Jmme 2004 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Acknowledgement This evaluation was made possible with the help of the staffs in all OxEam GB project sites in Afar, Shide and Boloso Sorie, and I would like to extend my appreciation for their unreserved support and assistance given during the fieldwork Special thanks goes to Mr. Fergel, Oxfam Public Health Engineer, for providing relevant data and copies of progress reports on the project and taking the time reading the draft evaluation report and providing feed back. I also would like to thank Oxfam GB Ethiopia Program Diretor Dr. Niaz Murtaza, staffs at the head office in Addis Ababa Ato Eshetu Abate (Wata Advisor) and W/o Mahlet (Finance Manager) for providing relevant technical and financial data for the project Finally I would like to thank Oxfam GB and its Management for giving me once again the oppommity to participate in the evaluation of the Emergency WATSXX Project in Afar, Somali and SNNP Regional States. Thank you Getachew AIem Consultant Acronyms AIDS AOC BH cw DPPB EEC EPI ETH EU GB HDW HH HIV HP Km Km2 NGO OFDA ORS SNNP SWOT TFC USA USD VCHW VIP VWC VWMC WATSAN Antibody Immune Deficiency Syndrome Act of Coxx~passion Borehole Community Health Workers Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Bureau European Economic Commission Expanded Program of Immunization Ethiopia European Union Great Britain Hand dug well Household Human Invitro Virus Hand PW Kilo meter Square Kilometer Non Governmental Organization Office For Foreign Development Assistance, USA Oral Rehydration Solution Southern Nations Nationality Peoples Strengths, Wealmess, Opportunities, Threats Therapeutic Centm United States of America United States Dollar Volunteer Community Health Worker Ventilated Improved Pit Village Water Committee ViUage Water Management Committee Water Supply and Sanitation Executive Summary Oxfam GB implemented an Emergency Water Supply and Sanitation Project in three regional states, Afar, Somali and SNNP in response to and foUowing the 2002 drought and food shortages in Ethiopia with financial assistance hm the Office For Foreip Development Assistance (OFDA). The objectives of the emergency water supply and sanitation project were the fouowing: i) ii) iii) Increased equitable access to water, enhanced awamwsq knowledge and practices on hygiene, sanitation and health issues and improved Hlimal health among 20,000 drought-affected people in Afar Zone El. Increased equitable access to water enhanced capacity to manage and maintain water sources, and enhanced awareness, knowledge and practice on hygiene, sanitation and health issues among 13,500 drought affected people in Shinille Zone, Somali Region Increased equitable access to water enhanced capacity to manage and maintain water sources, and enhanced awareness, knowledge and pnrtice on hygiene, sanitation and health issues among 42,500 drought affected people in Boloso Soriec, Wolayita Zone, SNNP Region The project was implement in six weredas and in 47 project sites and covered botb the construction of new water supply systems and rehabilitation of existing water supply schemes. The project also undertaken health education and support to local healthservices in an effort to address the overall public health needs in the project areas. As a dt of this project a total of approximately 62,540 people had access to clean and safe water supply in the three regions, and there is anticipation in the improvement of health of the communities. Selected members of the local communities were orgazed in committees and wined in sanitation and hygiene practices and operation and maintenance of water supply systems. In Afar and Shinille, the over all performance of the water supply and sanitation projects was adequate given the difficulty to recruit skilled perso~el (arid and hanb en~iromnent). The Oxfam GB arrangement to implement emergency responses with local partner in Boloso Sorie, SNNP Region has been a worthwhile experience. The partner has kplemeoted the projects to the desired standard, and was able to achieve more than the planned targets. The over all outeome of the emergency project was positive. The project was able to save the lives of many people affected by the 2002 drought in Afar, Somali and !3WP Regions. and it has enhancediiroved the local capacities and left optimism and useful experiences in coping with similar emergency situations in the future. The total planned budget for the emergency project for the three regions was CSD 1,692,706, and approximately 100 percent of the budget was spent Table of Contents Acknowledgement Acronyms Executive Summary Introduction Oxfam GB in Ethiopia Description of the Projects areas Implemented Emergency Water Supply and Sanitation Projects Project Evaluation Lessons Learoed Conclusion Recommendations References Annexes 1. Introduction Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the SubSaharan Africa With an esrimated GDP per capita of USD 100 a year, the country stands as one of the least developed countries both in .%ca and in the world. Today, the population is exceeding 67 million and it is growing at alarmingly high rate; ma than 396. and it is the third populace country in A6ica next to Nigeria and Egypt it has also the worst social indicators in Afiica, with 6 to 7 percent having access to institutional delivery maternal mortality rate of 700 per 100,000 live births, and an infant mortality rate of 122 per 1000 live births. Only 29 percent of the population has access to clean water and this will rank the country among the last five countries in Africa Rimary school enrollment is only 55 percent and this is even lower for girls. Less that 57 pent of the total population have health facilities with in 10 !un distance. It is quite cbvious that this massive structural poverty is affecting more the nnal people who eke out their living from agriculture. Poverty, drought and associated food shortage are the primary causes of the public health problems. Approximately 45% of the population in the nd areas is food insecure (FDRE, 2002). and as a result there is high rate of mainmition, infant mortality and infectious diseases. In the 2002'03 droughts, the number of people requiring food assistance reached 14 million (21%). the highest food insecure population ever recorded in the history of the country. In 2003i04, the rainfall in the season was relatively good and there was a relatively good food harvest in larger parts of the country. During this same year, there were still about 7 million people apho needed food assistance. The failure of the short season rain and the late onset of the main season rain in 2002 left widapread food shortage throughout the country. The most affected people by the drought in the country were the Afar and Somali panoralist who had lost large number of livestock - the primary means of livelihood in these regions. Warn GB responded to the 2002 drought by initiating and implementing emergency niiter supply and sanitation project (Public Health Project ETH 805,808,809, 815) in three regions; Afar, Somali and Southern Nations Nationalities Peoples (ShW) Regions. The Afar people are pastoralists living in one of the harshest enviromnents in the country, and they are found in the lowlands and along the nonhern pan of Great East Afiican Rift Valley system. Drought oh prevails in these areas and the Afar pastoralists are victims of the cyclic drought and subsequent disaster that prevail every 3 to 5 years interval. In 2002 drought the people were most affected As result there were massive livestock deaths estimated at about 492,435 of which 50% are though to be cattle. Equal numbers of livestock moved to neighboring regions in search of feed and water. It resulted hrn the deteriorating feed and water shortage for the livestock following the droughts. The droughts have also brought about severe social and economic consequences to the people resulting in acute food insecurity, water shortage and associated public health concerns. The impacts of the droughts were more pronounced on women and children. The drought situation in Somali region and its physical damage was quite similar as that of Afar. The Somali people, however, have more exposures to d petry trading businesses that they use as coping strategies against the effects of the droughts and deteriorating environment. Even in good seasons the amount of rainfall received is very low, and the resources base of the watersheds is poor to support agricultural activities and water resources development except rangeland development Rivm and streams are mostly dry in dry season and nmoff flows are flashy in we! season. As a result of such environmental conditions the prospects for both surface and ground water resources development in Afar and Somali Reg~ons is low, d the people suffer from acute water shortages. The only reliable source of water in thcse areas is shallow dug wells along Awash River in Afar and deep borehole in Shinille in Somali and where this is technically feasible. As a result of the water shortage in both regions; Afar and Somali, the public health problems were of major concerns. The people affected by the disaster of the drought in both regions were ill and died from diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation than any other single cause. The most prevalent ones were dianhea, vomiting among children and bloody dysentery in adult people, and there wen times that these situations have reached epidemic proportion. In BoUoso Sorie Wereda, Wolayita Zone, SNNPR the situation was different bom the previous two project sites, Afar and Somali. Many described the situation as a green drought. Boloso Sorie weredas is the most densely populated area in the country having approximately 641 people per square km. In the were&, land holding is small and production is low. As a result the wereda is unable to secure enough food to feed its population throughout the year. In 2002 drought rainfall failure caused crop failure, rivers and springs dried up and water tables in wells dropped down and resulted in acute water shortage among the communities in the weauia causing enormous public health concerns. Oxfam GB responded to this situation with food distribution, supporting Therapeutic Feeding Centers (TFC) for children and elders affected by the drought, and support emergency water supply savices using warex tankering and rehabilitation of non functional wells and capping springs and extending pipelines to provide water to additional communities. This report presents the findings of participatory evaluation of the emagency water supply and public health projects financed by Office for Foreign Development Assistance (OFDA) of USA and implemented by Oxfm GB in three regional states in Ethiopia; Afar, Somali and SNNP in response to the emergency situation tbat prevailed m 2002 drought and it was implemented between May and December 2003 with a three months extension up to March 2004. 2. Oxfm GB in Ethiopia Oxfam GB started its work in Ethiopia in 1973, and since then it has been operational and supporting programs in different parts of the country. Oxfam GB was one of the international NGOs, which bas participated effectively in the disastrous 198485 droughts and famine in the notthem part of Ethiopia, and some of its programs are stiU continuing in these areas. Oxfam GB program in Ethiopia includes emergency preparedness and response, food security, public health, water supply and sanitation. rural development and capacity building of communities and civil societies. Oxfam GB has been operational for over 25 years in Ethiopia and a significant part of its program interventions was on humanitarian responses in the country. It has also been a strong partner to local NGOs and local government offices in its operatiooal areas particularly in capacity building. Oxfam GB is currently reviewing its program in the country giving more emphasis to an expanded and improved livelihood programme with special emphasis to approaching the communities' problem in an integrated holistic approach. 3. Description of the project area The emergency water supply and sanitation projed financed by the Office for Foreign Development Assistance (OFDA) of the USA covered a total of 47 sites (see table I. 3 and 5) in four weredas of Afar, one wereda in Somali and one wereda in S;rW Regions. The weredas in Afar include Awash Fentale, Dulecha, Amibara and &me Weredas (districts), Meiso Wereda in Somali Region and Boloso Sorie WeRda in SNNP Region. The geographic locations of these weredas are shown in fig 1 below. Map of Ethiopia Fig 1 Location of the Project areas 3.1 Awash Fentale, D~~lecha, Amibara and Gewane Weredas, .4f.r Region All project activity sites in each wereda were covered by the field visit during the evaluation except in Dulecha Wereda (Hugo, Saganto and Marento- Babur Fage was already reported as abandoned) due to inaccessibility by rain, and as a result they are not discussed in this section. AU of the four weredas in Afar are in Zone UI. 3.1.1 Kere, Kebena I & II, Segento and Merento Kebdes Kere, Kebena I and U Kebeles were the project sites visited and the kebels are located in Awash Fentale Wereda, in Zone 111 approximately 72 and 92 kms north of Awash town via AwasbMetehara route, respectively. Kere and Kebena kebeles are approximately 22 km apart. These sites are in remote areas deep into the low land plains of the southwestern part of Zone III and it is accessible only by dry weather road. There are approximately 100 HHs in Kere Kebele, and there are approximately 156 HH and over 100 HHs in Kebena I and U Kebeles, respectively. lnfmbucnne wise the kebeles are very much under developed; there is one clinic in Kebena with limited services and no pharmacy, except in Sagure, which is 17 km hrn Kebena U and 5 Krn from Kebena I. The people are ethnic Afar panoralists and predominantly followers of Islam Religion. The people go to Sagure or Awash or Mefehara for marketing. There is one primary school (1-4 grade) in Kebena with a total of 80 children registered for the current year and there is another school (grade 1-8) in Sagure, a rural town approximately 5 kms hm Kere and 17 kms from Kebena The people in Kebena Kebele used to drink Kebena river water, and when the river dries up, they use pond water, and the communities suffer from dysentery, diarrhea for children, and intestinal problems. Three handdug wells were rehabilitated and equipped with hand pumps. There are no records of these dug well as to when and by whom they were dug initially. 3.1.2 Halidebe, Ayeroli and Egle Kebeles Halidebe, Ayeroli and Egle Kebeles were all visited during the evaluatioe Hail￾is a village located in Amiiara Wereda in Zone In, and it is about 42 km west off the asphalt mad and nearly 70 kms from Awash town. It was initially a village and later (during the previous government, Derg Period) it became a settlement area following the establishment of a State Farm, which is now abandoned, and the rtate farm is dimiuted to the local settlers who were working in the farm as daily laborers. There was a borehole that was supplying water to the community, and it was established with fimding fium Ewopean Union, the then European Economic Commission (EEC), in 1988. The water supply was experiencing breakage and communities were suffering fium water related diseases since they started to use Awash River water at the time when the water supply system was not functioning. As a dt there were public health threats resulting from the use of the Awash River water, which the community reported as heavily polluted with industrial effluents and effluents from commercial farms m the nearby areas and city wastes from the highlands. Egle Kebele is located in Gewane Wereda in Zone Ill, and it is approximately 12 km fiom Gewane town. Ayeroli and Babur Fage are villages in the Egle Kebele, and the three sites are with in 100 to 200 meters hm Awash River. There are approximately 320 HHs in the three villages. Before the project, the major water supply source for these villages was the Awash River water, which was exposing the community to water related diseases. There are no latrines and people practice open field defecation. At times of flooding of Awash River, which is becoming a common phenomenon in the area, the health and sanitation situation is grave exposing the community to acute diseases such as diarrhea and vomiting to children and typhoid to adults. and the river water and other unprotected water sources were serious public health threats. 3.2 Meiso Wereda, Shinnille Zone, Somali Region Mulu Kebele is located in Meiso Wereda approximately 12 lrms hm Mieso town. It is along the railway line co~ecting Addis Ababa with the port city of Djibouti. There are about 823 households and approximately 5,761 people in the kebele and the people are predominantly ethnic Essa and followers of Islam Religion. The Shinille area and specifically Mulu Kebele is a hot and arid environment with high water balance deficit, and as result water is a priority need for the people. Wata is in acute shortage for both the livestock and for human consumption. However, there is only one borehole, which was often experiencing breakage before Oxfam GB intervenes. Other sources of water such as river and spring water are not available in the vicinity of the kebele. People have to travel long distance for water. five hours to get water fiom a spring, and these sources are not safe either. In Mulu Kebele there is a borehole that has been supplying water for the village for about 15 years and is located at the center of the town. The fint borehole was drilled in 1964 with the financial assistance of the late Crown Prince Maw Wusseu About 15 years ago it was abandoned and a new borehole with a total depth of 120 men was drilled just immediately adjacent to the old borehole. There is also a concrete reservoir with a capacity of approximately 25,000 liters. Hatmaley village is located 2 km south west of Mulu and gets its water &om Mulu borehole which is 2 km away, and this require the people to travel two to three times a day to fetch water. There were limited disbiiution taps in Mulu town, and as a result long queuing was another feature of the water problems in the area Before Warn GB intervene in the area, the borehole in Mulu used to break down firesuently, and maintenance takes long time.. When the borehole fails, women and children travel a long distance to a spring which is estimated at about 5 hours mund trip to fetch water during dry season. At this time, communities resort to all available water sources. As a result there were repeated disease outbreaks caused by the use of unsafe water, and the diseases reported by the communities included bloody dysentery among adults and vomiting and diarrhea among children. The most prevalent diseases reported by the clinic were malaria, diarrhea, and bloody dysentery, and the latter two are mainly caused by unsafe dnnhng water. Vomiting uidely among children, typhoid, cough~~~g, and intestinal parasites are also other diseases listed. According to the report of the community, there was also a disease that stiffen the neck area and which prevail during the hot period of the year, March to April. The prevalence and intensity of diseases occur when drought and water pump fails, and very much related with water shortage and suncity and when people resort to other unsafe water supply sources. The people have used water from the borehole for nearly 40 years; as a result it is quite easy for the communities to determine the primary cause to the diseases moa prevailing. Until two years ago, there was one primary school (14 grade) and recently it is upgraded to 6 grades, and there are approximately 332 students. There is one clinic in the kebele and it is in a rented house with inadequate drug and equipment supplies. There is no pharmacy. There is a market where agricultural produces are sold and purchased The people of Mulu and Harmaley Kebeles are agro pastoralisn. The human waste disposal practices in Mulu kebele has been largely using open field though very few had been reported as using private toilets. 33 BoUoso Sorie Wereda, Wolaita Zone, SNNP Region Boloso Sorie is one of the seven weredas of Wolayta Zone in SNNP Region. It has a population of 423,728'. and it has a population density d approximately 641 people per km2, the highest in the country. The wereda dTers from recumnt food shortages primarily caused by high population pressure and cyclic drought that incapacitate the communities from producing enough food for domestic consumption. As a result, the people in the wereda are food aid recipients on almost a continuous basis. Like in other parts of the country, the impact of the drought in 2002 in Boloso Sorie was severe affecting large number of people in the woreda particularly women, children, and elderly and aged people. Following the drought, surface water sources such as rivers and ponds dried up and ground water table in wells dropped sigmticantly and spring water supply significantly reduced worsening the public health and food insecurity situation in the wereda. Oxfam GB intervened in the wereda following the 2002 drought with food distribution, supporting Therapeutic Feeding Centers (TFC), and most of all emergency water supply and sanitation projects. 4. Implemented Emergency Water Supply and Sanitation Projects Oxfam GB has under taken an emergency response project in a total of 47 sites in three regions with financial assistance from OFDA fotlowing the 2002 drought in Ethiopia 4.1 Afar Region I The 1999 census of the Central Statistics Authority (CSA) Eniuuion of Emasrr)r W.m Supply md LNorion RoF in Aln. banh d SNNP RrsDm 6 Water supply and sanitation projects were implemented in three Weredas and these are Awash Fentale, Dulecha, Amibara and Gewane Weredas. A total of 3 kebeles in Awash Fentale waeda, 3 in Dulecha and 3 kebeleslkebele in Gewane and one kebele in Amibara wereda received Oxfam GB assistance in emergency Water Supply and Sanitation Project The kebeles in Awash Fentale include Kere, Kebena 1 & U, Dulecha wereda include Hugu, Segento and Merento Kebeles. Egle, Aeyroli. Babur Fage villages are in Gewane were&, while Halidebe kebele is in hi wereda A total of 9 handdug wells were rehabilitated and equipped with hand pumps of which the Babur Fage well was abandoned. One borehole was rehabilitated in Halidebe in Amibara wereda. Washing basins are also constructed at each water point Please refer table 1 and 2 for details. In order to promote hygiene and sanitation, 14 VCHWs and 49 VWMCs were trained and 2 communal latrines and 180 household latrines were constructed, and 8000 soaps were distributed. Approximately 523 bed nets and 8100 sachets of ORS were dismbuted to benefi~ia~ community members. 4.2 Sod Region An emergency water supply and sanitation project was implemented in two kebeles; Mulu and Harmaley of Meiso Wereda in Shinille Zone. An old borebole was rehabilitated in Mulu kebele, old distribution stands were maintained, and additionally new distribution stands were also constructed in Mulu. In Harmaley a new masonry reservoir with a 25,000 liters capacity was constructed, 5 distribution stands, 3 washing basins, 2 communal VIP law, 2 bathing cabins and 2 troughs for cattle and shoats were also conseucted as part of the new warn supply sytun planned for Harmely (see table 3 and 4). and a 2 km main pipeline was co~C~ted to Mulu Borehole to supply water to Harmaley. The extension project to Harmely was completed. However, at the time of the evaluation, the service of the water supply system did not start. However, the consultant is informed while preparing the report. a new generator at Mulu borehole was instailed making the proposed water supply project plan for Harmele completed and provision of wata has commenced Oxfam GB supported a wide range of activities in water supply and sanitation in Boloso Sorie Wereda, SNNP Regional State (see table 5). These activities included the construction of 4 storage reservoirs with long distribution pipeline systems, 5 hand pump (HP) replacements, repair and maintenance of 2 exiting HPs, 8 new hand dug wells, 10 hand dug well rehabilitation, 2 roof water harvesting sm~~tures installed at two schools, 3 springs capping and one spring rehabilitation and reservoir consauction with a distribution system. 4.4 Objectives of the Water Snpply and Sanitation Project The objectives of the emergency water supply and sanitation project were the following: Evalurdaa olLnsgrry Warn Supply and Lnmtion Rojm in Ahr. Sdi ad SNNP Wan 7 Increased equitable access to water, enhanced awareness, knowledge and practices on hygiene, sanitation and health issues and improved animal health among 20,000 drought-affected people in .4fa Zone IU. Increased equitable access to water enhanced capacity to manage and maintain water sources, and enhanced awareness, knowledge and practice on hygiene. sanitation and health issues among 13,500 drought affected people in ShiniUe Zone, Somali Region Increased equitable access to water enhanced capacity to manage and maintain water sources, and enhanced awareness, knowledge and practice on hygiene. sanitation and health issues among 42,500 drought affected people in Boloso Soriec, Wolayita Zone, SNNP Region. Project Implementation skategy Implementation of Project Activities: The implemented activities of the project by site are given in table 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 below. These activities are classified as (i) physical rehabilitation of the water supply systems, and (ii) capacity building. Table 1. Water supply infhtructure accomplished in Afar hmbrmao .R￾nnad I Project nte I I I I , I HDW BH L~vesurk watmog Rrmp Hwe Table 3. Water supply system accomplished in Meiso Wereda, Somali Region - I I I I I I ~ulu I1 I- I I I - - INW is $1 - 1 lo ' Project site i Livestock watering Trough ' Shoats 1 I Harmale 1 - v Table 4. Sanitation project activities accomplished in Meiso Wereda, Somali Region BH -I I I Total i 1 ~ 1 1 new 0 1 I Rehab Pump House Reha h - I 5 i3 0 2 i I Disuibuxion i Resavoir stand I New 1 new I I Rehab / 1New laew i Project site The project activities also include repair and maintenance of the existing water qqiy inhdmctures, of the community and government sta& working with OXFAM GB and material and equipment supplies to the mnal depwmenu and community organizations as capacity building to continue the effort of eoslrring safe and clean water and health education to the cormuaity. I I I 1 : - j - I- 1- /* : I Was- basins' Bathing cabinsa I MU~U - Harmaley - 6 At whwl 'iluubasirsinmesttucturr ' Two room batb cabin Conmucted at school 10 Eight rooms in me bdlding I I A mtve room VIP latrole (six in each side) in me htdiag '' Corrugated sheet wall and roofmg Rehab New New Labine Consmctioa i Rehab Rehab I New New ' Rehab I New 1 Rehab 1 VIP , Individual Schi Clinic : Mosqu I Pit latrine / e New - 1 Total 0 I I 1' - [ 2IL 1 0 13 1" '41 10 I I" 1 M - 1 0 Table 5. Water supply infrust~ctures developed in Boloso Sorie. SNNP Region Kebele Name Aclrura I Arrka I Basa Cjofara Bombe Bombe Chnmu Hmbecho Daclre Gofara D;~ngara Salata Adtnuncho Arfita Gums Walana Guru ( id0 Sore I lombm Farn Wacha Woybo Town Achsra II Wuybo Ihge Ailenrancho Arfita .... 1)ercrlptlon of the nctlvltles/ achemes Rehabilitation of HDW -. Widening & deepening existing well, concrete liner. lip, apron, ~ reservoir construction - niusonry reservoir, tap stand, wash basin .... ...... -~ fIP rmlwment Iland dug well Rehabililation Widening & deepening existing well, concrete liner, 1fP. apron, wash basin ne 2 & 3 HP replacem&t ta Ocha Hand dug well Rehabililation -- Widening & deepening existing well, concrete liner. HP, apron, wash basin l Ditch Hand dug well Rehabilitation - Widening & deepening existing well, concrete liner, tip, apron, wash basin nmary schwl I Roof water harvesting lanker (10.000 lit), din exclusion & 2 flash out tanks. guttm. tap scwd rimury Schoo I Rwf water hurvcsling tanker (10.000 lit). did exclusion & 2 flash out funks. gutters, tap stand rrossa Phase II - Water Distribution and storage Reservoir construction -- 10 km pipe line, nwonry reservoir of 30.000 lit capacity. 8 tap stands. 8 wash slabs and serving 3 PAS alth post replacement Rchabilitntion of IIDW - Widening & deepening existing well. concrete liner. IIP, npron. wash basin Kere New HDW construction - Dig well, install concrete tubes- it was a dry well and abandoned fen Mokla New IIDW construction Dig well, install concrete tubes, apron, wash basin Pulley and bucket instnllcd due to low yield of the well "ka Knre New llDW construction -- Dig well, install concretc tuba and IIP. apron. wash basin irnary Schw I Roof watn harvesting tanker (10,000 lit), dirt exclusicn & 2 flash out tnnks . guttern, bp sknd NIA ~~ -~ 659 ..... 414 1009 ZOO0 2000 3324 488 .... 755 ~ N/A 0 200 - ~ . . 200 2MW) -~. 'Ihhle 5. Continue ... Descrlptlon of the activltlesl schemes Bcneflclar Remark - --- of HDW - Widening & deepening existing well, concrete liner, Pulley and Danagnra Saltata ll & deepening existing well, concrete liner. HP, apron, Ad~nuncho Arfilu I wash buin & deepening existing well, concrete lincr. HP, apron. Adnuwho Arliu I1 wuah basin 11 10 I .egoma - 50 m pipeline, wash slab and cattle trough 1237 and storage reservoir construction - 6.5 km pipeline, 30,000 liters Gnrno Walana masonrv reservoir. 8 tao stands. Xwashslabs. 2 shower cubicles 6295 I . . Yuknru - SO m pipeline, wash slab. and cattle trough Sale llomba Arokn Town (iara Godo Woyh Woyh Yuknra Yukan nope Anchucho nolllbe ncduya nogc Anchucho cnao Spring nc 2 . . - Spring dcvclopment and masonry water storage construction -tab stun&, wash slab Rchabilitnlion of WSS - supply md inslnllution of new submersible pump and connections to electric power source 0,367 Additional Activity. New I1I)W dig wcll, install concrctc tubee, IIP. apron, wash basin, ac. Additional New HIIW . dig well, install concrete lubes, HP, apron, w&h basin. ecc. Additiunal Activity New HDW. dig wcll, install concrete tubes, HP, apron. wash bash. ecc. Additional Activity New IlDW.. dig well. install concrele tubes, IIP, apron, wash basin. ek. Additional Activity New HDW din wcll, install concrclc tubes. HP, apron. wash basin, etc. ~... Additional Activity Muinlen~cc ofllP .. repair of existing hand pump Additional Activity Maintenance of llP rcpuir cxisling IlP and add 6 m pipe uiddrod Additional Activity Spring dcvelupment spring capping. 200 m pipeline (din. 2")und cuttlc lmugh 2294 Additional Activity Spring dcvclopmmt 4 km pipeline, 2 atand pasls. 2 cattle tough & 2 wash brsin 250 Aclditiunal Activity (;HAND TOTAI. I Wereda Water supply Coverage 4.5.2 Implementation Strntcgy The strategy pursued in implementing the project activities varies in Mar, Somali and SNNP Regions. In Afar and Somali Regions, the implementation of the water supply and sanitation project was done by Oxfam GB directly with a coordination office established at Awash town, which is approximately 250 Ian south east of Addis Ababa, and with an Expatriate Manger assigned for both Afar and ShiniIIeRojects. A wereda office is also opened in Meiso towns. which is located at about 75 Inn east of Awash town. In both sites the required pasomel for the project were recruited and trained Staff &om Zonal Health and Water Departments (one from each department in Afar and one from health Department in ShiniUe Zone) were included as secondment into the human resources at each office in each region to assist the impkmentation and follow up of projects (UKmito~g) on behalf of the Zonal Wat6 and health departments in Afar and Sod Regions. WhiIe in Boloso Sorie, Oxfam GB used a local partner, an indigewus NGO, Loal Commnnity Water Supply Systems and Hygiene Promotion Assodation (LCWSSHPA) to implement the water supply project (the planned idamumm development activities) while Oxfam GB implemented the health education and sanitation aspect of the project opening an office in Areka aod employing its own staff. In the implementation of the water project, LCWSSHPA hired and mobilized its human resources for the implementation of the planned activities. LCWSSHPA has now changed it name to ACTS OF COMPASSION (AOC) The project activities in all sites in the three regions were both planned and implemented with active participation of the communities although the level of participation is expected to vary among the different regions and even with in a region. The projects were also planned and implemented in parmershrp aith local government offices particularly in supporting the health education part The zwal offices in Afar and Shinille provided their staff on secondment in order to support the implementation of the projects and on a continuous basis monitor the projects on behalf of the zonal departments. Sites were prioritized and selected with tte full participation of the communities and the zonal departments in all project sites. 4.53 Cost of the Project The total expenditure on the emergency water supply and sanitation projects finmed by OFDA in the three regions is USD 1,692,706 (see taHe 6 below). The regional budgets for each region is USD 535,366 for Afar, USD 318,046 for Somali Region and USD 839,294 for SNNP Region. The over all expenditures for Afar Region is 100 percent of its budget, while Somali and SNNP Regions are 119 and 92.6 percent, respectively. Overall, the project budget has been fully (100 percent) utilized. It was obvious from the available tinancial expenditure statements (see table 6) that in all regions, the expenditures for pasomel, travel, and others budget line items in Afar and ShiniIIe projects exceeded the planned budgets. It was undmtood that these are permissible and acceptable to OFDA, the financer. A summary of the expedtures by is presented in table 6, and a more detail breakdown of the budget and expenditures by budget category is presented in Annex. Table 6. Summary of the financial expenditures in USD Sob total Afnr Reeioa S.N. Description of the Item Approved Expended Pernotage C SNNPRegioa 1 1 Supphes/Matenals 423,684 323,081 76.25 12 Travel and hamport 45,430 50,489 11 1.13 13 Penomel Cost 87,597 151270 132.69 14 Equpment 42,44 1 36,598 86.23 15 Other 117,581 102,730 87.36 Totalmdmctcost 17.1% 122,561 113,573 92.67 Sob total SNNP Won 839.294 777.741 92.67 Bodget Code I Bodget 1 (Adad) I Expended I I B I SomnliRegion 6 Supplies/Matenak - ~ ~ .~ Total OFDA Project 1,692,706 1,692,703 100.58 Source: 0XFA.WGB Finance Department - Adds Ababa mce 5. Project Evaluation 179,572 5.1 Objertives of the Evaluation 7 Travel and nansport 11,130 8 Pmomel Cost 1 47,165 I 9 *Pent 3,200 10 Other I 30,535 Total indirect at 1 7.1 % 46.544 The objectives of the evaluation are the following. (i) To assess the extent to which the objectives of the project are met (ii) To assess the effectiveness of the project in terms of: = Appropriateness = Coverage - Impact Cost effectiveness Sustainability Community participation = Gender HIV issues 188,186 (ii) To assess the degree of senices of the completed water supply facilities Sob total Somali Reeion 318.046 ' 379.5% 1 19.35 I 104.79 13,807 85288 124.05 180.82 1,534 47.94 35,349 115.76 55,432 119.35 (iii) To suggest follow up actions (recommendations) 5.2 Scope and Methodology of the Evdaation The data collection was done with the participation of randomly selected community members with the objective of ut~deaaking a participatory awsmnt of the achievement of the emergency public health projects. A checklist (see annex) is used to guide the assessment and to facilitate the discussion with the comm~mity. The participatory assessment included: Performing focus group discussion with representatives of the participants of the project (l@l5 people). The group consist of elders, kebele executives, farmers, women, women headed households, adults etc. A separate focus group discussion with women (5-8 women at each water supply project site visited) was also held to understand the women concern and their participation in the project and the project contribution to them. The field visit covered a total of 15 representative sampled project activity sites in the three regions hm a total of over 47 sites on which the wergency WATSAN Project is implemented in the three regions. The evaluation methods include (i) site visits to selected sites whae projects are implemented, (ii) participatory group sessions of 10 to 15 people in each visited site guided by a check list, and the selected group members are beneficiaries of the project, (iii) visits to the Wereda, Zonal and Regional Government ofices for feed back on the planning, implementation of the projects, and (iv) discussion on the project with Oxfam GB and Partner Organization and conducting SWOT analysis of OXFAM GB in its Awash and Areka Offices. This is done at the request of Osfm GB Ethiopia Program and it is presented to the client in a stprate report The following background documents were reviewed. (i) Roject pmposal on Emergency water supply and sanitation Project in Boloso Sorie (OFDA I) and Roject Proposal on Emergency water supply and sanitation Project in Afar, Somali and SNNP Regions, and references are made on (OFDA 2), (i) Guidelines for Evaluation of Emergency WATSAN Projects in "Guidelines for public health promotion in Emergencies, Oxford, UK", (iii) The Sphere Project, 2000. Humanitarian Charier and Minimum standards in Disaster responses. Oxford, UK. 53 Findings of the evaluation 53.1 Meeting the objectives of the project The objectives and achievements of the project are met and fully realized Table 7 below presents the set of objectives as stipulated in the initial project documen& and the corresponding achievements are recorded. Physical Achievement of the Project The physical achievements of the project in the three regions are given in table 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. In Afar, a total of 9 hand dug wells were rehabilitated (of which one is abandoned) and one new hand dug well was constructed, 2 livestock troughs rehabilitated and 9 new watering troughs for shoats were constructed The excesslor spill over water ffom each hand pump is used as the source of water for the water supply for animals at each hand pump site. In Halidebe, one borehole was rehabilitated (new pump house constructed and motor transferred), 2 new livestock troughs and 2 other for shoats were constructed (each trough for livestock and shoats joined to supply water hm the same source), one new reservoir constructed and one other reservoir rehabilitated, two new distributions stands constructed and three other distribution stands were also rehabilitated. With regard to sanitation, a total of 12 new washing basins and three ww washing cabin were constructed, two VIP latrines at two clinic and a total of 225 household pit latrines were developed. In Somali Region, at Mulu kebele, a borehole was rehabilitated constructing a ww pump house and replacing a pump and motor with a new system, 5 dishiiution stands were rehabilitated, and in Harmaley kebele, 3 new dish-i-iution stands and me new reservoir were constructed. In Boloso Sorie, SNNP Region, a total of 8 new hand dug wells were constnrted and 10 handdug wells rehabilitated and except two all were equipped with hand pumps. Two dug wells use rope and buckets due to low yield. There were also 5 hand pump replacement activities, 2 repair and maintenance of existing hand pumps. Four storage reservoirs with distribution pipelines and stands are also constructed. The spring development activities were of sigruficant advantage, and this has been due to the ability of the project to design a series of storage facilities aod long pipeline connections, and through this method tried to reach as many villages as possible. The design work is technically feasible, cost wise sound and effective in addressing the water need of large community members. In the 22 kebele in the wereda, there were a total of five spring rehabilitation and const~~~tion activities and the total number of people supplied by the system was estimated at about 50 % of the total beneficiary population in the wereda reached by the projecf and the spring protection, rehabilitation and development projecf was very effective. Table 7. Achievements of the projects in the three regions by objectives 1. Mar Region: PIrnacd objective 1 j Achicvewnb of (bc objecPhrr 9 hand dug wells rehabilitated and equipped with ! 8 wells have been &limed and . .. I hand pumpbmefiting 6750 people /equipped with hand pmnp and / ! appmx~mauly 5242 people have bmefmng lsrm~ I comrma&5 were sabbrhed 4 Oammgs for 9 water wmttees held mcrcanng I A wm~ng whch covas all topics. was 1 Ibr hmledge on management and mamtenana of I even for 49 VWC mmbm (see munmg ww pmna & sarumon pmmwon / ~n the analyns) I Coomuctlon of 9 showcanle noughs at the 9 wata Conmud 10 new shoan wamg mu& 1 ntes I andcanletroughs I ~onstruct~on of9 waslung barms and 18 whng 1 I2 %dung barn and 3 arashmg cobms cabms at the 9 water ntes, and an addmonal wasiung (barn mom) are coomwled m 9 nm bms and 2 cabms at anotha ex-e - wam me 1 50 lamna conmud benefinng 375 prsons 225 lstnnes cmsuctcd I)lmhonof8100soapsand8l00sachccsofORS 8l00sach~ofORSd1smbuDcd Ihmhon of 1350 ~mprcgnatcd bed nm bnefinng 523 ~nprcgnued bed nen dmnbuvd as many farmlta 1 I for 2500 brcedmg canle beneiinng 12500 persons t 1 I 5 mnmgs held for 3 commuty health workm One wmmg for I8 CHWs m 9 a-ata stes (CHWs), TOT, on safe dnhg water, sm~tatlon and I hygme promoo 24 Volunteer Commmty Hcnlth Workm (VCHWs) Pmonnel fmm the health Buruu wand 22 mob~l~ud to work along n& CHWs to pmmon VCHWs. wmmunrty pamc~patlon and furlha knowledge &a CHW work wth commun~t~ membm and VCHW I%c CHW and VCHW m lutn OBmd the an average of 9 days per water pant ~~mmm~nes 2. Sormli Region: Plrn~cd Objective 2 Acbiwem~t of the objaih~ 2 5 sboatr'cattle troughs conmuned Onenewuoughfasboas~ I 5 washing - basins and I0 washing - cabins ccmhuctcd One washing bnsins conmud and 3 OR. / washolg& 50 latrines Eonstrud benctiting 375 persons 2 wmmunal and 100 bouscbld Lmiw coomucfed i 6000 soaps and 6000 sack of ORS dimid 9500 sachets of ORS dimi in benefiting as many -le Shinnille mac ZVWMCssetup 10 WCs membm mwd 4 Painiogs for 2 water connnitt&r held inncaring One winmg covering all the oopia held fa their kno&dge on management and maintcnwce of 2 warn c& 1 water poillk aid sauit~tioi pmmolion 5 trainings held for 2 CHWs - TOT - on safe 8 VCHW, 49 VWMC mmbas. 2 mota drinking &, sanitation and hygiene promotion opnators were mined m impmve bed& 1 wdmmgethevnvrarpplvsynrm 16 VCHW mobilized to work alongnde CHW to 8 VCHWs are mobilized and wined promote community participalion and hmha knowledge transfer people will get access to clean water Table 7. Continue and two othm were abPodaocd due to low ydb 6 new HDWs arc wsbuacd qq& wth HP and 2 arc developed for bucket and rope use 16 VCHW mobitizcd to work alongside CHW to pnmw,te community participation and further knowledge transfer CHW work with the community members and VCHW an average of 9 days per water points 8 VCHWs arc mobilized and trained I I CHW and VCHW in arm trained the commRmiry 2 communal lauims and 100 household pt compw. 5 HPs replaced benefitmg 3750 people 5 HP rcplacemenn carplad I pnmanty due to low yeld of the wells. I 3. SNNPR: Objective 3 continue from prcviotu I Achlncmcnt of the objedln 3 2 Sprmgs developed and storage -om cousbucted benefitmg 2000 people PW I 4 new HDWs constructed benefihng 3000 people 5 nm HDWs arc wsbuacd bmelimg 3500 ' Tbc cwmuctlm of 3 sprmgs antb 2 sorage rcwrnnrr complcad and I spmg ddnhmwa people I&slnbutlon sym and storage -air I granty dlstntunon syacm is Gamo Wllmr coumucted benefimg 1000 people completed sewmg the rmgbbormg 2 P.k I ucensrm to Bombc vilk pmb 30.000 titu in 2 schools plan to hefit 1000 childlei schools m Dmm - SlLts and Adumcbo- ~r~aarrcornpkced 3 km pqx he &ion conmucted 4 km ppclme fmn Aucbcbo Cberulmr-Doge Anclucho completed Warm tankenng and kc water pumpmg for 2 karmcnt wt comMrrrd b tLb &main months m selected PAS benefrrmg 20,000 people Water QnLermg and sawtauon fmhha ~n 6 IMC .4sscsswnt mt comidard b tLb dutin TFCs Wimg 2000 chldrm Water tankmg ~n 9 SFCs Anmment not comldmd b tLb dub. 7500 soaps and 7500 sacbet of ORS &mbuted 7200 soaps and 7200 sacks of ORS dmrii benefiting as many people 1250 impregnated bed nets disubuced benefiiting 1200 impgnaad bed neo dimibutcd m IMO as many people households in 7 Pas. Sckcrim of bmdidPics gave priorities to very poor. prepmt ad lxtating mothers and eldas mvdwd m TFC. 8 lninings for 24 water umrmima held. 8 minings for 24 water mmnima aae held inereasiog their knowledge m management and maintenance of water points and szmieatim pmmotion 10 training held for 8 CHWs -TOT - on sat? 5 trainings for 8 community bePhb workers ~nhng water. sawtation & hypme pmmotlon 64 VCHWs motnhed to work along side CHW 62 VCHWs mlnhrcd to work ahme a& the . . kndw~edge transfer CHW work with commuuiw member and VCHW 5543 houss visited by CHW and VCHW. and on average of 9 days per water point 20066 people p~rticipatsd in the training wirich covered dinrhcp malaria. hygicm. m the use of clean warn, on the use of bed nea and Hn".UDS Table 7. continue 3. SNNPR: Planned Objective 3 I Achievement of the objcdlvc 3 I Additiod Activitla 5.3.2 Design and Construction Considerations There were no major design and construction problems of sigmficance concern, though some issues may have to be raised as a lesson to learn. Because nnal community water supply systems are small, the need for correct design is often easy to overlook. An example of this is the design of the floor of the new pump house in Halidabe. Given the occasionally flooding of the area by Awash River, the design of the new pump house floor was lower by approximately 1 foot hm the old pump house. Oxfam have agreed to follow up on this issue. In Afar and Boloso Sorie, the sizes of troughs for shoats in few sites here and there where hand pumps are installed are not uniform - some are smaller and some are bigger in size. In handdug wells, the first thing was the sitting of wells. Although Oxfam GB work was Limited to the rehabilitation of existing wells, sites like Egle and Aroile were less preferred to be considered for rehabilitation. The rehabilitated wells are located in sites where ground water level is relatively close to the surface and very close to residential houses and the potential for pollution is quite considerable. In this sites there was little problem in hitting the ground water - it is within 5 to 19 meters depth In Boloso Sorie, in a couple of sites where wells are dug, the wata yield was found inadequate to install hand pumps and they are left for bucket and rope use to draw water. The use of bucket could expose to pollution of the water source, [ropes made fkom local materials like leather could fall in] and in the fume could cause health risks unless there is close follow up and monitoring of the water quality in these mo sites. Oxfam is aware of the potential pollution issue and agree to take up the issue with wereda water desk as to the future fate of these two wells. As an alternative solution, there is a possibility to try to deepen these wells at a fume date during the dry season to penetrate sufficient depth into the water bearing formation in order to ensure adequate water for possible use of a pump. Otherwise thereis a need to closely monitor these wells in Afar and Boloso Sorie for potential water quality related problems in the fuhire. The construction of the apron slab for hand pumps are good and to the standard though the drainage water in some sites visited in Afar could still be a nuisance and pose a threat The excess water could be developed to a pool for § breading. For example in Ariole, the soak away fails to perform as designed because of the high ground water table, and it is forming a pool and is likely to pollute in return the shallow ground water source. In addition this same well is at 5 to 6 meters distance from the irrigation canal of a commercial farm. which could be a potential source of Evllludon of Emers~cy Wlts Supply .nd SlniMon hjm La Afar. Sormli d SNNP I8 pollution to the well. After the consultant made these remarks on the design and construction of the apron during the field visit, the water supply engineer in Afar informed the consultant later that the problem is now rectified The construction of the well follow the Oxfam standard where deepening is possible when water table drops due to drought or increased pumping pressure on the well. In Afar and SNNP, concrete ring linings are used to keep the wall of the well in place. The design and co~ction of the masonry reservoirs constructed in Halidebe in Afar, Harmaley in Somali region and in Areka 01, and Gama Walana in SNNP are structurally stable and to the standard quality. 53.3 Discussions with focns groups Community Meetings: During a discussion with the communities, he following observations were made. Communities in project areas in the three regions reported that there was reduced prevalence of diseases such as diarrhea, vomiting in children and intestinal parasites as a result of improved water supply and sanitation smices. Women workload in fetching water has reduced as a result of reduced distance in many sites in Afar where dug wells are constructed and in most sites in Boloso Sorie (travel time is reduced to as low as 15 minutes hm 30 minutes to 2 hours). But in Mulu Kebele in Somali Region, there is no change in terms of red& travel distance. Queuing time for water at distribution points in Mulu water supply points will be reduced and water available for consumption will increase. The people of Harmaley will have a reduced travel time and improvement of workload as their water supply system is comected with Mulu borehole. Community structures are put in place to help the people manage their water slippty system, however their capacity varies among the different villages. In almost all sites in Afar, the water fee collected and available fund is still inadequate to cover the cost for any major breakdowns. In Boloso Sorie also the financial stanrs of the communities in the different water supply sites is low - they are just starting, and it is di&cult to cover major breakdowns. While in Shinnille, the committee has long years of experience and has enough fund (presently Birr 40,000) to cover major breakdowns. However, in Zone Ul in Afar and Shinele Zone in Somali Region, both have weak zonal water departments to ensure prompt response to any damage that may occur to water supply systems particularly the borehole rehabilitation and maintenance of submersible pumps. Health Education and Training Training was given on separate arrangement for 4 motor opaatorr 63 WATSAN committee members and 20 CHWs in Afar and Somali Regions. There were similar trainings given on health and management of water supply system in Boloso Sorie. The training covered topics such as Community participation Enhutnm of Emsgncy Wats Supply and Slnnmm Rora m Mu. Sonnh and SNNP kpa~ 19 - Hygiene practices Gender issues and the role of women in the water management committees The need for water management commiaees and their key responsibilities - The need for by laws for the wata management committees Development of water management comminees Financial management There are two CHWs assigned at each water point; one is a lady and the other a man. They are trained in primary health care and help the community in maintaining environmental sanitation and hygiene. The CHWs provide health education for the community by organizing them in groups and by conducting house-to-house visits. The lady CHW focuses on educating women on childcare and her health. She feels that she has made impacts on women, and as a result women are now aware of the dangers of circumcisions, the danger on the use of de blades during delivery and education on HIV and its methods of transmission to the community. With their promotional work about 2 communal and 180 household latrines are dug and put in use by the community in Afar and 2 communal and 100 household lanines in Somali Regions. Women used to avoid vaccines while pregnant in fear of the danger to the baby, but now after the rigorous health education to women, it is found out that time is no more fear for EPI prognun that are promoted in the area. While such changes are made among women, the clinic in Muly Somali Region is no more giving EPI due to capacity problem. 53.4 Assessment of the changes (i) Adoption of safe hygiene practices Water sources and use: Communities in all sites visited placed clean water as their highest priority need and the Oxfam GB assistance is of sigmticant importance in terms of addressing the community priority need The infrastruftures deweloped, dug wells and pumps installed, boreholes rehabilitated and invesbnents on the genaators are of paramount importance to meeting the water weds of the community. The rehabilitated and developed water sources are addressing the needs of the remote communities in Afar Region, and the project responds effectively to priority areas and needs. The people have very well recognized the need to safe guard the water supply systems and keep it free from potential pollution. Drinking, cooking, washing clothes, bathing and watering animals are the uses of the water most commonly mentioned in both in Afar and Somali Regions. Hand washing and domestic hygiene were also mentioned though of less frsquently in the intmiew. Water colfection, transport and stomge practices: Women and gds fetch water. Most households in ShineUe use jeny cans, while in Afar, the people use a mix of containers made from goatskin and jeny cans. But it was also indicated in the women reply in Afar that goat skin water containers are low capacity, soft surface and fits comfortably on their body and easy to carry, and they also said that jerry cans are also Enhumn of Emssay Wlas Supply md Smwmn Row rn hhr. Smmh md SNNP Rcg~ar 20 increasingly being used for storing water at home. There are no plastic hoses attached in taps in Halidebe water distribution stands in Afar, but in Shinele there were long plastic hoses used to direct water to Jeri cans and from the tap to near by hok. There is no available information on the health risks associated with the use of plastic hoses at distribution systems. Personal Hygiene and Sanitation Pradces Given the hot temperalure and harsh climatic environment, sanitation project in Afar and Somali Regions is of genuine demand of the community. This has been reflected by the increased participation of the community in the sanitation project demonstrating more replicated laeines than the planned targets without any financial assistance from the project A total of 2 communal and 100 household pit latrines were constructed in Shinille and 2 communal and 180 household pit latrines in Mar. Some community members in Mulu Kebele in Shinrille Zone have even den the project a little bit further in their own initiative to improve the latrine floor from soil to concrete floor by plastering it with cement covering the additional cost for cement and gravel. The availability of clean water combined with hygiene promotion has improved some personal hygiene behaviors and practices among the community members in the project areas visited. It was possible to determine in a discussion with the communities that their awareness on the need for washing hands at critical times has increased considerably. In Boloso Sorie it was possible to see water in clay pots hanging outside of the ventilated latrine for hand washing after uskg the latrine and this has been a step in the right direction. In all the project sites in the three regions visited, the women are excited by the sanitation and hygiene education they have received from Oxfam GB. In Afar they liked the latrines constructed because it is located close to their home and avoids long distance travel in the night to the bush minimizing the fear of being attacked by animals. Household Hygiene In a group discussion in all project sites, the women have received health education that included environmental sanitation, cleaning houses and keeping the environment clean. The health education helped mostly women in understanding the causes for morbidity and malaria, the number on killer disease in the area 53.5 Assessment of the effectiveness of the project Oxfarn GB has been very effective in responding particularly to the needs of the pastoral community's water need by providing readily available services through rehabilitation of non-functional water wells and make clean and safe water available at close distances. (i) Appropriateness Both Afar and ShiniUe experience arid and harsh environments where tempaanrre and evaporation is very high in the country, and water need is a genuine demand and it is of high priority. In Boloso Sorie, large number of people does not have access to clean and safe water, though the environment is rather relatively much better in term of availability of resources. Water related diseases in Afar and Somali regions constitute over 90 percent of the public health problems. The emergency response project, which consists of water supply and sanitation project, therefore, targets the prime needs of the community - the public health problems in the project areas. Communities are now aware of the importance of protecting wata sources and management of the water supply systems, washing hands at critical times, washing household utensils and keeping its environments clean and safe. The communities particularly women have indicated that the health education helped them very much and opened up their eyes. They have learned that hygiene and sanitation practices can decrease disease prevalence. The full water quality test results (biological and chemical) were not ready for use at the time of evaluation and it has not been used for the report (u) Covenge The figures in table 8 below indicate that wata supply coverage has increased by 17.3 % in Awash Fentale, 1 1.3 in Dulecha, 15.Ph in Amibara and 12.Ph in Gewane in Afar Region. While in Mulu and Harmaley Kebeles in Shinnile he, Somali Region, the increase in water supply covmge was 9.5%. The increase in coverage in Boloso Sorie is also quite high compared to the other sites in Afar and Somali. A total of 54,454 people have got access to clean and safe water supply, and this is an increase by 12.8% (see table 8). In some sites in Boloso Sorie it is possible to achieve increased mual water consumption since plenty of water is made available for drinking and sanitation purposes. In Gemo Wh five households use excess water from the reservoir for small-scale irrigation. Except in Afar, the consultant has also observed some sites where there is still queuing, for example in Mulu kebele in Somali Region, and Bedeya in Boloso Sorie. Table 8. Water supply coverage increase ~oo/Zonc/ Wed. ' Dulecha Wereda I 1 Weds Total 1.918 11.3% KebclJVLlfage I PopoL.Uoo b.4~ ' Co- incruse I ~arrtodao h-tq. 1 1. Afar Regioa Zone IIS - pp Awash Fentale Wereda Gmaoe Wereda Wcreda Total 2870 117% . ntff I Wereda Total 1.974 Amibara Wereda Wereda Total 3780 15.7% I 3. SNNPR, Wohyit. Zone I Boloso Sone Wereda Wmda Total 54,454 128 % Sanitation With Warn GB project, a total of 2 communal and 100 household pit latrines are constructed in Mulu Kebele in Somali Region, and 2 communal and 180 household pit latrines are constructed in Afar Region. The people particularly wown have shown interest in the pit latrine project Tbe people are supplied with tools for digging latrine pits and with the present interest expressed by the people in Somali and ..ifar regions, it is hoped that the practice is likely to be replicated in large number after the project phases out Level of Water Supply Semees In many of the sites visited where water supply services started, the amount of water supplied has been suficient for domestic uses. This is not to say that the Sphere Standard (15 liters per person per day) is met However, additional wcds for livestock watering are obtained fium seasonal and perennial rivm and ponds. In nearly all sites in the project areas, a minimum level of senices is pvided to meet the basic need for water for drinking, washing and cooking. The water supply idbmucmes particularly band dug wells and boreholes are constructed at a shorter distance (on the average 10 to 15 minutes) and meet the standard for convenience particularly for women a& children who are primarily responsible for fetching water. This is true for projects in the Mulu in Somali Region. Halidabe in Afar Region and Mabel Admanacho in SNNP Region, where higher level of senices with motorized deep wells and with storage facilities and other accessories are provided, and these systems benefited over 2500 people each. All the handdug wells (all in the Afar and SNNP Regions) provide minimum standard services - communal water point source with safe and adequate water and appropriate soak away dramage (except in Egale and Airole) and a fetching time of less than 15 minutes without queuing. AH water distribution points are fenced and guards are assigned to protect the system &om any possible looting, damage by humans or animals. It was possible to observe in several sites in Boloso Sorie that water caretakers keep orders of users. and the level of services were si@cantly optimized (iii Connectedness The emergency water supply and sanitation projects in all the tbree regions have projects with long-term benefits to the community. In the short anergemy time, local communities are organized to manage the assets established, and to ensure sustainable services. These grass root community organizations are at enfant stage and may need capacity building inputs before they can stand on their own feet. (iv) Coherence Oxfam GB has managed to work with a local NGO and took an effective division of labor in Boloso Sorie wereda giving the implementation of the water supply project to the local partner. Mam GB implemented the health education and sanitation part of the project With this arrangement, OXFAM GB has been successful in having better performance in Boloso Sorie than it has achieved in the other two regions Somali and Afar; it has achieved beyond the planned targets in a more cost effective way. Reasons could be perhaps (i) the use of the local paxmer, which is familiar to the area and socdtural environment of the people, which helped implement the project more effectively, and (ii) the local partner demonstrated commitment to achiming more on available resources. This experience was exemplary in that gocd working relationship has been demonstrated between Oxfam GB and the local partner. As a resuit here is a one-year consolidation program fium a different source of funding now under way to help the pmer continue to work in the area and build its capacity. While in Afar and Shinille, there are no local pmers established, but there were collaborative work with zonal water and health departments, staffs were seconded and work with Oxfam GB and it is believed that tbey have gained work experiences. Generally there were smooth collaborative work experiences with local govenunent offices in all regions. OXFAM has also collaborated with Intanationai Medical Corps (IMC) in pulling resources jointly to respond to emergencies in Boloso Sorie and in this regard OXFAM assisted IMC in setting up water supply synem at Therapeutic Feeding Centers. (v) Efficiency It is diflicult to measure the achievements in terms of the financial inputs since the data available is not organized on the basis of each water points. And heme it is not possible to assas the efficiency of the project However, from the nature of the project, the hand dug-well, spring capping and rehabilitation of wells, the projects are small and it is likely to be cost effective. However the project also covered highex number of beneficiary communities who got access to clean and safe water supply. Moreover, as it can be seen hm the budget utilization, there was no shortage of fund in all regions; achievements were more than the plan for the same budget For instance in Boloso Sorie additional sites were covered with the same budget (see table 5 and 6). (vi) Effectiveness The project objective in terms of water supply coverage was 54,250 people for the three regions and 66,180 people were actually reached by the project This achievement varies from project site to site. The baeficia~ numbers are shown below r Location A far I These figures take into account the change in location of one borehole rehabitation originally planned for Shinille and subsequently located in Afar. Target I - -- 9250 I Shinille 2500 Boloso Sorie 42500 I Totals 54250 The project has also contributed to increased awareness of the community on hygiene and sanitation practices. 4800 54500 66180 (vii) Impact In a discussion with the community, the people have responded that the water supply and sanitation project has impacted the life of the community in many ways. - Meeting the water needs and requirements of the people: The hand dug weUs in Afar and the rehabilitated borehole in Somali Region, the borebola and gravity systems and new and rehabilitated hand dug wells in Boloso Sorie are supplying clean and safe water to the targeted communities and increased the water supply coverage The project has reduced the prevalence of water related diseases and improved health of the targeted community. The communities have reported that after the water supply project, the diarrhea and vomiting cases among chilh have declined, and the general health of the people has improved except malaria, which is epidemic. Enhanced awareness in the use of clean water, hygiene and sanitation among the targeted communities as a result of the education and training of the communities particularly women. The water projects are close to the villages and reduced the have1 time for fetching water sigdcantly and hence minimized the labor and drudgery on women and children. (viii3 Cost effectiveness The hand dug wells project with hand pumps in Afar and SNNP Regions have been cost effective although the technology has limitations to certain sites, where ground water is with in 25 meters depth. Two types of hand pumps are used in Afar and Boloso Sorie; Indian Mark III and Mdev. The hand pumps used were different in type and cost, where the former is double the price of the later, and it is safely recommended for depths up to 60 meters. While Afridev is equally suitable and appropriate for depths less than 30 meters, and both pumps are village level operating and maintenance (VLOM) type. Therefore, the type selected in Afar could have been equally fidev since all the well depths were less than 25 meters and hating compahile performance. However, it was reported from Oxfam GB Awash office that the Indian Mark III hand pump was selected based on the recommendation and local experience of the zonal water department The physical achievement of the water supply schemes by the partner organization in Boloso Sorie was over the planned target for the same budget. One pmslile explanation for this achievement could be the partner ability to make the project more cost effective. Five springs development and expansion activities covered nearly -XI percent of the total targeted population in the project area who got access to clean and safe water. Therefore, availability and selection of the type of water sources in Boloso Sorie have also benefited in making the project more cost effective. (u) Commnnity Participation Project PI-g and Implementation: Despite the project being emergency, communities in three regions have participated in site selection, contribution of free labor and locally available material. In Boloso Sorie, at one of the sites where gravity pipeline extension system for a spring was laid down, the free labor contriiution of the community was estimated to reach about Birr 10,00d3, which is approximately 15% of the total project cost According to the responses d the community, the people in each project area have been providing sentices in land clearing for access road for Oxfam GB to reach to remote areas and & security and protection to the staff and properties of the project Operntion and maintenance, and community managcment:In all project sites, the communities are organized, and some are more organized than oh. For example in Shinille Zone, Somali Region, the communities in Mulu Kebele have long years (15 years) of experience in the operation, adrmnistration and management of the water supply system. There are shict fund utilization procedures though it does not exist in writing. Operation and maintenance costs are covered hm petty cash. which amounts to Birr 5,000, and it is kept in the htnds of the meamm. When serious breakage to the water supply system occurs, the water committee includmg the Kebele Administrator, fund hm the Bank is withdrawn and after adequate discussion and decision is reached. Every year people are elected fiun the Kebele to audit the financial management and the Mulu communities have done these several times and have enough experience. While in Afar, the project are organized the communities in all sites. However. in Halidebe, it appears that the capacities of the communities are relatively weak to ensure adequate management of the Borehole and other idiasmcnues put in place when Oxfam GB withdraw hm the region. The reasons are (i) the people are poor and they have not yet secured enough fund for repair and maintenance, (ii) the zonal and wereda offices are not strong to provide prompt assistance to the community. Oxfam are however hoping to secure funding for a consolidation project in .Afar and Shinille to provide for additional capacity building of the village water committees for all the schemes rehabilitated 1 constructed during the recent wergency pr0g'-e. In Boloso Sorrie, the communities are or- but do not have enough tInsncial strength to support the management of the water supply systems. The local partner could be an additional capacity to the community since it has already secured Limited additional fund hm Oxfam GB for almost a year to continue is present in the project area where its presence could be of assistance to the projects activities in the future for operation and maintenance services. Finance of the water services and its Management: The water cornmittas in Mulu Site in Somali Region collect water fees of Birr 0.10 per 20 liters of warn. The total fund deposited in a bank to date is Birr 40,000. The committee uses the fund for operational costs and purchase of spare parts. The committee does not have written bylaws or guidelines to follow in order to administer the water fimd. Howwer thae is a procedure under which withdrawal of hmd Erom the bank is administered. It requires the notification of the Kebele Chairman in a fody called rneedng and three water committee members (Chairman of the water committee, hramm and accountant) co-sign to withdraw money hm the bank. Often petty cash are used for purchasing fuel, oil and paying salaries for guards, and the allowed petty cash amount is less than 5000 Birr only. Only during engine and or pump breakage that fund is withdrawn hm the bank. Committees organized hm the community audit the cash balance once in a year. In Afar. the people are poor and in all sites visited the people are just starting to collect water fee. In two sites it was indicated that the communities have agreed to pay Birr 5.00 per month. They reported that since the people do not hare cash readily, Enlmmn of Emssncy Wals Supply and Suupmn hjca m Mu, Somali .ad SW Regi.al 77 it is difficult to pay on daily basis. Their prwent contributions are sufficient to cover only the monthly salaries of the guards and care takers. In Bolos Sorie, all users pay water fee, but very low and the fee ranges between Birr 0.25 to Birr 1.00 per month. In most cases the monthly fee are sufficient to cover tbe salary of the guards and care takers. The funds are kept in the hands of the water committees in Afar and Boloso Sorie. This is because byelaws have not yet been signed into force giving the water committees legal status thus allowing them to open bank accounts. In Mdu, Somali Region, the fund is kept in a bank. It was learned that the use of the fund is determined by the decisions made by the water committee memben. The funds are used for operation and maintenance of the water supply system. The salary of the operators and guards depends upon the agreement made at each site. 53.6 GenderlLW issues In a discussion with the communities in all project sites, the communities have heard about HIVIAIDS in one way or another. There is information that the CHWs in their heath education sessions with the community discuss the issues surrouuding HIV/AIDS. There were repliw by grow of people in Shinnile that there is no HIVIAIDS prevalence in theu community. The men group strongly resists its presence of HIVIAIDS among theu community and prefers to relate HIV'AIDS to groups affiliated with other religion. They said it is not a poblem to the Muslims. While in a separate discussion with women group later indicated a more strong fear among women who feel that because their men practice polygamy (have up to 1 wives). They indicated that there is a possibility of their men contracting HIV'AIDS, and expressed their serious fear and concern. They suggested that the health education must focus on men as well. There IS a feeling that there is lack of willingness hm the men side to discuss and achowledge the HTV/AlDS presence and see it as a threat to the community in Mulu Kebele. In Afar and Boloso Sorie, the commrmities have heard about it through health education, radio program, and demanded for more education and awareness. 53.7 Commnnity Concern: In two villages in Bolos Sorie, Woybo kebele in Dozi site and Achure, tbe work on two hand-dug weUs was still ongoing at the time of the evaluation. The consultant has been informed that they are now complete. In all the sites in the three regions where the emergency water supply projects were implemented, the communities are very much concerned by the news that Oxfam GB will leave after this project. Their concern is based on the short time Oxfam GB had been in their area and with the very good worlang relationship they had established during the implementation of the project. The women considered the health education as eye opener and indicated a need for a follow up project to strengthen the trainings. The communities are also aware that local and Government organizations have low capacities to take over the services of the water supply systems and suppon the continuation of the health education program started by Oxfam GB. Although this is a management problem of the community in Mulu the communities have concern over the administration and management of their water supply system. They reported that the water in the tank finished early in the morning and water is not available up to late in the afternoon. The down time for pump operation is long and in between there is no service when needed. The pipes are old and there are only 6 distribution sites in the whole kebele, and for some areas the distribution points are reported as very far. They are requesting some more distribution stands. Oxfam reported that the scheme was operating without any problem but recognize that there are management problems that they can funher address during the consolidation programme. 53.8 Discussion with regional and zonal offices Report of the Water and Health Bureau and DPPB in Afar Region indicated that working relation with Oxfam GB Awash Office has improved over this project period Tripartite agreements were signed with Water and Health Bureau and DPPB. Generally a few concerns were raised, one being high turn over of staff in Afar Oxfam GB office. The consultant further discussed this issue with Oxfam personnel and was informed that there was actually quite a low mover of staff since the emergency programme commenced in late 2002. The other concern raised was Oxfam GB inability to move into long-tam development program in the region. The later has always been an issue raised by the communities and the regional bureaus in Afar strongly insisting that the under lying root causes of the food security problem in the region could not be admcssed by recurrent short-term emergency responses. And the bureaus requested that Oxfam GB indulge into long-term development endeavors. Other concern raised by the Afar and Somali Regions have been the Oxfam GB plan to withdraw from the regions once the emergency project is over. The DPPB office would like to see Oxfam GB develop a recovery and development program to address basic community needs on a long term basis. The water bureau in Afar expressed its satisfaction with the project implementation and indicated that the bureau has follow up of the project implementation. It also indicated that it has forwarded a request for 8 new sites for water supply development project but Oxfam GB Awash Oflice did not reply. In Boloso Sorei the working relations between the water and health Desk in the woreda was reported as good and it was indicated that there are rooms for improvement Both desks maintain close working relations with the Oxfam GB and the local parmer. The working relation with the wereda water desk has been good and the head of desk had regular visits to project sites and participated as trainer in the training of communities organized by Oxfam GB 53.9 OXFAM GB use of a local partner Oxfam GB used ACTS of COMPASSION (AOC) as a local parmer for the implementation of the water supply part of the emergency public health project in Boloso Sorie. As indicated earlier, of the three regions, the quality of work done and achievements made in Boloso Sorie has been higher than the other two regions. Reasons could be perhaps (i) the use of the local parmer, which is familiar to the area and soco-culturaI environment of the people, which helped implement the project more effectively, and (ii) the local pamer demonmated commitment to achieving more on available resources. Given the level of success achieved in the water supply project in the area, it was quite obvious that the use of a local partner by Oxfam GB for the implementation of the water supply project was an appropriate anangement and a step in the right direction.11 should be noted however that the opportunity to use -. local (i.e. iocal NGO's )in Afar and Shinille did not exist A prelimmary assessment of the capacity of the local partner was made during the evaluation, and it was found out that the local partner does not have written mission statement and strategy document and low capacity to prepare project documents and solicit financial support to divers@ its funding sources. It was reported by the manager that its organizational and information resources are low, financial resomes for planned activities with OXFAM GB is reported as adequate, but for new projects there is nothing so far on the pipeline. It was indicated that there are staffwith sldll to implement projects and the over all capacity of the human resources at present described as medium. There is indeed a need for capacity building assistance for the local partner to ensure its continuity as NGO in the area and responds to the operation and maintenance need of the constructed water supply systems. Other strilang experience was the implementation of the water supply project by AOC, while the training and health education component of the emergency public health project kept under OXFAM GB, Areka Office. It was made clear by the local partner that in the earlier similar collaboration with OXFAM GB, both responsibilities were taken by AOC, and it was not clear why OXFAM GB changad its position with this project to handle the health education part directly by itself. It is in deed difficult and beyond the scope of this evaluation to assess the merit and demerit of such separate arrangements for water supply and its soft ware (health education and training component). It is widely lmown that when both the water supply and the health education are given together in the same site the same time it offers synergic effect to the program. But definitely one difficulty existed in the present arrangement where the water supply work adm-essed by AOC and the education part by OXFAM GB. Most staff consulted about the issue have agree on one thing that there were difficulties in creating suitable travel arrangement to the sites together and implement the planned activities since the water supply project activities are planned by AOC and the education by OXFAM GB, and both are administered and managed by two independent organizations. This issue was further discussed with Oxfam advisors at Addis and they stated that the reason for this approach was to ensure that the hygiene promotion component was both coordinated and uniform throughout the Boloso Sorie programme. It was felt that as there was hygiene promotion mesages being disseminated hm various sources (namely, woreda health desk, food distribution sites, TFC's, SFC's, watsan personnel) a coordinated approach was necessay which was best achieved through the Oxfam office. 53.10 Other issues There were no major political and seclmty concern that affected the implementation of the projects in the three regions. The implementing agency has had ke access to the affected population and it has received and enjoyed their support and assistance through out the project period 6. Lessons Levned Social 6.1 It is learned that the emergency projects have longterm benefits to the community. 6.2 The social factors are more challenging than the technical aspect [the physical construction aspect of the project], which always takes most of the attention in the project implementation It is always important to look into the participation of the community at all levels, to organize the community in grass root organizations such as water committee, CHW, VCHW, etc. and ensure adequate mhings of the community for the sustainable services of the schemes. 6.3 This evaluation found out that the Afar and Somali women showed great intaest in the health education aspect of the project After the sanitation and hygiene education, with only he supplies of digging tools, the communities in the two regions have constructed approximately 256 toilets over the last one-year aithout any other incentives. Women were behind this success stories in this project The women said that the toilet is more important to women wbo have to travel long distance away from home in the dark and it is useful for women after binh, when sick, etc. It is indeed possible to educate and bring about changes in the knowledge [understanding], behavior and practice wen in pastomlist communities. The change may be slow and time taking. 6.4 The projects in Afar and Somali Regions have demonstrated changes in behavior and practices among the pastoralists. There is a lesson to learn for the future and there is a need to capitalize on these experiences. One explanation that could be given was good planning (idenhfymg the pressing need and meeting those needs), commifment and dedication by the hphIen~g agency and getting the busl of the community. OXFAM GB is well known in the project arms and the projects are identified with OXFAM GB. There are changes in attitudes towards sanitation and hygiene practices. And these changes can only last long only if it is integnued in long-term development programs and not on emergency respooses alone. 6.5 Achieving behavior change in sanitation and hygiene takes longer than tbe implementation time of the water supply schemes (systems). There is a feeling among the community and the OXFAM GB d that the established infirastructures are to large extent developments in nature with long-term benefits. However due to the emergency [short time] nature of the projects, the sanitation and hygiene education which is equally important got short time and it is inadequately treated, and the people considd it as eye opener, and they Ralized that more time is needed for the education part if a lasting impact is to be achieved. Most of the people see that the existing capacity of health institutions in their areas is low to sustain the sanitation and hygiene education started by OXFAM GB. 6.6 Water is now adequately available to the communities in many of the projects sites. The challenge is to keep it safe at household level. After sweral hygiene educations to the community, a sample water quahty data was obtained at household level in Boloso Sorie and the result indicated that the water @ty deteriorates after it reaches home indicating a failure in hygiene practices among the people even after water is made available and several trainings are given to households. A case more slaprising was when samples taken from the chairwoman of the water committee in one of the villages in Bolmo Sorie was found among households with higher coliform count She is a member who received more opportunity to health education and training in the village. This presents the challenge that the change in hygiene practices doer wt come simply because one attends several trainings and education programs alone but must show commiment to changing behavior and this takes time and effort. 6.7 There was a report from the Head of Boloso Sorie Wereda Health Desk that bed nets have reduced the rate of case flow among those who received the nets. The experiences in Afar is also positive that it reduces the prevalence of the disease among users, but their experience on the type of the nets used is intaesting, that the net hanging on sticks at four corners of the bed tears off early and does not last long, and in this project the bed nets that is now under distribution in Afar is the hanging type and a better one. While the net that was distributed to the communities in Boloso Sorie was the one hanging on four comers of tbe bed using sticks. Therefore as per the experiences of Afar communities the hanging type of bed net is easy to use and lasts long for nnal communities. 6.8 It has been reported by tbe zonal departments in Afar that communication with Oxfam GB Awash Office has not been smooth for wt sending copies of agreement and progress reports timely. Oxfam maintain that they fulfilled all of their responsibilities with regard to reporting but that there was clearly a problan with the regional office passing reports to Line departments. Closer follow on this issue with the zonal departments in the fuhne would be advantageous in helping to enhance a close working relationshrp. Teehnieak 6.9 The floor of the pump house constructed in Halidabe is lower than the old cormgated pump house floor by one foot, and for a site with a flooding problem. there is no justification for lowering the floor of the new pump house, and this was an overlook in the design and it was a mistake. The flooding threat by Awash River has not been seriously considered in the design and construction of the new pump house. The height of the new pump house floor should have been highs the old pump house floor or the least in the same elevation as the old one. In case d possible flooding of the motor house there may be a need to fence it with masonry structure- to protect it from potential damage. As previously stated, Oxfarn have agreed to follow up on this issue. 6.10 In Afar it was realized that water qualities for the wata supply systems wen conducted after the physical works (installation of concrete rings for hand dug wells, basins and livestock troughs are consrmcted). h Babur Fage site, the water quality data was found below the standard and unacceptable and they were later abandoned losing all investments; concrete rings, materials and labor in the construction. Water quality data have to be always analyzed immediately the water table is struck and before ~uIT~R investments are made and equipments are installed The health education was done largely on lectures, and the knowledge gained could be more enhanced if posten and audiovisual senices are also used to help facilitate the understanding and enhance knowledge mfer to the community. 6.1 1 Planning projects and monitoring the implementation of the projects with wereda Desks, Zonal Health and Water Dqmments is very crucial if these water projects are to be handed over to these same offices. When OXFAM GB leaves the project area, it will be difficult to have rmodh hand over of these projects to the government unless there has been full involvement of the relevant bureaus throughout the project cycle. This is an important process of the project development to ensure the sustainability of the projects. 7. Conclasion The outcome of the emergency project was positive. The project was able to save the lives of many people affected by the 2002 drought in Afar, Somali and ShWP Regions, and it has enhancdiroved the local capacities in coping with similar situations. As a result of this project a total of approximately 13,070 people had access to clean and safe water supply in the three regions, and there is anticipation in the improvement of health of the communities. Selected membes of the local communities were organized in committees and trained in sanitation and hygiene practices and operation and maintenance of water supply systems. The OXFAM GB arrangement to implement emergency responses with local partner in Boloso Sorie has been a worthwhile experience. In deed it was equally a capacity for OXFAM GB Boloso Sorie office giving itself more time to dwell on other important development matters in the area The partner has implemented the projects to the desired standard, and was able to achieve more than the phed targets. In Afar Region, the over all performance of the water supply and sanitation projects was adequate. There were minor issues raised earlier on the site selection, construction of handdug wells and pump type selection, and these are lesson k~ learn for the future. The health education activities were showing positive trends, have am-acted interest particularly among women in the three regions. However, it is difiicult to determine the impacts of the health education activities at this early stage of the project, but given the high interest of the community, it is possible to anticipate possible long term sustainable changes in attitude and practice among the communities. 8. Recommendations or follow up actions 8.1 Water supply systems while being developed need to ensure that the water quality tests are conducted or arrangements are made earlier before installations of concrete rings, pqs and other accessories. Water qual~ty data have to be always analyzed immediately the water table is struck and before any further investments are made and equipments are installed In order to successfully under take this task, OXFAM GB office in Addis Ababa need to be equipped with portable laboratory equipment for undertaking chemical tests of water samples at field level. 8.2 Some of the soak away structures used for drainage have failed in .bile and Egde kebeles where there is high water table, and water is ponding in these areas. There is a danger of enhancing mosquito prevalence and malaria in the village and other methods of draining the excess water hm the distribution points should be sought. At the time of reporting the consultant has been informed that these issues have been rectified. 8.3 In Egde and Aroile, Kere and Kebena I and II, where we have shallow ground water and are within the reach of the flood area of the rivers, there is a need to regularly monitor any potential risk of pollution of the ground water. 8.4 The climate in Afar and Somali Regions are very hot and arid The latrines visited in school and clinics are VIP and environmentally free of bad smell. However in some of the visited household latrines, they produce strong smells. Such situation could affect the project negatively in the long run and it may be useful to reconsider future latrine projects in these hot and arid areas to be vented, VIP, since it is only a 2-3 meter vent PVC pipe that is required and its cost is low compared to the total cost This has been effectively done in Boloso Sorie. 8.5 There are efforts made to cover the latrine hole with materials such as a small piece of cormgated sheet metal thrown on top and some are open, and some of the holes of the visited latrines are wide and the holes need to be too rmaU and possibly round for a better protection of the children. 8.6 In Shinnde the floor of one of the household pit latrine visited is plastered and cleanable and well kept, while in Afar all are covered with soil, and the situation in Afar need to be monitored closely for [hook] worm tammission through feet since it is possible that this conditions could pose a threat in the future. 8.7 OXFAM GB and the Zonal Health Departments in all regions including CHWs should develop a more targeted and long time hygiene education and promotion strategy - idenhfymg specific messages, methods of teaching - focusing on behavior with regard to drinking water hm safe water sources, keeping water quality at household level safe, hand washing at critical times, keeping the hygiene of children, house keeping and the use of latrines. 8.8 The regional water bureau is recommending high priority areas where wata need in Afar is still relatively more serious than the other areas, and the areas are indicated as zone 2,4 and 5. 8.9 Women and men have heard about HIVIAIDS in almost all sites visited However, the level of understanding by the differeot community groups consulted is different. In many of the area visited the communities' awaremess is low. In Mulu kebele a group of men hied to explain the disease as afEliated to a certain religion followers. Some are less aware of the methods of transmission of the disease. In all communities women are scared of HIV'AIDS and need special support and anention in the health education program, and it require long tam program rather than under short term emergency. Women have strongly suggested that their men need to be educated more since the law of the culture allows them to practice polygamy (up to four wives), and they see this as a threat 8.10 There is a need to have a follow up evaluation on the use of mosquito nets ibed nets distniuted/under distriution in all the three regions. 8.11 It was quite apparent hm the inte~ews held with the community that people in Afar and Somali Regions particularly women were interested in the sanitation and hygiene education, and indeed the community gained awareness, and as a result the physical achievement in water supply systems installation was a success. The participation of the community in hygiene education was a driving force for the successful implementation of the water supply projects. and therefore, these activities should always be considered to be a curser activity to water supply projects. 8.12 The experience by OXFAM GB Areka Office to implement the wata supply aspect of the project by the paatne~ organization and separately nmning the hygiene and sanitation aspect of the emergency response project by OXF.&W itself need to be reported It was beyond the rope of this evaluation to look into the effectiveness and efficiency of such implementation anangement References FDRE, 2002. Development and Poverty Profile of Ethiopia Welfare Monitoring Lnit Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, March 2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia OXFAMIGB, 2003. Emergency Project. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia OXFAM, 2001. Guidelines for public healtb promotion in Emergencies. Oxford, LK The Sphere Project, 2000. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum standards in Disaster responses. Oxford, UK Annex Annex 1 FINANCIAL REPORTS Annex 2 TOR TOR to Evaluate Ethiopia Public Health Emergency Projects, 2003 1. Introduction This document is a term of reference (TOR) to employ a codtant to underrake an evaluation of OXFAMIGB Public Health Emergency Response Projects implemented in Ethiopia in the year 2003104. 2. Background of the hoject and Purpose The failure of the short (Belg) rains coupled with the late onset of the long O