compared to a simple random
sample in order to compensate for the increased sampling error associated
with cluster sampling.
4) Surveys can be implemented at any time during a project.
Traditionally, cluster surveys are implemented at the beginning of a project
to gather information as part of a baseline assessment, then four years
later at the end of a project to assess whether the project has achieved its
initial objectives. While information gathered at the end of a project can
be used for evaluation, it is too late to use for project monitoring. In
theory, cluster surveys can be implemented as frequently as the project
manager desires. From a monitoring perspective, however, the methodology can
be impractical. It does not provide information on individual program units
that can be used to manage projects more effectively and efficiently. In
contrast, LQAS' relevance to local program units makes the methodology more
practical for project monitoring. When used with a small questionnaire, LQAS
is relatively easy to implement. It lends itself to multiple applications
throughout the project cycle, providing useful information for both
monitoring and evaluation purposes.
5) There is also evidence to suggest that studies using LQAS are less
expensive than studies using cluster sampling (Robertson et al., 1997). For
example, a cost analysis of PLAN/Nepal's LQAS assessment at midterm
indicates that the total cost of the study was less than half that of the
project's baseline cluster (KPC) survey. Many of the LQAS costs were already
paid by the project (e.g., project employees were used as interviewers).
Taking this into consideration, the baseline cluster survey actually costs
more than four times as much as the LQAS assessment.
 ANNEX 5 CSHGP Project Planning Matrix
Goal: Reduced incidence of 
malaria-related mortality 
and morbidity among 
children under five and 
pregnant women in East, 
Centre, and South 
provinces of Cameroon 
(the “Intervention 
Area”)
Intermediate Results Indicators Achieved Mid Term
Measurement 
and Data 
Management 
Methods
Activities
1. Increased informed 
demand for ITNs
1.1 % of adults who know 
that malaria is only 
transmitted by 
mosquitoes increased 
Baseline: 28% rural; 
51% urban, Mid-term = 
33% rural; 59% urban, 
EOP=50% rural; 66% 
urban
1.2 % of adults who 
identify ITNs as a 
method of malaria 
prevention increased. 
Baseline: 1%, Mid￾term =12%, EOP=25% 
1.3 % of adults who 
Rural 54%
Urban 55%
18.9% 
Baseline:
1. KAP · Validate baseline KAP 
data 
· Conduct FGDs to probe 
consumer preferences 
and obstacles to use
· Develop BCC strategy 
and marketing plan
· Develop creative briefs 
for BCC
· Produce and air radio 
spots and other 
productions
· Develop print materials
· Design and produce IEC 
materials for IPC
· Monitor IPC activities 
(mystery client surveys)
· Pre/Post-test 
communications 
40
identify children under 
five and pregnant 
women as high-risk 
groups for malaria 
increased. Baseline: 
46%, Mid-term =56%, 
EOP=66%
1.4 % of 0-5s and pregnant 
women reported to 
have slept under a net 
the previous night 
increased. Baseline: 
4%, Mid-term=20%, 
EOP=33% (rural) and 
baseline: 10%, Mid￾term=21%, EOP=33% 
(urban). 
1.5 Difference in reported 
use between 1st and 4th
socioeconomic 
quartiles decreases by 
25%. Baseline: 25%, 
Midterm=22%, 
EOP=19%
Children<5 years 
37%
Pregnant women 9%
Mid term:
Children 42%
Pregnant women
24% 
Baseline:
Children< 5 years
10.5% 
Pregnant women 
5% 
Mid term:
Children< 5 years
51.5% 
Pregnant women
45.5% 
Baseline should be 
21% 
Mid term:
TBC
communications 
materials
· Conduct EOP KAP
41
2. Improved equitable access 
to ITNs
2.1 % of targeted outlets 
selling ITNs increased.
Baseline: 0%, Mid￾term =25%, EOP=50%
2.2 % of adults who know 
at least one source of 
ITNsincreased. 
Baseline: 1%, Mid￾term =12%, EOP=25%
2.3 # of outlets offering 
ITN subsidies to 
pregnant women and 
mothers of children 
under five increased. 
Baseline: 0, Mid-term 
=25, EOP=50
2.4 % of outlets offering 
ITNs at prices within 
the willingness to pay 
range of target 
populations increased. 
Baseline: 1%, Mid￾term =12%, EOP=25%
Baseline should be 
Number not %
Midterm number 
205+
Midterm: 60% but 
includes HC. 
Commercially about 
40% 
Not applicable – 
change of program
Most outlets selling 
ACMS net at CFA 
3500 
2. KAP, retail 
audits, 
health 
centre 
audits, 
distribution 
surveys
· Conduct retail audits
· Procure nets and net 
treatment
· Establish pricing 
structure and subsidy 
scheme
· Launch branded cost￾recovery net and net 
treatment in commercial 
outlets
· Blitz wholesalers and
retail outlets
· Introduce targeted 
subsidies for maternal 
ITNs in selected sites
· Recruit implementation 
partners for delivery of 
targeted subsidies
· Launch branded high￾end net through selected 
partners
42
3. Increased capacity to 
sustain demand creation 
and delivery of ITNs in 
Cameroon
3.1 % of PRISSM 
indicators in which 
ACMS is in growth or 
mature stage increased. 
Baseline: 30%, 
EOP=75%
3.2 % of partner clinics 
integrating project 
messages and materials 
in normal health 
service delivery 
increased. Baseline: 
0%, EOP=85%
3.3 Project BCC materials 
used by at least two 
NGOs not funded by 
the project. Baseline: 
0, Mid-term =1, EOP=2
3.4 At least one additional 
donor identified to fund 
targeted subsidy 
schemes. Baseline: 0, 
EOP=1
3.5 At least one major 
international net 
manufacturer begins 
unsubsidized 
distribution in 
Cameroon. Baseline: 
0, EOP=1
PRISSM not 
conducted
Not applicable
29 NGOs have 
materials
Searching for donor
Not commenced
3.PRISSM, 
project 
reports
 
· Conduct annual PRISSM 
for ACMS
· Conduct sustainability 
workshop for ACMS
· Impart technical 
assistance from PSI to 
PMSC
· Conduct training needs 
assessment with FEMEC, 
SCS, PNLP
· Develop and produce 
training materials for IPC
· Train FEMEC, SCS, 
PNLP staff and relevant 
private sector retailers
· Conduct advocacy 
workshop with public and 
commercial partners
· Collaborate with 
international net 
manufacturer to identify 
distributor for 
unsubsidized nets
43
Intermediate Results Indicators Achieved Mid 
Term
Measurement and 
Data Management 
Methods
Activities
4. Increased capacity of 
PSI in delivering 
health impact 
through MCH 
interventions
4.1 Number of project 
materials through Intranet, 
Profiles, and CD-ROM. 
Baseline: 0, Mid-term =2, 
EOP=5
4.2 Number of PSI MCH 
department capacity￾building/planning 
workshops conducted. 
Baseline: 0, Mid-term =1, 
EOP=3
4.3 Number of MCH 
fundraising materials 
disseminated. Baseline: 0, 
Mid-term =12,000, 
EOP=25,000
Project Profiles: 17
Res. Briefs: 4
Biennial Rpts 2
Issue Briefs: 1
AIDSMark Publ.11
Other: 2
One Held 
Biannually
11,500 
fundraising 
materials 
disseminated
4. Project reports, 
PSI sales reports 
and contracts 
database
· Document best practices
· Produce PSI Profile on 
targeting ITN subsidies
· Produce “Product” CD 
for ITNs
· Conduct yearly SWOT 
of MCH department
· Conduct annual 
capacity￾building/planning 
workshops for MCH
· Produce yearly 
marketing plan for MCH
· Design CS Intranet page
· Fill Intranet (and web 
site where appropriate) 
with lessons learned 
documents
44
45
REQUIRED ATTACHMENTS
46
ATTACHMENT A: 
BASELINE INFORMATION FROM THE DIP 
Several small and one major change have been made to the project’s programming since
approval of the DIP in June of 2003. ACMS had originally planned to segment the net market
by selling a cost-recovery net through health centers and a higher-priced net through the private 
sector. These nets were to be different colors and have slightly different names to distinguish
them in the marketplace. This model is based on the highly successful ITN program in Malawi. 
Unfortunately, the Ministry of Health (MOH) decided not to allow sale of nets through health
centers in December 2003. This decision was based on the fact that the MOH planned to
distribute cost-free nets (financed by HIPC funds) to pregnant women through health centers,
and did not want any confusion between free and for-sale nets. The GOC has since also won
Global Funds, which will provide cost-free nets for under-fives as well. This development
means that ACMS now sells one net at the price originally intended only for the private sector. 
The net costs 3,500 FCFA and is the lowest price possible, given the need to build in margins for 
private-sector distributors. In order to better target women and children, ACMS has developed 
partnerships with a number of international and local NGOs and associations that are well
positioned to reach vulnerable populations. Although ACMS’ bundled nets are for sale to the
general population, communications campaigns still point to the most vulnerable groups and
target decision makers. Accordingly, there has been less emphasis on health center partnerships
than was indicated in the DIP and more emphasis on NGO and association collaboration.
There have also been changes in timing, due to procurement and communications delays in the 
first year. Net and insecticide procurement were delayed in part by the desire to work with an in￾country net supplier to help facilitate sustainable net delivery in Cameroon. It was eventually
determined that this net supplier was unlikely to begin producing nets within the first two years
of the project, and its partner in Tanzania was only able to offer nets at a price that would
significantly increase prices for Cameroonians. Communications campaigns were delayed 
slightly by the development of a regional, francophone insecticide brand (which is also currently
used in Mali), and because the ad agency that won the tender offer for the communications
campaigns was later found to be going bankrupt (thus disrupting its capacity to deliver materials 
on time). The project has since recovered from both delays and is making up time. Campaigns 
that were planned for year 2 are beginning now, which means that communication/promotion
funds that were to have been used in year 2 will be used in year 3.
47
Another change from the DIP is the decision not to create a weekly radio show and drama, which 
were intended to increase exposure in rural areas. ACMS commissioned a study in February
2004 to determine rural women’s listening habits in order to produce an appropriate radio show. 
Instead, ACMS found that rural women (particularly in the East province) did not have high
levels of access to radio. ACMS therefore decided to put resources into IPC, creating a theatre 
caravan to conduct demonstrations, give malaria prevention messages through skits, promote
nets and treatment kits, and open up new points of sale. This has so far been a successful strategy 
and ACMS is hoping to expand it to include other products.
ATTACHMENT B:
EVALUATION TEAM MEMBERS 
Alan Handyside, Team leader and external consultant
Dr. Leonard Mbam-Mbam, Health Advisor, World Health Organization
Dr. Emmanuel Forlack, East Province Coordinator, PNLP
48
ATTACHMENT C:
EVALUATION ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 
The evaluation team, composed of the Team Leader (external consultant), a health expert from
the World Health Organization and a community mobilization expert from the National Malaria
Control Program (PNLP), assessed the project’s progress through a variety of methods during a 
two-week period. The team spent time with all ACMS departments both in Yaounde and in each 
of the three target provinces, interviewing staff and reviewing project materials. They held
meetings with the PNLP and NGO partners in Yaounde and in the peri-urban and rural areas of 
the three target provinces. They conducted trade visits to assess the level of product coverage 
and visibility, and spoke with both distributors and consumers to evaluate satisfaction with
ACMS’ distribution system. The team observed an NGO training and accompanied the theatre 
caravan throughout the South and East provinces to assess ACMS’ IEC strategy. Finally, the
team measured progress toward project indicators through analysis of an LQAS study that
ACMS commissioned in July/August, 2004. The LQAS methodology is explained in Annex 4 of 
the Mid-term Evaluation Report.
49
ATTACHMENT D:
LIST OF PERSONS INTERVIEWED 
ACMS/CAMEROON
Mme . Theresa Gruber-Tapsoba Permanent Secretary 
Mme. Shannon Bledsoe Assistant Director of Family Planning & 
Technical Advisor PSI
Mr. Bouba Tchamaki Administration Manager
Mr. Sali Adamou Sales Manager
Mr. Patrice Bende Marketing Manager
Mr. Maurice Kwite Research Manager 
Mr. Jules Onanina Promoter Yaounde
Mr. Anselme Ndzie Promoter Obala
Mr. Salomon Ndjock Promoter Bertoua
Mme. Bernadette Nga Promoter Ebolowa
Mr. Marcellin Ondoua Promoter Sangmelima
Mr. Paul Bina Promoter Batouri
CARAVAN 
Mr. Maurice Akolo Animator
Ms. Rolande Loe Animator
Mr. Jean Marie Awona Animator
MOH 
Dr.Jean-Blaise Doaw Delegue Eastern Province 
PNLP
Dr. Okalla Abodo Permanent Secretary /MCP
AFRO AID
Mr. Dani Horowitz Vice Chairman
Mme. Suzanne Apanda President Yaounde Branch
PLAN INTERNATIONAL
Dr. Esther Tallah Health Coordinator
Dr. Mfornyam Cristopher Child Survival Project Coordinator
Presidents, Chairmen, Secretaries of local CBO’s
PHARE
Coordinator
ALHYSCA
Mr. Gabriel Eka’a Owona Coordinator
50
ATTACHMENT E:
ELECTRONIC COPY OF REPORT 
51
ATTACHMENT F:
SPECIAL REPORTS
There are no special reports at this time. 
52
ATTACHMENT G:
UPDATED PROJECT DATA SHEET FORM 
ACMS requested that the Rapid CATCH indicators be included in the 2004 DHS, which has just 
been completed. Final results will be available before the end of the year, and ACMS will 
forward them to USAID as soon as they are made public. An updated data sheet without these 
indicators is attached.
53
Child Survival Grants Program Project Summary
Mid Term Submission: Oct-29-2004 
PSI Cameroon
Field Contact Information:
First Name: Shannon 
Last Name: Bledsoe 
Address: PSI--Cameroon 
1120 Nineteenth St. NW, Ste. 600 
City: Washington DC 
State/Province: DC 
Zip/Postal Code: 20036 
Country Cameroon 
Telephone: 237-988-83-34 
Fax: 237-220-92-24 
E-mail:
Project Web Site: www.psi.org 
Project Information:
Project 
Description:
PSI is implementing an insecticide-treated mosquito net (ITN) social 
marketing project to help prevent malaria in three provinces in 
Cameroon, particularly among disadvantaged populations. Malaria is a 
major health problem in Cameroon, second only to HIV in terms of hte 
burden it places on Cameroon's health and development. Public sector 
resources are insufficient to satisfy the need for demand creation and 
supply of ITNs, and the unsubsidized commercial sector is beyond the 
reach of most Cameroonians. The project will meet that need while 
developing strategies to enhance ITN social marketing programs in other 
countries. As the Ministry of Health has requested that the project 
distribute nets only through the private sector and not through health 
centers as originally planned, PSI will target NGOs and CBOs to help 
reach vulnerable populations. PSI will also focus on lobbying to improve 
the net environment in Cameroon, and will encourage appropriate 
participation from a wide range of players in the commercial, NGO and 
public sectors. The goal of the proposed project is to reduce the incidence 
of malaria-related morbidity and mortality among children under five and 
pregnant women in the East, Central, and South provinces of Cameroon. 
The project's purpose is to increase the use of ITNs among children under 
54
five and pregnant women in the intervention area. This purpose will be 
achieved through three outputs that address the principal barriers to 
increased use of ITNs in the intervention area: 1. increased informed 
demand for ITNs; 2. increased equitable access to ITNs; and 3. increased 
capacity to sustain demand creation and delivery of ITNs in Cameroon. 
Partners:
ACMS (Association Camerounaise de Marketing Social) Ministry of 
Health/PNLP PLAN International UNICEF World Health Organization 
EPC (Eglise Presbyterian du Cameroun) Service Catholique de la Sante 
AfroAid Multiple local NGOs and associations 
Project 
Location: East, South and Center provinces of Cameroon 
Grant Funding Information:
USAID Funding:(US $) $1,299,937 PVO match:(US $) $650,000 
Target Beneficiaries:
Type Number
0-59 month old children: 641,800 
Women 15-49: 855,733 
Estimated Number of Births: 328,600 
Beneficiary Residence:
Urban/Peri-Urban % Rural %
60% 40% 
General Strategies Planned:
Social Marketing
M&E Assessment Strategies:
KPC Survey
Organizational Capacity Assessment for your own PVO
Lot Quality Assurance Sampling
Behavior Change & Communication (BCC) Strategies:
Social Marketing
Mass Media
Interpersonal Communication
Peer Communication
Capacity Building Targets Planned:
PVO Non-Govt 
Partners
Other Private 
Sector Govt Community
US HQ (CS 
unit)
Field Office 
HQ
PVOs (Int'l./US)
Local NGO
Pharmacists
Business
National MOH
Dist. Health 
System
Health 
CBOs
Other CBOs
55
Interventions:
Malaria 100 %
** CHW Training
*** ITN (Bednets)
Indicator Numerator Denominator Estimated 
Percentage
Confidence 
line
Percentage of children age 0-23 months who 
are underweight (-2 SD from the median 
weight-for-age, according to the WHO/NCHS 
reference population)
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of children age 0-23 months who 
were born at least 24 months after the 
previous surviving child
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of children age 0-23 months 
whose births were attended by skilled health 
personnel
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of mothers of children age 0-23 
months who received at least two tetanus 
toxoid injections before the birth of their 
youngest child
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of infants age 0-5 months who 
were exclusively breastfed in the last 24 
hours
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of infants age 6-9 months 0 0 0.0 0.0 
56
receiving breastmilk and complementary 
foods
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who 
are fully vaccinated (against the five vaccine￾preventable diseases) before the first birthday
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who 
received a measles vaccine 0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of children age 0-23 months who 
slept under an insecticide-treated bednet the 
previous night (in malaria-risk areas only)
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of mothers who know at least two 
signs of childhood illness that indicate the 
need for treatment
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of sick children age 0-23 months 
who received increased fluids and continued 
feeding during an illness in the past two 
weeks
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of mothers of children age 0-23 
months who cite at least two known ways of 
reducing the risk of HIV infection
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Percentage of mothers of children age 0-23 
months who wash their hands with soap/ash 
before food preparation, before feeding 
children, after defecation, and after attending 
to a child who has defecated
0 0 0.0 0.0 
Comments
PSI requested that these questions be added to the DHS, which has just 
been completed. The final data will be available before the end of 2004 
and PSI will submit this to USAID as soon as it is made public. 
57
PVO RESPONSE
58
PVO COMMENTS AND ACTION PLAN
PVO RESPONSES TO RECOMMENDATIONS
1. WHO and other stakeholders should work with the PNLP to determine a timed action
plan for the issue of the GOC nets to pregnant women and children under five.
This is ideal and ACMS will work toward this goal, though the action plan is hindered by the 
involvement of several parties with different priorities (ie MOH vs. Ministry of Finance, private 
contractors, etc). One of the reasons that Dr. Mbam Mbam (Health Advisor for the WHO) and 
Dr. Forlack (East province PNLP coordinator) were asked to participate in ACMS’ mid-term 
evaluation, besides the contribution of their expertise, was to share first-hand the effect of MOH 
policies on the ACMS project. ACMS will continue to work with WHO and the PNLP on the 
expected issue of the GOC nets and will explore ways in which ACMS can help facilitate their 
intended use (ie, through targeted communications, sale of treatment kits to expedite the issue of 
the nets to target populations, etc). 
2. ACMS should continue to work closely with the PNLP and MOH to develop modus
operandi for the implementation of policy decisions, especially where these impact on
implementing agency programs.
This is an ongoing process and ACMS will continue to lobby for policies that enhance the net 
environment in Cameroon. ACMS recently participated in an MOH- and WHO-sponsored policy 
elaboration workshop, wherein policy documents regarding ITNs and other aspects of malaria 
prevention and treatment were created. These workshops will continue in 2005. ACMS also 
hosts partner meetings in collaboration with the PNLP, where policy, communication and
implementation strategies are discussed among partners. This facilitates partner involvement 
and allows for open discussion about policies that might hinder the expansion of malaria
prevention and treatment programs in Cameroon. 
3. ACMS should work with the PNLP on changing policy and continue to press for
authorization to sell nets through health clinics given delays in the issue of free nets.
ACMS has discussed with the PNLP the possibility of selling at least treatment kits through 
health centers, and will continue to push for increased access to health facilities. ACMS also 
plans to hold a partner meeting to share the results of the mid-term evaluation and will use this 
as an opportunity to discuss next steps.
4. ACMS should proceed as quickly as possible to develop a proposal to PSI/W to increase 
the allocation of additional funding to allow improved purchase of commodities.
ACMS has submitted a proposal to PSI/W for the allocation of additional commodities funding. 
ACMS is also working to identify other potential commodities donors, or and/or to negotiate 
better credit terms with suppliers that would allow for larger stock purchases.
59
5. ACMS should commence distribution to pharmacies, open up retail outlets in each
district of major towns and continue to examine new business opportunities, particularly
among large private sector enterprises.
ACMS began increasing distribution to pharmacies after the observation was made by the 
evaluation team in-country, and will continue to do so. Pharmacies make excellent points of sale 
not only because of the health link (particularly with the treatment kit) but also because they 
often have large windows, which provide opportunities for high-visibility product display. ACMS 
has begun negotiating with large, private-sector logging companies in the East and South 
provinces, and will begin approaching these companies across the board more aggressively. In 
the last quarter of 2004, ACMS is also planning a sales blitz in the Center and East provinces to 
systematically open every point of sale possible within targeted zones. If this initiative is
successful, ACMS will begin regular sales blitzes for all products.
6. ACMS should examine ways of developing stockheads of product in more remote areas 
and should also look at ways in which deliveries of stock to its provincial outlets can be 
further improved.
We agree. ACMS is currently researching ways of increasing stock in hard-to-reach areas, and 
doing so more efficiently so as to sustain (or increase) product delivery with less donor funding. 
One way of doing this is by developing better linkages with rural retailers and urban 
wholesalers, perhaps by offering incentives to pick the product up themselves rather than by 
relying on ACMS delivery. ACMS will continue to streamline and improve its rural distribution 
and overall delivery system for all products.
7. ACMS should give attention to creating more visible point-of-sale materials in its outlets 
so that consumers will better identify stockists of ITNs and kits.
ACMS is producing large, colorful banners to increase the visibility of ITN wholesalers in major 
towns, and is ordering calendars and stickers to help demarcate smaller retailers. ACMS is also 
considering painting wall murals for wholesalers in rural areas (this was a successful strategy 
for one wholesaler that sells Prudence Plus condoms). The point is well taken and ACMS will 
continue to find ways of increasing the visibility of the products.
8. ACMS should ensure that the caravan troupe is better informed of all the retailers selling
ITNs and kits in the vicinity of their performances, and should provide the troupe with
megaphones for marketplace activities.
ACMS plans to hold an in-service training for the theater troupe in the last quarter of 2004 to 
increase skills and to create new theater pieces. At this time, the actors will be provided with 
megaphones and costumes, and will practice using these new aids to attract and hold the 
attention of audiences in sometimes-noisy places. Based on the recommendation of the
evaluators, ACMS is also purchasing audio systems and speakers for the ITN vehicles so that the 
caravan can play radio spots and jingles as it moves through both urban and rural marketplaces. 
The caravan troupe will be informed in advance of sales points in each area and will be given 
the objective of helping to increase these distributors’ visibility.
60
9. ACMS, PSI/W and USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP should revise the logframe and
adjust EOP targets.
ACMS and PSI/W are reviewing the project logframe in light of programmatic changes and will 
request an adjustment from USAID before the end of 2004.
10. ACMS should consider if a re-alignment of line items for the remaining period of the
grant is necessary, and propose any changes to USAID.
ACMS is not likely to require a re-alignment of funds between headquarters and field costs, but 
will need to alter certain line items to reflect programmatic changes since the DIP was
approved. ACMS will remain in contact with Tom Hall at USAID to facilitate this.
11. USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP should consider an extension to the Cameroon program
after September 2005 in order to continue the ACMS’ communications work and provide 
for improved coverage and better ways of developing the rural market.
PSI/ACMS, in collaborating with Plan International and Helen Keller International, is
submitting a proposal for a 5-year IMCI intervention in Cameroon, 40% of which would be 
dedicated to malaria. Under the proposed project, ACMS would scale up nationally, building 
upon its work in the South, Center and East provinces.
61
WORK PLAN
Results Hierarchy
Performance Indicators M & E
Assumptions
Goal
Reduced incidence of malaria-related 
mortality and morbidity among 
children under five and pregnant 
women in East, Center, and South 
provinces of Cameroon (the 
“intervention area”)
1 Reduction in all cause morbidity and mortality in 
children under five
2 Reduction in low-birth weight children
3 Reduction in malaria incidence among children under 
five years and pregnant women
Will not be 
evaluated at the 
goal level, due to 
project duration 
and lack of 
appropriate MoH 
statistical data
Purpose
Increased use of ITNs among 
children under five and pregnant 
women in intervention area, 
particularly among the poorest
1. Percentage of children under five and pregnant women 
reported to have slept under a net the previous night 
increased from estimated 4% to 33% in rural areas; 
10% to 33% in urban areas.
2. Difference in reported use between 1st and 4th
socioeconomic quartiles decreases by 25%. 
1-2. KAP Political and economic 
environment remains 
unchanged or improves
Mosquitoes do not become resistant 
to deltamethrin used on ITNs
Vector biting patterns do not change 
significantly
Logframe activities Responsibility FY2004 FY2005
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
IR1: Increased informed demand for ITNs
OBJECTIVE 1 – INCREASE INFORMED DEMAND FOR ITNS IN THE INTERVENTION AREA
Finish producing campaigns on retreatment 
and ITNs as gifts (‘cadeau de valeur’)
ACMS, 
Panafcom
 
X
 
62
Produce banners, bumper stickers, plastic bags, 
keychains to increase visibility
ACMS, 
suppliers
 
X
 
Order megaphones, costumes, audio equip ACMS, 
suppliers
 X 
Air ‘cadeau de valeur’ TV spots/posters ACMS, CRTV X 
Produce 2005 calendars ACMS, 
suppliers
 X 
Air Super Moustiquaire radio jingle ACMS, CRTV X 
Hold training workshop for theatre group ACMS X
X
 
Decorate vehicles to increase visibility ACMS, 
suppliers
 X 
Distributor marketing contest (increase 
visibility)
ACMS, 
distributors
 X X 
Develop 2005 marketing plan ACMS, 
partners, PNLP
 X 
Rural theatre caravans ACMS, partners X
X
X X 
Air ‘retreatment’ radio, TV spots, posters ACMS, CRTV X 
Conduct LQAS study to determine effect of 
sales blitzes and comm. campaigns
ACMS, 
research agency
 
X
 
Develop radio spot to address any major issue 
brought up through LQAS
ACMS, partners 
X
 
Air post-LQAS radio spot ACMS X 
EOP KAP ACMS, partners X
EOP Evaluation ACMS, 
partners, 
consultants
 X
IR2: Improved equitable access to ITNs
Objective 2 – Improve equitable access to ITNs in the intervention area
63
Develop proposal to increase funding for 
commodities (PSI) and discuss w/ potential 
donors
ACMS X X 
Hold sales blitz in Yaounde ACMS, partners X 
Sales blitz in rural and peri-urban areas, Center ACMS, partners X 
Sales blitz in rural and peri-urban areas, East ACMS, partners X 
Sales blitz in rural and peri-urban areas, South ACMS, partners X 
Begin systematically approaching private￾sector companies
ACMS, partners X X X
Push sale of retreatment kits before retreatment 
campaign
ACMS, partners X 
Lobby for sale of retreatment kits through 
health centers
ACMS, MOH, 
WHO
 X X X X
IR3: Strengthened sustainability of ITN and CS programming
Objective 3 – Increased capacity of partner organizations to sustain ITN programming in Cameroon 
Hold strategic planning exercise for ACMS ACMS X 
Hold annual review workshop for MOH, 
partners following MTE results
ACMS, partners 
X
 
X
Hold partner policy meeting ACMS, partners X X X 
Lobby to rescind taxes and tariffs on nets to 
facilitate in-country source of nets
ACMS, MOH, 
WHO, partners
 X X X X 
Identify means of procuring insecticide locally ACMS X X X X 
OBJECTIVE 4 – INCREASED PSI CAPACITY IN MCH/CS
Release PSI profiles, ITN CDs PSI X X X X 
Yearly marketing plan for MCH department PSI X 
Publish project materials on The Wave (web 
page for all country offices)
PSI X X X X 
64
2005 PROJECTED BUDGET EXPENSES
National Social Marketing Project Cameroun
USAID/GH/HIDN/NUT/CSHGP 
CA # HFP-A-00-02-00043-00 
 
PROJECT YEAR THREE (2004-2005) BUDGET
 
 Year 3 
Billing
Group Description
Cumulative
USD Billings
USD
Budget
USD
Variance
2004-2005 
Projected 
Expenses
Total New Budget Variance
 
Headquarters costs 
 
 Personnel: 72,608.50 132,287.00 59,678.50 47,288 119,896.50 -12,391
 Fringe Benefits: 32,052.80 44,932.00 12,879.20 17,969 50,022.24 5,090
 Supplies: 1,160.69 0.00 (1,160.69)
 1,160.69 1,161
 Indirect Charges: 131,410.82 235,700.00 104,289.18 84,182 215,592.92 -20,107
 Travel: 26,247.28 0.00 (26,247.28)
 26,247.28 26,247
Headquarters costs: 263,480.09 412,919.00 149,438.91 149,440 412,919.63 0.63
Field costs 
 
 Personnel: 77,184.75 204,448.00 127,263.25 80,162 157,346.75 -47,101
 Fringe Benefits: 80,652.26 172,721.00 92,068.74 96,860 177,512.26 4,791
 Travel: 55,536.71 96,187.00 40,650.29 45,828 101,364.71 5,178
 Equipment: 16,585.27 10,720.00 (5,865.27) 2,436 19,021.27 8,301
 Contractual Services: 18,959.49 11,680.00 (7,279.49) 21,552 40,511.49 28,831
 Other Direct Costs: 211,487.03 391,262.00 179,774.97 179,774 391,261.52 0
Field costs: 460,405.51 887,018.00 426,612.49 426,612 887,018.00 0.00
 TOTAL 723,885.60 1,299,937.00 576,051.40 576,052 1,299,937.63 
 
Notes: 
Headquarters costs 
· Personnel is decreased due to overestimated support costs. 
65
· Fringe is increased to account for higher fringe rate in 2004-2005 than when budget was prepared.
· Supplies increased to account for equipment purchased through and billed by PSI/Washington. 
· Indirect cost decreased to reflect decreased Personnel costs. 
· Travel increased to account for travel costs booked and billed by PSI/Washington. 
 
Field costs 
· Personnel is decreased because of delays during first year of project
and sharing of salaries with other projects. 
· Fringe is increased to allow for sales bonuses. 
· Travel is increased to enable Project to better reach rural areas and do sales blitzes to open new sales points.
· Equipment is increased to provide audio equipment to increase visibility in rural areas.
· Contractual services are increased to provide sufficient funding for EOP evaluation and packaging, which were under budgeted.
· Other direct costs remain the same although the project will increase communication spending to fund rural theater caravans 
 
66
FORM 424a 
SECTIONS D & E
(as required for annual reporting)
- FORECASTED CASH NEEDS
 Total for 3rdYear 1st Quarter 2 Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter 
13. Federal $576 ,0 52 $144, 013 $144, 013 $144, 013 $144, 013 
14. NonFederal $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 
15. TOTAL (sum o f lines 13 and 14) $576 , 052 $144, 013 $144, 013 $144, 013 $144, 013 
SECTION E - BUDGET ESTIMATES OF FEDERAL FUNDS NEEDED FOR BALANCE OF THE PROJECT
 FUTURE FUNDING PERIODS (YEARS)
(a) Grant Program (b) First (c)Second (d) Third (e) Fourth 
16. CSHGP 
 $576 , 052 $0 
17. 0 
18. 0 
19. 0 
20. TOTALS (sum o f lines 16 - 19) $0