Final Evaluation Survey of the Women's Empowerment Program (WEP) Dr. Ava Darshaln Shrestha Team Lea~der Dr. Janardan Khatri-Chhetri Project Coordinator September 2001 Field Survey Team Members Dr. Janardan Khatri-Chhetri - Project Coordinator Male Members Female Members Supervisors 1. Madhav Devkota 2. Tilak Kayasth 3. Sabin ~irki Research Assistant 1. Pitamber Sirnkhada 2. Kurnar Rai 3. Jay Ram Majhi 4. Sudesh Sharma 5. Ramesh Adhikari 6. Mohan Khadka 7. Rishikesh Dhungana Supervisors 1. Sandhya Basnet 2. Nisha Shrestha Research Assistant 1. Anupa Pandey 2. Noki Tamang 3. Aruna Khadka 4. Sabitri K. C. 5. Laxmi Rai 6. Bidya Upreti 7. Meena Manandhar 8. Gadamsari Rai ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank F'rivate Agencies Collaborating Together (Pact) for hiring me as the Principal Consultant and Team Leader to conduct this Final Evaluation Study of the Women's Empowerment Program (WFP) supported by USAID. The survey was undertaken in partnership with my colleague Dr. Janardan Khatri-Chhetri who compiled, processed and analyzed data generated for the study. I would like to sincerely thank him. I would like to thank Dr. Marcia Larson Ode11 and Mr. Bhakta Raj Ranjit of Pact, Ms. Nain Tara Bista, Mr. Basanta Pokharel and Ms. Bishwo Shanti Bista of The Asia Foundation (TAF) for their advice, support and cooperation. Likewise, I would like to extend my gratitude to Samanata, Institute for Social and Gender Equality, for undertaking the task of data gathering and processing. Data gathering was undertaken by a team of experienced and dedicated field research officers. All of the field officers deserve special commendation for successfully completing their tasks under difficult circumstances caused by the Maoists insurgency and the monsoon season. I would like to thank them all. Ms. Shobha Basnet of Samanata deserves a special thanks for coordinating this task. Raja Singh deserves appreciation for undertaking the arduous task of preparing the charts and printing the report. Last but not the least, I owe sincere gratitude to the many women respondents, their family members and local leaders in Bara, Sunsari, Nawalparasi, Banke and Kailali Districts. Without their enthusiasm and cooperation, data collection would not have been possible. Ava Darshan Shrestha, Ph. D Principal Consultant, Team Leader EXJKUTIVE SUMMARY This is the final evaluation of the USAIDNepal's empowerment of women strategic objective (S03). Empowerment of women as defined by USAIDiNepal, is the process by which women define, challenge, overcome barriers in their lives, and ultimately changes their life circumstances. The objective of the Final Evaluation is to assess and measure the situation after program implementation of WEP with regard to SO3 level indicators and to generate information on the program's impact. The survey assesses the changes in decision-making of women, expenditure pattern of the family and awareness of right, responsibility and advocacy program of the targeted women. In order to assess different decision ii-making levels, the indicators were identified for fo$r different categories related to self (related to the women herself), children, family and community. Decision-making levels were filled out separately by women and men to capture the perceptions of women and men that may or may not be the same. Likewise, in order to assess changes in household expenditure of direct well-being expenditure (expenditure on food, clothing, education, health etc.), indirect well-being expenditure (expenditure on ornaments, saving, investment etc.) and expenditure not related to well-being (festivals, cigarettes, alcohol, rituals etc.) were gathered. Social and physical actions evolving from rights, responsibility and advocacy were also gathered. The main findings are presented below: Changes in Decision-Making of Targeted Women Although all the figures regarding decision making for Level 4 have decreased by few points, the figures for Level 3 have increased for all decision-making concerning the woman herself. The sum of Level 4 and Level 3 reveal that the decision -making for attending literacy class$s and determining the number of children to have had increased. Similarly, decision making regarding purchase of bangles, 'tikas', daily clothes etc. for herself and buying medicines and seeking for medical treatment for headaches, stomach upsets, fever, colds, cough etc. and medical treatment related to reproductive health and mobility to spend one night or more outside the village had increased. Surprisingly, decision making about mobility to fetch water and wood had decreased slightly while decision- making regarding mobility within the village to go to the health post and market and mobility to go outside the village but returning the same day had also decreased. The aggregate decision making levels for Level 1 and 2 indicate ineffective decision-making. The aggregate figures of Level 1 and 2 reveal that there has been a significant decreases in decision -making regarding determining the number of children to have, attending literacy classes, mobility within the same village to go to health post or market and purchase of bangles, beads, 'tika', daily clothes etc. for herself has decreased. Similarly, decision making regarding medical treatment for reproductive health problems decision -making about mobility and spending one night or more outside the village ha e decreased very little However, the aggregate decision -making figures regarding buyi g medicines and seeking for treatment and mobility to fetch water and wood has increased. f The aggregate figures of Levels 4 and 3 reveal that all of the decision making indicators related to children, i.e. regarding purchase of clothes, extra milk, to% books and stationary, sending children to school and buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for children when they fell ill had increased. Likewise, data shows that there has been a decrease in decision making on all indicators for aggregate Levels 1 and 2 by 4 percent regarding children. Decision-making regarding family reveals that the aggregated figures of levels 4 and 3 of almost all decision regarding the family had increased. Decision-making concerning purchasing daily consumption goods, decision making for buyingtselling land/house and rent inlout of land, borrowingllending cash or kind of Rs. 500 and borrowingllending cash or kind of Rs. 100-500 had increased. Similarly, decision making about making handicrafts, borrowingllending in cash or kind of Rs. 100, selling vegetables and fruits and decision making concerning selling foodgrains had increased. There were no changes in the decision making about rearing livestock and regarding marriage of children. The aggregate decision making of Levels 1 and 2 reveal decreased for most of the indicators regarding the family except decision making about growing vegetables and concerning family members to work as wage laborers that had increased. There were no changes in the decision making about rearing livestock and regarding marriage of children. Decision-making regarding community development activities reveal that the aggregate figures for Levels 4 and 3 regarding decision making about involvement in social activities and attending meetings related to community activities had increased. Decision making concerning to become member of user groups and involvement in physical activities had decreased. Likewise the aggregate data of Level 2 and 1 reveal that the figures had decreased regarding involvement in social activities. The figure had increased regarding to become member of user groups, attending meetings related to community activities and involvement in physical activities. The extent of involvement in community development work reveals that there have been remarkable increaser; on the figures at all levels. Data reveal increases in the percentages concerning women as always being allowed to participate in user groups, that they always attended the meetings related to community development activities and that the committees have accepted or listened to their suggestions. The figures reveal that 14 percent of the respondents are in Level 4, 38 percent in Level 3, 34 percent in Level 2 and 14 percent in Level 1. When compared to the Baseline Survey figures, it appears that there have been a decrease of one percent in Level 4 but an increase of 8 percent in Level 3 in the Final Evaluation Survey. Likewise, there appears to be decreases of one percent in Level :2 and 6 percent in Level 1 in the Final Evaluation Survey. * Percentage of women who either increased their influence in household decision-making by at 1 least one level up based on Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey data is 7 percent. Percentage of women who sustained it at level 3 due to WEP intervention based on Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey data is 52 percent. Therefore, the total percentage of 4 women, who increased their influence in household decision-making by at least one level or sustain it at the same Level 3 due to WEP intervention is 59 percent. d The t-test results reveal that the differences in responses of men and women were significant regarding 10 of the total 35 decision-making indicators of the target women. Decision-making regarding spending one night or more outside the village, rearing livestock, making rl handicrafts, and selling livestock all at level 4, were found significant at less than 5 percent level of significance. Likewise, the responses of decision making of level 4 at 10 percent level of significance were for selling foodgrains, buying handicrafts, and family members to work r3 as wage laborers. However, decision making at level 2 were significant at 10 percent level of significance for buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for children when they fall ill, making handicrafts, and family members to work as wage laborer. It is also interesting to note d that the differences in responses of men and women were significant at less than 5 percent * only for Level 4 responses, whereas at 10 percent level of significance some decision making of level 2 were also significant. w Changes in Expenditure Patterns of Families of Targeted Women @a The percentage shares of direct well-being expenditures, indirect well-being expenditures and expenditures that are not related to well-being were 74 percent, 14 percent and 12 percent respectively using the conventional survey method. Similarly, the percentage 3 shares of direct well-being expenditures, indirect well-being expenditures and expenditures that are not related to well-being were 58 percent, 21 percent and 21 percent respectively using PRA method. * The comparison of data obtained from conventional and PRA approach reveals that some changes have occurred on proportion share of the three categories of expenditure. The i conventional survey method shows 3 percentage point more on direct well being expenditure and 2 percentage point more on indirect well-being expenditure but 5 percentage point less on expenditures that are not related to well-being than the J corresponding expenditures derived from baseline survey. Similarly, the PRA method indicates 6 percentage points less on direct well being expenditure and one percentage point less on expenditure not related to well-being but 7 percentage more on indirect pl well-being expenditure. The comparison of Final Evaluation Survey and Baseline Survey data have shown J indication of positive shift in expenditure pattern as envisaged by WEP, that is, shift in expenditure pattern from expenditure not related to well-being to directly related well￾being and indirectly related well-being expenditures from conventional survey. However, IS) in case of information obtained from PRA method, the shift is observed towards indirect well-being expenditure, which is mostly investment expenditure at the cost of direct well￾being expenditure. This finding in shift observed in the expenditure pattern although .II small is positive response in a short period of three years. d Actions Taken by Women for Social Change Data reveal that solving problems through the group was the most popular action that women undertook to arrest social problems. The figures show that women used group pressure to prohibit gambling, stop alcoholism, encourage hygiene and cleanliness, arrest domestic violence, construction and improvement if traillroad, construction of drinking water and against child marriage. Other social activities using group pressure were for plantation and afforestation, irrigation construction and improvements and temple and monastery constiuction. However, the figures also reveal that higher percentages of women were using group pressure against common social evils that did not require other support while other actions that required technical skills and resources were less popular. Data also revealed that women also acted independently by themselves regarding social activities. The most popular actions that women undertook independently were domestic violence followed by alcoholism* and gambling. Likewise, most women did nothing regarding temple construction and improvement, irrigation construction and improvement and plantation artd afforestation. Other issues about which women did very little were child marriage, drinking water and traillroad construction and improvement. isl Generally the women along with their husbands were the main decision makers concerning community issues. Seventy three percent of the respondents stated that they along with their husbands were the main decision makers regarding sending children to w school, concerning participating in the group meeting, participating in cleaning activitiesthygiene program and meeting the concerned office about community problem. The woman herself being the main decision maker follows this. Mothers-in-law and wd fathers-in-law as well as others in the community did not appear to be the main decision makers regarding community actions. Investigation on the effect of advocacy campaigns on social problems reveal that generally the respondents felt that they were partially successful, i.e., were able to instill awareness on all the issues such as domestic violence, consumption and sale of alcohol, exerting pressure for actions to related agencies, gambling and bigamy. There were a small percentage of respondents who felt that they were totally unsuccessful in the advocacy campaigns. However, very few felt they were successful or that they had managed to eradicate the problem. The respondents were asked on their preference of sequencing of RRA or Economic Enterprise after Literacy. The figures reveal that 44 percent of the respondents stated that they prefer RRA and then economic enterprise to follow literacy classes. This is followed by 40 percent that responded that they prefer economic enterprise and the RRA to follow the literacy c1ass:s. Sixteen percent of the respondents said that they had no preference. It was found that women were more active after they became participants of RRA than before. Women were found to have taken actions regarding the status of women in the family that had increased after becoming RRA participants. Likewise, there were increases concerning action about getting property after divorce, community perception of women's work and behavior, community perception of women's participation, against husband marrying a second wife, wife beating and drinking and selling alcohol. The respondents mainly reported to have contacted the VDC Chairperson or Vice Chairperson concerning community problems while few contacted the VDC Secretary, whoever was available or all VDC officials. The respondents visited the VDC office mainly to discuss about social reform, personal business or to discuss about physical construction and environment. Very few women reported other reasons for visiting the VDC office. Finally, the respondents were also found to have participated in the discussions regarding various physical activities. Discussions participated were mainly related to road construction, followed by school construction and irrigatiodcanal construction and other construction activities while few also discussed Health Post construction. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION Background: The SP3 Women Empowerment Program (WEP) Objective of the Final Evaluation Methodology of the Study Field Survey, Survey Tools and Quality Control of Data Presentation of the Report Presentation of the Report CHAPTER - I1 CHANGES IN DECISION MAKING OF TARGETED WOMEN Introduction Decision-Making for Self Needs Decision-Making for Children's Needs Decision Making for Family Needs Decision-Making for Community Activities Women's Empowerment Estimated on Selective Decision-Making Indicators Influence in Decision Making Men's Response Concerning Decision-Making of Women CHAPTER - 111 CHANGES OPJ EXPENDITURE PATTERN OF FAMILES OF TARGETED WOMEN Introduction Expenditures Changes in the Expenditure Pattern CHAPTER - IV ASSESSMENT OF ACTIONS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE INITIATED BY TARGETED WOMEN Introduction Action Taken by Women for Social Change Main Decision Makers on Community Related Actions Effect of Advocacy Campaign on Social Problems Preference of Sequencing Order of RRA and Economic Enterprises after Literacy Classes Change in Actions Before and After Becoming WEP Participants Person Contacted and Purpose of Visit to VDC by Women CHAPTER - V MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Main Findings Changes in Decision-Making of Targeted Women Changes in Expenditure Patterns of Families of Targeted Women Action Taken by Women for Social Change ANNEXES Table 1.1 : Table 2.1 : Table 2.2: Table 2.3: Chart 2.1: Chart 2.2: Chart 3.1: Chart 3.2: LIST OF TABLES Distribution of WEP Final Evaluation Sample by District 2 Weighted Average of 10 Selected Decision-Making Indicators Levels of Women in the Study Areas 9 Percentage of Targeted Women of WEP at Different Decision-Making Levels in the Baseline and Mid Term Surveys 13 Level of Significance of Decision-Making Level of Women and Perception of Men 14 LISTS OF CHARTS Percentage of Women's Decision-Making Level Reported by Women for the 10 Selected Indicators (Women's View) 1'0 Percentage of Women's Decision-Making Level Reported by Women for the 10 Selected Indicators (Men's View) 14 Proportion of Direct, Related to Well-being and Not Allowed to Well Being Expenditure Conventional Approach 19 Proportion of Direct, Related to Well-being and Not Allowed to Well Being Expenditure PRA Approach 19 LIST OF MAP Map 1. WEP Area and Sample Disricts ( Final Evluation) CHAPTER - I 14 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background : The SO3 Women Empowerment Program WEP) I* This study is the final evaluation of the USAIDMepal's empowerment of women strategic objective (S03). Empowerment of women as defined by USAIDMepal, is the process by which women 13 define, challenge and overcome barriers in their lives and ultimately changes their life circumstances. Accordingly, it has concentrated on three critical components of women's empowerment. These are: (1) increased women's literacy; (2) improved legal environment for , ~4 women, and (3) strengthened women's economic participation. The first and third components were implemented by Pact while the second component Right, Responsibility and Advocacy (RRA) component was implemented by The Asia Foundation (TAF). d The objective of increased empowerment of women is expected to result with: uul influence over household decision-making by targeted women; spending on family well-being by targeted households; and collective actions for social change initiated by targeted women. ad To enable assessment and measurement of the impact of WEP, a Baseline Survey was conducted in 1998. The purpose OF the Baseline Survey was to document the pre-program implementation 4 situation with regard to SO3 level indicators to generate benchmark information for measuring the project's impact in the future. The benchmark information was also to be helpful in improving the project iinplementation process and for monitoring purposes. More specifically, IY the study easured the following indicators: 9 Influence over household decision-making by targeted women The unit of measurement was to record the percentage of targeted women who sustain their influence at a high level or increase their influence in the household decision-making process. TO measure this change, four levels of influence or control over decision-making that could reliably be measured were identified. These were: Level 1 : No participation in household decision-making process or participation without any influence. Level 2: Pcarticipation in household decision-making process with some but less than decisive influence; and Level 3: Decisions made jointly, i.e., a 50 percent or greater influence in the household decision-making Level 4: Sole participation in household decision-making process or participation with total influence. 9 Spending on family well-being by targeted households The unit of measurement was the proportion of household spending on well-being by targeted households. The proportion of household expenditure in the various well-being categories at the start of the program w,as determined. The well-being categories include among many other bd expenditures, expenses on children's school fees, books and uniforms, medicines, soaps and detergents, doctor's fees and food. IJ 9 Collective actions for social change initiated by targeted women The unit of measurement was the number of people affected positively or negatively by collective u.l actions. These collective actions may be on several type of issues such as (i) protests against drunken behaviour, gambling, wife beating, caste discrimination; or (ii) child health, family planning, clean water; or (iii) construction of roads, schools, toilets, community centre, irrigation ir$ canal etc. 9 Assess additional profit earned by targeted women llliil The unit of measurement was in monetary terms. The profit made by investing on an enterprise by uyl the targeted women was measured. 1.2 Objective of the Piha1 Evaluation The objectives of the Final Evaluation are to assess and measure the situation after program implementation of WEE' with regard to SO3 level indicators and to generate information on the program's impact. The survey assesses the changes in decision-making of women, expenditure pattern of the family and awareness of right, responsibility and advocacy of the targeted women. 1.3 Methodology of the Study Approach The approach of this study was to use the same methodology and collect similar information as far as possible from the same target women interviewed for the Baseline Survey to accomplish the envisaged objectives stipulated in the TOR. The sample size and sampling techniques were based on the Baseline !Survey. The Final Evaluation was conducted in five of the six districts where the Baseline Survey was conducted, i.e. Sunsari, Bara, Nawalparasi, Surkhet, Banke and Kailali Districts. Since the Maoist movementhad escalated in Surkhet district it was dropped in this final evaluation study because of security reasons (Map 1). Table 1.1 reveals the numbers of women interviewed during the Final Evaluation. The total numbers of women interviewed were 776. Of the total respondents of the Final Evaluation 31% were respondents of the Baseline Survey. The reason for new respondents in the Final Evaluation was mainly because when the Baseline Survey was undertaken the NGOs had not yet signed up to be WEP partners. Someof the NGOs and their groups left WEP and new NGOs joined WEP after the baseline Survey. Moreover, some areas covered in the Baseline Survey had to be subslituted by new areas due to Maoist insurgency problems since some women interviewed beyore were not available during the Final Evaluation Study. However, the selection procedures and sample size is representative. Table 1.1: Distribution of WEP Final Evaluation Sample by District 1.4 Field Survey, S~lrvey Tools and Quality Control of Data Data Collection Tools Information was collected using household level, individual targeted women level questions in a structured, and pre-coded questionnaire as used in the Baseline Survey. The individual questions were designed to collect information about decision-making levels of targeted women from their own views. Men's perceptions of women's decision-making were also compiled. The household level questions also collected proportion of direct well-being, indirect well-being and not related to well-being expenditures of the family. Questions on RRA were developed and agreed upon with TAF staff and incorporated in the questionnaire. Training and Pre-Test o~f Questionnaire Orientation and intensive training was conducted for two days for all members of the survey team at Samanata, Institute for Social and Gender Equality. Since there were some new researchers recruited to undertake the field work the questionnaires were discussed thoroughly and some mock interviews were conducted during the training. The pre-test was conducted in Chapagaon VDC of Lalitpur district on 8, June2001. The main purpose of,the pre-test was to provide field training especially to the new survey team members. Each member interviewed at least one woman member of the Production Credit for Rural Women (PCRW) Program implemented by Women Development Division (PIDD). Survey Team Formation Five teams consisting of tbur persons in each team were formed to collect information for the find evaluation. Each team consisting of one supervisor and three research assistants covered one district. There were two female and three male supervisors. Each female supervisor led one group consisting of one female and two male research assistants. Similarly, each male supervisor led one male research assistant and two female research assistants. In all there were 10 female and 10 male research staff. Such gentler balance in team formation proved very useful in collecting information and arranging logistics in the field. Field Supervision The core team member undertook the field spot check. The field spot check was carried out in all sample districts and a sample of completed questionnaire was checked and necessary guidance was provided during that time. The supervision team assisted the field survey team members to select new respondents and new groups in some cases where previous respondents were not available. The previous sample women of Khailad VDC of Kailai District and Kachanapur VDC of Banke District had to be replaced by other sample women due to Maoist insurgency problems. The staff of Pact working in the regional and district offices assisted the supervision team to identify new VDCs and sample women. During the data gathering period, kequent contacts were made with all survey teams to check on the progress of data collection. Data Processing and Editing The editing of data was conducted at several stages of the study. The research assistants were asked to edit the questionnaires every evening in the field. They were also instructed to exchange questionnaires and cross check to make sure information collected by different team members was consistent. The supervisors were asked to edit all the questionnaires in the field. Data were analyzed by means of cross-tabulation, calculating averages within each cell and statistical tests were carried out to examine relationships among important variables using the SPSS statistical package. , 1.5 Limitations of the Study The Terms of Reference for this study has stated the primary purpose of this survey is to document and assess the changes with regard to SO-3 level indicators. These are as follows: 1. . . Influence over household decision-making by targeted women. 11. Targeted households spending on family well-being iii. Assess Campaign and activities of RR&A The final evaluation survey was conducted during paddy planting season during which respondents were not mentally prepared to spare time for interviews and some interviews had to be conducted in the field. Because of VJEP terminating and support from facilitator/empowerment worker already stopped in some places, beneficiaries women were relatively unhappy. The data collected on some indicators were based on the memory of the Respondents. Therefore, some non-sampling errors may be expected due to reasons mentioned above. 1.6 Presentation of tihe Report This report presents the findings of the final evaluation. Chapter I1 presents the findings on changes in the decision-making of targeted women as well as the perceptions of men concerning decision￾making of women. This is followed by Chapter III that presents the changes in the expenditure pattern of 'families of targeted women. Finally, Chapter IV presents the RRA findings, which is followed by Chapter V that presents the main findings. Background information of the targeted women is presented in Annex 111. 91) CHAPTER - 11 W CHANGES IN DECISION-MAKING OF TARGETED WOMEN w 2.1 Introduction This chapter presents the changes in influence in decision-making of targeted women of WEP. ui Changes in influence in decision-making for the ten most important indicators are analyzed and changes in the perceptions of men on decision-making of women are also presented. Y The Final Evaluation Survey generated data on influence in the decision-making that was measured at four levels just as in the Baseline Survey. The assessment of different levels of decision-making was undertaken to test the hypothesis that after the women respondents benefit a from the three interventions of WEP, their levels of decision-making is expected to increase to higher levels than the levels reported during the Baseline Survey or remaining the same. d In order to assess different decision-making levels (Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 and Level 4), the indicators were identified. for four different categories related to self (related to the women herself), children, family and community (refer Annex 11). Decision-making levels were filled 4 out separately by womern and men to capture the perceptions of women and men that may or may not be the same. uii The following presentation on decision making has been done by aggregating Levels 4 and 3 since they are decisions that are canied out and hence considered as effective. Levels 2 and 1 have been also aggregated since they represent decisions that are not carried out and hence are d considered ineffective. 2.2 Decision-Making for Self Needs The figures in Table 2.1 (Annex V) reveal that although all the figures for Level4 have decreased by few points, the figures for Level 3 have increased for all decision making concerning the woman herself. The increase in the figures for Level 3 is primarily because of the decrease in Level 4 and Level 2. The sum of Level 4 and Level3 reveal that the decision making for attending literacy classe:; and determining the number of children to have had increased by 4 percent. Similarly, decision making regarding purchase of bangles, 'tikas', daily clothes etc. for herself and buying medicines and seeking for medical treatment for headaches, stomach upsets, fever, colds, cough etc, had increased by 3 percent each. Decision making about medical treatment related to reproductive health and mobility to spend one night or more outside the village had increased by one percent. Surprisingly, decision making about mobility to fetch water and wood had decreased by 3 percent while decision making regarding mobility within the village to go to the health post and market and mobility to go outside the village but returning the same day had decreased by one point each. The aggregate decision making levels for Level 1 and 2 indicate positive changes in decision making, i.e. decrease in percentage of decision making levels ! and 2. The decrease in decision making for Levels 1 and 2 indicate increases in decision making for Level 3. The aggregate figures of Level 1 and 2 reveal that there has been a significant decrease by 10 percent in decision making regarding determining the number of children to have. Similarly, the aggregate figures on decision making regarding attending literacy classes have decreased by 5 percent, mobility within the same village to go to health post or market has decreased by 4 percent while w* decision making regarding purchase of bangles, beads, 'tika', daily clothes etc. for herself has decreased by 3 percent. Similarly, decision making regarding medical treatment for reproductive ..) health problems and decision making about mobility and spending one night or more outside the village have decreased by one percent. However, the aggregate decision making figures regarding buying medicines and seeking for treatment has increased by 5 percent and the u) decision regarding mobility to fetch water and wood has increased by 3 percent. 2.3 Decision-Making for Children's Needs wl Data in Table 2.2 (Annex V) presents data on decision-making regarding children. The aggregate figures of Levels 4 and 3 reveal that the decision making for all indicators had increased. 3 Decision making regarding purchase of clothes, extra milk, toys, books and stationary had increased by 4 percent. This is followed by an increase of 3 percent on decision making about sending children to scliool while there was an increase by one percent on decision making 3 concerning buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for children when they fell ill. The aggregate decision making for Levels 1 and 2 have decreased for all indicators, i.e. possibly 3 increase in Level 3. The data shows that there has been a decrease in decision making figures for aggregate Levels 1 and 2 by 4 percent regarding purchase of clothes, extra food, milk, books and stationary. Likewise the figures have decreased by 3 percent concerning sending children to d school and by one percent about buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for children when they fell ill. 3 2.4 Decision-Making for Family Needs d Decision-making for family needs are presented in Table 2.3 (Annex V). Data reveals that the aggregated figures of almost all decision regarding the family had increased for Levels 4 and 3. Decision making concerning purchasing daily consumption goods increased by 36 percent. The J aggregate increases regarding decision making for buyinglselling landhouse and rent idout of land was 19 percent, borrowingllending cash or kind of Rs. 500 was 18 percent and borrowingllending cash or kind of Rs. 100-500 was 14 percent. Similarly, decision making about d making handicrafts and borrowing/lending in cash or kind of Rs. 100 both had increased by 10 percent while decision making about selling vegetables and fruits had increased by 8 percent and decision making concerning selling foodgrains had increased by 5 percent. There were no d changes in the decision making about rearing livestock and regarding marriage of children. The aggregate decision making of Levels 1 and 2 reveal decreases for most of the indicators ml regarding the family. This is positive since decrease in decision making for Levels 1 and 2 actually mean that there were increases to Level 3. Data reveals that there were decreases in decision making by 25 percent regarding purchasing daily consumption goods. The aggregate d decreases regarding decision making for buyingiselling landhouse and rent inlout of land was 19 percent, borrowingllending cash or kind of Rs. 500 was 18 percent and borrowingllending cash or kind of Rs. 100-500 was 14 percent. Decision making regarding borrowingllending in cash or a kind up to Rs. lOOand making handicrafts had decreased by 10 percent while decision making about selling vegetables and fruits had decreased by 8 percent and selling foodgrains had decreased by 5 percent. On the other hand, decision making about growing vegetables and d concerning family members to work as wage labourers had increased by 15 percent respectively. There were no changes in the decision making about rearing livestock and regarding marriage of children. d 2.5 Decision-Making for Community Activities Decision-making regarding community development activities are presented in Table 2.4 (Annex V). The figures in the table reveal that the aggregate figures for Levels 4 and 3 regarding decision making involvement in social activities had increase by 8 percent while decision making about attending meetings related to community activities had increased by 7 percent. Decision making concerning to become member of user groups had decreased by 9 percent and involvement in physical activities had decreased by 7 percent. Likewise the aggregate data of Level 2 and 1 reveal that the figures had decreased for only one indicator, i.e. involvement in social activities that had decreased by 8 percent. The figure had increased by 12 percent regarding to become member of user groups. This is followed by an increase by 8 percent regarding attending meetings related to community activities and an increase by 7 percent concerning decision making about involvement in physical activities. The respondents were also asked on their extent of involvement in community development work. The figures in Table 2.5 (Annex V) reveal that there have been remarkable increases on the figures at all levels. Thirty four percent of the women responded as always being allowed to participate in user groupswhich is an increase by 23 percent compared to the Baseline Survey results. Likewise, 20 percent of the women reported that they always attended the meetings related to community development activities which is an increase by 4 percent while 7 percent of the women reported thal. the committees have accepted or listened to their suggestions which is an increase by 4 percent. The figures also show that 33 percent of the women felt that they were often allowed to participate in user groups which is an increaseby 15 percent. Like wise 25 percent women stated that they attended meetings related to community activities which is an increase by 7 percent while 19 percent reported that the committees have accepted or listened to their suggestions which is an increase by 8 percent. 2.6 Women's Empowerment Estimated on Selective Decision-Making Indicators In order to assess empowerment of women ten indicators, which indicates "power" of women were selected in the Baseline Survey and the weighted average of the selected ten decision￾making indicators were calculated. Table 2.1 below presents the weighted average of the ten different levels of decision-making of women in the Final Evaluation Survey compared with the Baseline Survey figures. The figures reveal that 14 percent of the respondents are in Level 4, 38 percent in Level 3,34 percent in Level 2 and 14 percent in Level 1. When compared to the Baseline Survey figures, it appears that there have been a decrease of one percentage point in Level 4 and an increase of 8 percentage point in Level 3 in the Final Evaluation Survey. Likewise, there appears to be decreases of one percentage point in Level 2 and 6 percentage point in Level 1 in the Final Evaluation Survey. Table 2.1: Weighted Average of 10 Selected Decision-Making Indicators Levels of Women in the Study Areas Bar-charts of the ten selected decision-making indicators as reported by women in Baseline and Final Evaluation are presented in Chart 2.1 below. Indicators 1. Treatment for reproductive health 2. Number of children to have 3. Mobility outside the village and Chart 2.1: Percentage of Women's Decision Making Level Reported by Women for the 10 Selected Indicators (Women's View) I 1 Treatment for Reproductive Health j I I 1 % 3 5 6 j iZl Final Evaluation / 1 Level I Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 I % 22 33 51 % 6 1 55 3 6 % 13 7 7 % 100 100 100 No. 746 656 742 Determinincl the Number of Children to have ! 1 H Final Evaluation ~ : H Baseline Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 - Mobility and Spendincl one niqht or more Outside the Villaqe Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Sending Children to School " Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 /El Final Evaluation / Baseline Level I Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 BorrowinglLending in Cash or Kind above Rs. 500 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 / IBI Final Evaluation ~ I Baseline , II Renardinn BuvindSellinn of LandlHouse and Rent in /Rent out of Land El Final Evaluation Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Reqardinq Marriaqe of Children W Final Evaluation itti Baseline Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Involvement on Phvsical Activities 7 I El Baseline " Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 -- Involvement on Social Activities Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 ed 2.7 Influence in Decision Making The achievement of WEP is measured by the percentage of women who either increase their *3 influence in household tiecision-making by at least one level, or sustain it at Level 3 due to WEP intervention. Id SO3 has defined targeted women's influence in household decision-making at three levels but the Baseline and Final Evaluation Survey have defined decision-making at four levels. The first two levels are the same for S03, Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey. However, Level r3 3 of SO3 was divided into Level 3 and Level 4 in the Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey. Accordingly, Level 3 and Level 4 of Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey are *1 combined to make Level 3 as defined by SO3 and presented in Table 2.2 below: Table 2.2. Percentage of Targeted Women of WEP at Different Decision-Making Levels in ri the Baseline and Midterm Surveys The following calculations show percentage of women who increased decision-making levels by at least one level or sustained at Level 3. These figures have been calculated using weighted average data of the percentages of women at three different levels as defined by SO3 obtained for the selected 10 important decision-making indicators identified in the Baseline Survey: (1) Percentage of women who either increase their influence in household decision-making by at least one level up based on Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey data = 6 (Xb-Xm) from level 1 + 1 (Yb-Ym) from level 2 = 7 percent. (2) Percentage of women who sustain it at level 3 due to WEP intervention based on Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey data = 52 percent (minimum of Zb and Zm). Therefore, the total percentage of women who increased their influence in household decision￾making by at least one level or sustain it at the same level 3 due to WEP intervention = (7+52)% = 59 percent. 2.8 Men's Responses Concerning Decision-Making of Women Decision-making of women from men's perspective was also recorded in the Final Evaluation Study. Comparisons of the figures of the men's perceptions during the Baseline Swey and the Final Evaluation Study concerning decisions regarding the woman herself do not show major differences. Tables 2.... (Annex V) presents indicators and significance levels (Annex nI) illustrating statistically significant differences in decision-making levels of target women perceived by themselves and their male counterpart on each issue using the Student t- test. The t-test results presented in Table 2.3 below reveal that the differences in responses of men and women were significant regarding 10 of the total 35 decision-making indicators of the target women. Decision making regarding spending one night or more outside the village, rearing livestock, making handicrafts, and selling livestock all at level 4, were found significant at less than 5 percent level of significance. Likewise, the responses of decision making of level 4 at 10 percent level of significance were for selling foodgrains, buying handicrafts, and family members to work as wage laborers. However, decision making at level 2 were significant at 10 percent level of significance for buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for children when they fall ill, making handicrafts, and family members to work as wage laborer. It is also interesting to note that the differences in responses of men and women were significant at less than 5 percent only for Level 4 responses, whereas at 10 percent level of significance some decision making of level 2 were also significant. Table 2.3: Levels of Silgnificance of Decision -Making Level of Women and Perception of Men 9. Concerning family members to work as wage laborer4 2 1 0.06 / ** 10. Concerning family members to work as wage laborel 4 1 0.07 1 * * Level 4 2 4 ** significant at 10 percent level * significant at 5 percent level Bar-charts regarding women's decision-making reported by men for the 10 selected indicators are presented in Chart 2.2. Data reveals that except for decision-making concerning marriage of children and involvement in collective social activities all of the remaining 8 indicators were significant at Level 4. Significance Level Chart 2.2: Percentage of Women's Decision Making Level Reported by for the 10 Selected Indicators (Men's View) 0.04 0.07 0.01 I Treatment for Reproductive Health i * * * * 1 Baseline I 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 14 Determining the Number of Children to Have I i i H Baseline I I I Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 I I !debility and Spendidng one Night or More Outside the Village Fa1 Evaluation i I IW Baseline 1 ; Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Sending Children to School 701 1 1 1 Fil ~inal Evaluation / ~ I Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Selling Foodgrains 1 Eigi Baseline i Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 BorrowinglLending in Cash or Kind above Rs. 500 " Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 w.1 1 Fnal Evaluat~on I I I B(1 Baseline Regarding BuyinglSelling of LandlHouse and Rent inlRent out of Land i Ei Final Evaluation . . B(1 Baseline I Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Regarding Marriage of Children Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Involvement on Physical Activities 7 ' Fina. Eval~ation / k?4 Baseline 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Involvement on Social Activities Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 CHAPTER - I11 CHANGES ON EXPENDITURE PATTERN OF FAMILIES OF TARGETED WOMEN This chapter presents the expenditure pattern of families of targeted women. SO3 hypothesizes that a woman's empowerment as reflected in her increased influence on decision-making in the household will lead to a change over time in the spending pattern of that household favoring children's education, health and nutrition and the general productivity of the family. Indicators measure the actual household resource allocation. The information on expenditures was filled out with the participation of targeted women and men together. The purpose of gathe~ing household expenditure for this Final Evaluation Survey was to determine the relative change in the share of each of direct well-being expenditure, indirect well￾being expenditure and expenditure not related to well-being to total expenditure from the time of the Baseline Survey. Just as in the Baseline Survey two approaches were used again to collect information on expenditure. The first approach was the conventional method of asking respondentsto recall expenditure on each of the above stated expenditure types for the past year which was then calculated. The second approach was using a PRA tool that facilitated respondents to identify proportions of their expenditure on the three categories ofwell-being. The researchers first explained to the respondents the three different categories of expenditures, i.e. direct well-being expenditure, indirect well-being expenditure and expenditure not related to well-being. The respondents were given 20 small pebbles, handful of maize or paddy etc. to represent as their total expenditures. They were asked to allocate the pebbles, maize or paddy into the three areas of a big circle (Pie diagram) to represent proportion of expenditure for each well-being categories. Estimation was then made based on the allocation. 3.2 Expenditures Expenditures made by the family are disaggregated as direct well-being expenditures (i.e. food, clothing, education, health etc) indirect well-being expenditures (i.e. ornaments, saving, investment etc) and expenditures that are not related well-being (festivals, cigarettes, alcohol, rituals etc). The detail description of each of the expenditure categories are presented in Annex .. 3.3 Changes in the Expenditure Pattern Chart 3.1 compare proportion shares of household expenditure of target women based on information collected using conventional survey approach during Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey. The comparison reveals that some changes have occurred on proportion share of the three types of expenditure. The Final Evaluation Survey indicates 3 percentage points more on share of direct welfare expenditure (74%) to total expenditure than the same obtained from Baseline Survey (71%) and 2 percentage points more on indirect well-being expenditure in Final Evaluation Survey (14%) than that of Baseline Survey (12%) resulting with 5% decrease on expenditure not related to well-being from Baseline survey (17%) to Final Evaluation Survey (12%). Thus, it shows that there have been shifts in expenditure pattem from expenditure not related to well-being and indirectly related well-being expenditure to direct well￾being expenditure. Chart 3.1: Proportion of Direct, Related to Well Beincl and Not Allowed to Well Beincl ExpenditureKonventional Approach) Direct Well Being Expenditures related tdxpenditures that are Exper~ditures well being not allowed to well being - - - - J Information collected using the PRA approach (Chart 3.2) reveals that the PRA method indicates 6 percentage points less on direct well being expenditure and one percentage point less IW on expenditure not related to well-being but 7 percentage more on indirect well-being expenditure in Final Evaluation Survey than obtained during Baseline Survey. This approach shows indication of relatively larger (6%) shift from direct well-being expenditure to indirect u# well-being expenditure and one percent shift from expenditure not related to welfare to indirect welfare expenditure. Chart 3.2: Proportion of Direct, Related to Well Being and Not Allowed to Well Being Expenditure ( PRA Approach) Direct Well king Expenditures related to Well Expenditures that are not Expenditures Being related lo Well Being iO Final , ; 1 ~aseline I i 9 The high proportion of expenditure on food items especially on staple food is an indication of poor economic status. Similarly, the low percentage of expenditure on health, vegetables and fruits, education indicate lack of awareness of importance of good nutrition and health status. rd The implementation of WEP program such as literacy program, micro-enterprise development and legal rights, responsibility and advocacy programs are expected to raise awareness, income and empowerment level of the women participants. The increase in awareness, income and d empowerment level of women is expected to increase well-being of family with the increase in la the expenditure on health, nutrition and education. The comparison of Final Evaluation and Baseline Survey expenditure data obtained from conventional survey have shown indication of ma positive shift in expenditure pattern as envisaged by WEP. However, the information collected from PRA approach indicates more shifts to indirect well-being expenditure, which is investment for well-being in future. b!d CHAPTER - IV I* ASSESSMENT OF ACTIONS FOR SOCIAL CH~NGE INITLATED BY TARGETED WOMEN U 4.1 Introduction &i The Final Evaluation Survey also measured the actions for social change initiated by targeted women. The findings have been measured to assess the impact of rights, responsibilities and advocacy activities J 4.2 Actions Taken by Women for Social Change Women undertook various actions to solve social and community problems. Data in Table 4.1 (Annex VI) reveal that solving problems through the grouplwith group support was the most popular action that women undertook to arrest social problems. The figures reveal that as high as 71 percent of the women used group pressure to prohibit gambling which is followed by 67 percent of women using group pressure to stop alcoholism and encourage hygiene and cleanliness. Similarly, the figures reveal that group pressure was used by 52 percent for domestic violence followed by 51 percent for traiWroad cor~struction and improvement, 47 percent for drinking water and 40 percent against child marriage. Other social activities using group pressure were 36 percent for plantation and afforestation, 30 percent for irrigation construction and improvements and 24 percent of the women for temple and rnonastery construction. These figures also reveal that women were using group pressure more commonly against social evils that they faced daily and did not require other support whereas actions that required technical skills and resources were less popular. Data in Table 4.1 also reveal that women also acted independently by themselves regarding social activities. The most popular action was domestic violence (32%) which is followed by alcoholism (16%) and gambling (13%). Likewise, the percentage of women reporting no participation regarding temple construction and improvement was 59 percent followed by irrigation construction and improvement (57%), plantation and afforestation (51%). Other issues about which women did nothing were child marriage (45%), drinking water (42%) and traiWroad construction and improvement (37%). The figures for other issues about which the women did nothing were fairly low. 4.3 Main Decision Makers on Community related Actions d Table 4.2 (Annex VI) reveals that generally the women along with their husbands were the main decision makers concerning community issues. Seventy three percent of the respondents stated that they along with their husbands were the main decision makers regarding sending children to 3 school. Such joint decision making were undertaken by 51 percent each concerning participating in the group meeting, participating in cleaning activitieshygiene program and meeting the d concerned office about community problems. The woman herself being the main decision maker follows this. Forty three percent of the respondents said that they themselves undertook decision to participate in group meetings which is followed by 41 percent making decisions to participate d in cleaningihygiene program, 23 percent in sending children to school and 21 percent in meeting with concerned office about community problem. Mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law as well as others in the community did not appear to be the main decision makers regarding community actions except where 25 percent responded that others made decisions regarding meeting with concerned office about c:ommunity action. 4.4 Effect of Advocacy Campaigns on Social Problems Investigation on the effect of advocacy campaigns on social problems reveal that generally the respondents felt that they were partially successful, i.e., instilled awareness on all the issues such as domestic violence (86%), consumption and sale of alcohol (81%), exerting pressure for actions to related agencies (79%), gambling (77%) and bigamy (73%). There was by a small percentage of respondents who felt that they were totally unsuccessful in the advocacy campaigns. However, very few felt they were successful or that they had managed to eradicate the problem. 4.5 Preference of Sequencing Order of RRA and Economic Enterprise after Literacy Classes The respondents were asked on their preference of sequencing of RRA or Economic Enterprise Program after Literacy. The figures in Table 4.4 (Annex VI) reveal that 44 percent of the respondents stated that they prefer RRA and then economic enterprise to follow literacy classes. This is followed by 40 percent that responded that they prefer economic enterprise and the RRA to follow the literacy classes. Sixteen percent of the respondents said that they were indifferent to either of the sequence. 4.6 Change in Actions Before and After Becoming WEP Participants The respondents were asked to assess how they acted before and after they became participants of RRA (Table 4.5 in Amex VI). It was found that women were more active after they became participants of RRA than before. Women were found to have taken actions regarding the status of women in the family that had increased by 71 percentage points after becoming RRA participants. Likewise, there were increases by 62 percentage points concerning action about getting property after divorce, 60 percentage points increases each about community perception of women's work and behavior and community perception of women's participation. This is followed by 57 percent of the women reporting to have increase actions against husband marrying a second wife after RRA, 30 percentage point increases in action regarding wife beating and 20 percentage point increase concerning drinking and selling alcohol. The data regarckg non-action because of lack of awareness had all decreased after RRA than before RRA. Figures reveal that non-action because of lack of awareness regarding community perception of women's work and behavior had decreased by 31 percentage points, community perception of women's participation and getting property after divorce had decreased by 30 percentage points each, women's status in the family had decreased by 28 percentage points, husband marrying a second wife by 25 percentage points, wife beating by15 percentage points and drink and sale of alcohol by 5 percentage points. Decreases in non-action after RRA was also evident except for one indicator. Non-action regarding only drink and sale of alcohol had increased by 13 percentage points. Non-action about women's status in the family had decreased by 44 percentage points, getting property after divorce by 34 percenfage points, community perception of won~en's participation by 31 percentage points, community perception of women' work and behavior by 29 percentage points, husband marrying a second wife and drink and sale of alcohol by 28 percentage points each and beating of wife by 15 percentage points. 4.7 Person Contacted and Purpose of Visit to VDC by Women Table 3.6.1 (Annex VI) reveal that seventy-six percent of the respondents reported to have contacted the VDC Chairperson or Vice Chairperson concerning community problems. Twelve percent contacted the VDC Secretary while 8 percent contacted whoever was available and 5 percent contacted all VDC officials. Similarly, Table 3.6.2 shows that 40 percent of the respondents visited the VDC office to discuss about social reform, 39 percent on personnel business, 17 percent to discuss about physical construction and environment and 5 percent reported other reasons for visiting the VDC office. Finally, the respondents were also found to have participated in the discussions regarding various physical activities. Table 3.6.3 reveals that 39 percent of the respondents had participated in discussions related to road construction, 18 percent each had discussed concerning school construction and irrigai.ion/canal construction, 17 percent had discussed other construction activities while 8 percent had discussed health post construction. CHAPTER - V IMAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS This chapter presents the main findings of the Final Evaluation Survey compared with the ry Baseline Survey data. 5. Main Pindings iJ 5.1 Changes in Decision-Making of Targeted Women Although all the figures regarding decision making for Level 4 have decreased by few points, the figures for Level 3 have increased for all decision making concerning the woman herself. The increase in the :figures for Level 3 is primarily because of the decrease in Level 4 and. Level 2. The sum of Level 4 and Level3 reveals that. the decision making for attending literacy classes and determining the number of children to have had increased. Similarly, decision making regarding purchase of bangles, 'tikas', daily clothes etc. for herself and buying medicines and seeking for medical treatment for headaches, stomach upsets, fever, colds, cough etc. and medical treatment related to reproductive health and mobility to spend one night or more outside the village had increased. Surprisingly, decision making about mobility to fetch water and wood had decreased slightly while decision-making regarding mobility within the village to go to the health post and market and mobility to go outside the village but returning the same day had also decreased minimally. The aggregate decision making levels :for Level 1 and 2 indicate ineffective decision-making. The aggregate figures of Level 1 and 2,reveal that there has been a significant decreases in decision making regarding determining the number of children to have, attending literacy classes, mobility within the same village to go to health post or market and purchase of bangles, beads, 'tika', daily clothes etc. for herself has decreased. Similarly, decision making regarding medical treatment for reproductive health problems and decision making about mobility and spending one night or more outside the village have decreased very little. However, the aggregate decision-making figures regarding buying medicines and seeking for treatment and mobility to fetch water and wood has increased. The aggregate figures of Levels 4 and 3 reveal that all of the decision making indicators sl related to children, is. regarding purchase of clothes, extra milk, toys, books and stationary, sending children to school and buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for children when they fell ill had increased. Likewise, data shows that there has been a decrease in d decision making on all indicators for aggregate Levels 1 and 2 by 4 percent regarding children. d Decision-making regarding family reveals that the aggregated figures of almost all decision regarding the - - family had increased for Levels 4 and 3. Decision making concerning - - purchasing daily consumption goods, decision making for buying/selling landhouse and rent J inlout of land, borrowjng/lending cash or kind of Rs. 500 and borrowing/lending cash or kind of Rs. 100-500 had %creased. Similarly, decision making about making handicrafts, borrowingflending in cash or kind of Rs. 100, selling vegetables and fruits and decision 4 making concerning selling foodgrains had increased. There were no changes in the decision making about rearing livestock and regarding marriage of children. The aggregate decision 1 making of Levels 1 and 2 reveal decreased for most of the indicators regarding the family except decision making about growing vegetables and concerning family members to work as wage labourers that had increased. There were no changes in the decision making about rearing livestock and regarding marriage of children. Decision-making regarding community development activities reveal that the aggregate figures for Levels 4 and 3 regarding decision making about involvement in social activities and attending meetings related to community activities had increased. Decision making concerning to become member of user groups and involvement in physical activities had decreased. Likewise the aggregate data of Level 2 and 1 reveal that the figures had decreased regarding involvement in social activities. The figure had increased regarding to become member of user groups, attending meetings related to community activities and involvement in physical activities. The extent of involvement in community development work reveals that there have been remarkable increases on the figures at all leveIs. Data reveals increases concerning women as always being allowed to participate in user groups, that they always attended the meetings related to community development activities and reported that the committees have accepted or listened to their suggestions. The figures reveal that 14 percent of the respondents are in Level 4, 38 percent in Level 3,34 percent in Level2 and 14 percent in Level 1. When compared to the Baseline Survey figures, it appears that there have been a decrease of one percent in Level 4 but an increase of 8 percent in Level 3 in the Final Evaluation Survey. Likewise, there appears to be decreases of one percent in Level 2 and 6 percent in Level 1 in the Final Evaluation Survey. Percentage of women who either increased their influence in household decision-making by at least one level up based on Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey data is 7 percent. Percentage of women who sustained it at level 3 due to WEP intervention based on Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation Survey data is 52 percent. Therefore, the total percentage of women who increased their influence in household decision-making by at least one level or sustain it at the same Level 3 due to WEP intervention is 59 percent. The t-test results reveal that the differences in responses of men and women were significant regarding 10 of the total 35 decision-making indicators of the target women. Decision-making regarding spending one night or more outside the village, rearing livestock, making handicrafts, and selling livestock all at level 4, were found significant at less than 5 percent level of significance. Likewise, the responses of decision making of level 4 at 10 percent level of significance were for selling foodgrains, buying handicrafts, and family members to work as wage laborers. However, decision making at level 2 were significant at 10 percent level of significance for buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for children when they fall ill, makiig handicrafts, and family members to iYork as wage laborer. It is also interesting to note that the differences in responses of men and women were significant at less than 5 percent only for Level 4 responses, whereas at 10 percent level of significance some decision making of level 2 were also significant. 5.2 Changes in Expenditure Patterns of Families of Targeted Women The percentage shares of direct well-being expenditures, indirect well-being expenditures and expenditures that are not related to well-being were 74 percent, 14 percent and 12 percent respectively using the conventional survey method. Similarly, the percentage shares 3 of direct well-being expenditures, indirect well-being expenditures and expenditures that are not related to well-being were 58 percent, 21 percent and 21 percent respectively using PRA method. d The comparison of data obtained from conventional and PRA approach reveals Lhat some changes have occurred on proportion share of the three categories of expenditure. The lid conventional survey method shows 3 percentage point more on direct well being expenditure and 2 percentage point more on indirect well-being expenditure but 5 percentage point lesson expenditures that are not related to well-being than the corresponding expenditures derived a9 from baseline survey. Similarly, the PRA method indicates 6 percentage points less on direct well being expenditure and one percentage point less on expenditure not related to well-being i*1 but 7 percentage more on indirect well-being expenditure. The comparison of Final Evaluation Survey and Baseline Survey data have shown indication %d of positive shift in expenditure pattern as envisaged by WEP, that is, shift in expenditure pattern from expenditure not related to well-being to directly related well-being and indirectly related well-being expenditures from conventional survey. However, in case of 3 information obtained from PRA method, the shift is observed towards indirect well-being expenditure, which is mostly an investment expenditure at the cost of direct well-being expenditure. This finding in shift observed in the expenditure pattern although small is Y* positive response in a short period of three years. 5.3 Actions Taken by Women for Social Change rrl Data reveal that solving problems through the group was the most popular action that women undertook to arrest social problems. The figures show that women used group pressure to 4 prohibit gambling, stop alcoholism, encourage hygiene and cleanliness, arrest domestic violence, trailiroad construction and improvement, drinking water and against child marriage. Other social activities using group pressure were for plantation and afforestation, irrigation d construction and improvements and temple and monastery construction. However, the figures also reveal that higher percentages of women were using group pressure against common social evils that did not require other support while other actions that required technical skills a and resources were less popular. Data also revealed that women acted independently by themselves regarding social activities. d The most pop~llar actions were against domestic violence followed by alcohol~sm and gambling. Likewise, most women did nothing independently regarding temple construction and improvement, irrigation construction and improvement and plantation and afforestation. 4 Other issues about which women did very little were child marriage, drinking water and trailiroad construction and improvement. td Generally, the women along with their husbands were the main decision makers concerning community issues. Seventy three percent of the respondents stated that they along with their erl husbands were the main decision makers regarding sending children to school, concerning participating in the group meeting, participating in cleaning activitieslhygiene program and meeting the concerned office about community problem. The woman herself being the maln decision maker follows this. Mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law as well as others in the *II community did not appear to be the main decision makers regarding community actions. t* Investigation on the effect of advocacy campaigns on social problems reveal that generally the respondents felt that they were partially successful, i.e., instilled awareness on all the si issues such as domestic violence, consumption and sale of alcohol exerting pressure for actions to related agencies, gambling and bigamy. This was followed by a small percentage of respondents who felt that they were totally unsuccessful in the advocacy campaigns. d However, very few felt they were successful or that they had managed to eradicate the problem. *II The respondents were asked on their preference of sequencing of RRA or Economic Enterprise after Literacy. The figures reveal that 44 percent of the respondents stated that they prefer RRA and then economic enterprise to follow literacy classes. This is followed by * 40 percent that responded that they prefer economic enterprise and the RRA to follow the literacy classes. Sixteen percent of the respondents said that they had no preference. d It was found that women were more active after they became participants of RRA than before. Women were found to have taken action regarding the status of women in the family that had increased after becoming RRA participants. Likewise, there were increases p.: concerning action about getting property after divorce, community perception of women's work and behavior, community perception of women's participation, against husband marrying a second wife, wife beating and drinking and selling alcohol. rl The respondents mainly reported to have contacted the VDC Chairperson or Vice Chairperson concerning community problems while few contacted the VDC Secretary, ru whoever was available or all VDC officials. The respondents visited the VDC office mainly to discuss about social reform, personnel business or to discuss about physical construction and environment. Very few women reported other reasons for visiting the VDC office. 3 Finally, the respondents were also found to have participated in the discussions regarding various physical activities. Discussions participated were mainly related to road construction, 3 followed by school construction and imgationlcanal construction and other construction activities while few also discussed Health Post construction. w ANNEXES Annex I SAMPLE DESIGN OF THE FINAL EVALUATION SURVEY The same methodology and approach used in the Baseline Survey conducted in December 1998 was used in this study to accomplish the envisaged objectives by following broad guidelines provided in 'TOR. The purpose of the Baseline Survey was to document the pre￾program implementation situation with regard to SO3 level indicators to generate benchmark information for measunng the project's impact in the future. The sample design of baseline survey is attach6 don the next page. The final evaluation survey has focused on three critical components of women's empowerment. These are: (1) increased women's literacy, (2) strengthened women's economic participation and ; (3) improved legal environment for women. The first two components were implemented by Pact while the third component Right, Responsibility and Advocacy (RRA) component was implemented by The Asia Foundation (TAF). Determination of Sample Size The approach adapted for the Final Evaluation Survey was to collect similar information from the same targeted women interviewed earlier as far as possible. In cases, where a particular woman surveyed earlier is not available, another member of the same group was chosen and interviewed. The baseline survey had chosen a sample size of 854 calculated from standard statistical sample size calculation formula using 98 percent confidence level and 4 percent of margin error. The six sample districts were selected in Baseline Survey making on an average 142 women beneficiaries sample per district. However, one of the sample district Surkhet covered in Baseline Survey was not advisable to cover in Final Evaluation Survey due to Maoist insurgency problem and was dropped. In this survey. Moreover, women beneficiaries interviewed earlier from Kachanapur VDC of Banke district, and Khailad VDC of Kailali district had to be replaced by other sample women beneficiaries. Altogether 776 women beneficiaries were interviewed in Final ~valiation Survey, which is about 10 percent more than proportionate size of baseline survey. Table 1.1 provides information on number and percentage of new sample, that is not interviewed before by district. The table reveals that about half of the sample interviewed were new in Kailali and Banke districts, whereas the same were less than one third of the total sample. Table 1.1 Number and Percentage Distribution of New Sampled Women and Total Sampled Women in Final Evaluation Survey Annex-] Total 295 776 38 District New Sam le Total Sam le % of New Sam le Bara 52 161 32 Sunsari f;O 25 Nawalparasi 48 157 31 Banke 78 158 49 Kailali 80 150 53 td SAMPILE DESIGN OF THE BASELINE SURVEY The general approach of this study is to use both qualitative and quantitative information collected from primary and secondary sources to accomplish the envisaged objectives by m following broad guidelines provided in TOR. The purpose of this study is to document the pre-program implementation situation with regard to SO-3 level indicators to generate a bench mark information for measuring project's impacts in the future. The benchmark 3) information could also be helpful in improving project implementation process and for monitoring purposes. J The secondary information was collected from review of all reports related to this study, office records, studies and available documents relevant to this study. The primary information will be collected from selected geographical areas by using three approaches: (1) r) Statistical Sample Survey (Baseline Survey) primarily for collecting individual and household levels quantitative information, (2) Participatory Rural Appraisal mainly for collecting qualitative and village level information. (3) Focus group discussions and case 9 studies for obtaining in depth information and to test out complex relationship. J The baseline survey provides: (1) indicators for measuring existing level of women's empowerment and (2) background information to analyze and explain women's empowerment. Determination of Sample Size The sample size and sampling techniques was determined based on minimizing sampling error and maximizing sample performance to ensure precision and generalization of the survey results. The methodology was revised after obtaining information fiom pre-test, number of women groups by group sizes, actual number of women in the groups, location and coverage of groups' etc. In a survey of this nature, information collection can have both sampling and non-sampling errors. Choosing appropriate sampling design and size of sample can minimize the former. However, the latter can arise from three sources: (1) survey kit bias; (ii) interviewer bias and (iii) respondent bias. The first can be reduced by designing appropriate questionnaire to suit local environment and the second by careful selection of local female enumerators and providing necessary training for the field supervisor and enumerators. However, it is very difficult to reduce respondent bias due to ignorance in a rural society where the literacy rate is very low, no record keeping systems exists and interviewing process is not familiar. Therefore, non-sampling error from respondent bias plays a significant role despite all efforts to reduce it. The non-sampling error increases with the increase of sample sizes. One way of reducing non-sampling errors is by taking a minimum sample, which may again increase￾sampling error. This demand careful thinking about the trade-off between two types of errors. As the non-sampling error cannot be quantified, the sampling size is determined by allowing acceptable margin of error. In this study, the ultimate sampling units is targeted women (group members) of all 20 Terai districts and a hill district (Surkhet) of Nepal. The unit of measure is the percent of targeted women who increase their influence in household decision-making The sample size, n required for the study, is estimated by using standard formula (Cochran, 1977) derived for Simple Random Sampling for estimating percentage or proportion of characteristics under study as follow: Where, N= the total number of sampling units, Z= the prescribed reliability or confidence d= the maximurn acceptable margin of error p= proportion or percentage of characteristics to be estimated The above relation shows that the size of sample depends on many variables but the values of all other variables except p can be determined or assigned by the researcher according to the objectives and scope of the study. The above relation also shows that the second term in the denominator is divided by N (the population size), therefore, if N becomes very large (more than 10,000) then that term becomes close to zero. Then, the sample size is determined mainly by numerator of the right hand side of the above relation, which is independent of target population (number of women in the groups) size, N. In our case, N is not known at this time but it is expected to be more than 70,000 in total. Therefore, sample size is estimated using a case of very large N. In this study, there can be different variables representing 'p' such as percentage of women who sustain their influence or increase their influence in the household decision making process or proportion of expenditure on well being categories to total expenditure of household. However, no prior estimates of such percentages are available and therefore an alternative method is used. This alternative method is normally used, when there are many characteristics of population to be studied and no prior estimates are available, by assuming p = 0.50 which produces the largest possible sample size by making the product p*(l-p) as large as possible. This generosity in choosing p=0.5 which increases sample sizes is hoped to take into account possible non￾responses or invalidity of some questionnaires. However, different sizes of sample can be calculated by playing with the acceptable reliability and margin of errors as shown in Table 1. Then the sample size that suits best to the study by providing the desired precision under the given resources constra~nt can be selected. Table 1. Estimated Sample Size for the Whole Study Area with Different Combination of Reliability and Margin of Error. hill 423 2401 1067 600 1508 848 542 Table 1 reveals that the required sample size is directly related with confidence or reliability variable and inversely related with degree of margin of errors allowed for the estimate of the population characteristics under study. That is, if we want to get more precise estimate with smaller margin of error or with higher level of confidence or reliability then we need larger sample size and vice versa. However, the availability of resources such as time and money available to complete the study will guide to select the sample size that is affordable. Then, the statistician tries to maximize the efficiency of the given sample size by balancing key variables and appropriate: sample design and sample allocation under the given constraints. Examining estimates of different sample sizes presented in Table 1 and comparing with the available resources, it appears that the sample size of 848 calculated using 98% confidence and 4% margin of error is most appropriate followed by the sample size of 1067 (95% confidence and 3% margin of error) and the sample size of 751 (90% confidence and 3% margin of error). The sample size of 848, so determined was then increased by 17 percent after pre-test of survey kits for taking into account of possibility of dropping some target women from the groups in future. Similarly, if we want to have separate interview with men as subset of sample, then number of questionnaires will further increase and comparability or consolidation of two types of information may be difficult. Thus, it may be better, if we use the single questionnaire (but try to limit the questions to reduce size) with separate sections and interview women separately for women related information and ask men or jointly for other household level information, which women alone cannot provide. Method of Sampling and Stratification The sampling scheme for WEP baseline study is designed to provide estimate for the total coverage area. In view of the characteristics of the study area as described below and shown in Table 2, a three stage stratified sampling is selected. Stratified sampling is useful when overall heterogeneous population can be divided into relatively more homogenous sub￾population (strata) before sampling is done. A three stage sampling is selected because of the following reasons: (i) the sampling frame of targeted women does not exist, (ii) the area of study is very big and it is very costly and time consuming to prepare one sampling frame for the whole area Nepal is divided into five development regions (eastern, central, western, mid-western and far western) from east to west and three ecological regions (terai, hills and mountains) from south to north. The ecological regions are defined on the basis of climatic variations due to topography and elevations whereas the five development regions are defined due to regional development concept adapted for reducing regional imbalances among regions. Thus, the a country can be divided into 15 economic planning units (5 development regions * 3 ecological regions) or Eco-development regions. The WEP program covers 6 Eco￾development regions. Some characteristics of Eco-development regions (sub-regions) are P( presented in Table 2 Table 2. Selected Characteristics of Eco-Development Regions (Sub-regions) where Women's Empowerment Program's Intervention arelor being implemented 1) Source: Population Census, 1991. Table 2 reveals that moving from east to west Eco-development regions are less populated, and with lower population density per Kilometer Square but with higher population growth rates. Similarly, female literacy rate, female school enrollment rates and sex ratios are generally lower in the west than in the east. Each of these Eco-development regions consist rural area (VDCs) and urban area (municipalities) and since East-West highway passes almost the middle of terai districts some parts are more accessible others are less accessible. Moreover, the northern part of most terai districts falls along foothills of siwalik range with relatively higher elevation and sub￾tropical climate compared to southern part of low land terai with tropical climate. The southern part of terai districts bordered with India and the northern part bordered with hill districts are also thought somewhat different in terms of culture, tradition and ethnicity. Therefore, it is believed that if we divide each of 6 Eco-development regions in four strata and as defined below and draw sample from each stratum, the variability within stratum would be small and variability between strata would be large. As a result, the variance of overall sampling error will be reduced from the use of stratified sampling design. Stratification of each of Six Terai Eco-development Regions Stratum - I. TownshipslBazaarslLirban area /~unici~ality' Stratum -11. Rural area (VDCs) located within half a day walking distances from nearest motorable road head. Stratum -111 Rural area (VDCs) located at more than half a day walking distances from nearest rnotorable road head and towards south of East West High Way Stratum- IV Rural area (VDCs) located at more than half a day walking distances from nearest not or able road head and towards north of East West High Way Thus, dividing six Eco-development regions into four strata, we have a total of 24 strata in the WEP coverage area. Sample Allocation Several sample sizes have been calculated based on the limited information and using different combinations of desired confidences and margin of errors as presented in Table 1. A sample size of 992 sampling units obtained from different combination was also identified as most suitable for our study based on the resource availability and nature of the study (Table 1). Two stages stratified random sampling was recommended to be used for reasons discussed earlier. The total sample can be allocated in different ways such as equal allocation, optimum allocation, proportionate allocation after we get the information of number of ultimate sampling units (targeted women) in each stratum defined above. Since, the number of targeted women in different strata is expected to vary a lot, proportionate allocation of total sample size among different strata is proposed in this study. Sampling Frame I* The Women Empowerment Program is designed to implement through group formation of targeted woman. Presently, there exists some groups and other groups are in the process of ri formation and no ir~formation is available regarding their size, identity, location and characteristics of targeted women and the group they belonged to. The group information such as number of group members by sex, name and address of the group is going to be 3 included in MIS database but it will not have individual information of target women. The group level informatron is expected to be available by late July. Once, the group level d information becomes available, the location of group, the number of groups by size of groups and total target women in each of 23 strata defined above will be known. rr) The total sample targeted women can be allocated proportional to the number of target women in each stratum. However, since only group level information is available but individual level infonnation is not available, we can select district as a first stage unit, group d as a second stage sampling unit and obtain lists of target women member for each selected group either by communication with groups or by visiting field off~ces or actual field. Thus, the lists of groups in each stratum will be a second stage sampling frame for the d corresponding stratum and the lists of target women in selected groups will be the third stage sampling frame for selecting ultimate sampling unit, the targeted women. 14 The group sizes were expected to vary anywhere from 10 to 150 members. Therefore, for our sampling purpose, we combined smaller contiguous groups or break larger groups to form a new group (say cluster) of about 50 members in each cluster. Thus, a cluster here is either a group or kd a combination of two or more small contiguous groups or sub groups of a large group. Annex I1 Indicators for Decisions Making and Expenditure A Indicators for Decisions Making The influence in the decision-making was measured at four levels: 0 Level 1: No participation in household decision-making processes or participation without any influence; Level 2: Participation in household decision-making process with some but less than decisive influence (voicing decision but is not carried out); Level 3: Decision made jointly, i.e., a 50 percent or greater influence in the household decision-making (voicing decision and is carried out); and Level 4: Sole decision-making. The assessment of different levels of decision-making was undertaken to test the hypothesis that after the women respondents benefited from the three interventions of WEP, their levels of decision-making was expected to increase to higher levels than the levels reported for this baseline study or remaining the same. In order to assess different decision-making levels (Ll, L2, L3 and L4), the indicators were identified for four different categories related to self (related to the women herself), children, family and community. Decision-making levels were filled out separately by women and men to capture the perceptions of women and men which may or may not be the same. A.l Decision-Making for Self Needs Data was gathered on decision-making concerning the woman's self needs. The indicators for which data was gathered were: 0 Purchase of bangles, beads, 'tika', daily clothes etc. for herself; Go to literacy classes; 0 Buy medicinelseek medical treatment (ailments such as headaches, stomach upsets, fever, cough, colds etc.); Seek for medical lreatment related to reproductive health (pregnancy, delivery and post partum stages); 0 Determine the number of children to have; 0 Mobility to visit friends/relatives/fetch water/collect wood; 0 Mobility within the same village to go to the health post or market; Mobility to go outside the village but returning the same day; and Mobility and spending one night or more outside the village. A.2 Decision-Making for Children's Needs Data was gathered regarding women's decision-making concerning children's needs such as: 0 Purchase of clothes, books and stationery; Going to school; and Buy medicinelseek medical treatment. id A.3 Decision-Making for Family Needs Data was gathered on decision-making regarding vkous different issues concerning family lui needs such as: Purchase of daily needs (e.g. food, salt, oil, spices, sugar, match etc.) and utensils; Production activities (i) grow foodgrains, (ii) grow vegetables and fruits, (iii) rear livestock, and (iv) rnake handicrafis; Sell (i) foodgrains, (ii) vegetables and fruits, (iii) livestock and livestock products, and (iv) handicrafts; Buy (i) foodgrains, (ii) vegetables and fruits, (iii) livestock and livestock products, and (iv) handicrafts; Work as wage labourer; Borrowingllending in cash or kind (i) up to Rs. 100, (ii) 100-500 and (iii) above 500; Buying/selling of land and rent inlrent out of land; and Marriage of children. A.4 Decision-Making for Community Activities Data was generated regarding decision-making for community activities. The indicators were: I.I To become a member of forest user groupsldrinking water user grouplmothers groups etc. To attend meetings Physical activities involvement, such as put in labour, fund raising, going to DDC etc. ~lvl Social activities involvement, such as advocacy against alcohol, gambling, property rights etc. & B Indicators for Expenditures Expenditures made by the family were segregated as direct well-being expenditures, indirect well-being expenditures and expenditures that are not related well-being. The indicators are presented below. B.l Direct Well-Being Expenditures Food, clothing and shelter are the three most basic needs of any family. Similarly, expenditure on health, lighting and cooking fuel, and educationheading rnaterialslnewspapers are essentials when it is needed. Thus, the following six types of expenditures were considered as expenditures directly related to well-being of the family. Food, such as (i) staples (rice, wheat flour and 'dal'), (ii) vegetables and fruits, (iii) animalslpoultry proteins, (iv) milkldairy products, and (v) spices and cooking oil. Clothing Shelterhouse repairlrent Educationlreading materialslnewspapers Health Lighting and cooking fuel (wood, kerosene, electricity etc.) B.2 Indirect Well-Being Expenditures Some expenditure that do not contribute to family well being immediately but can contribute in future were considered indirect well-being expenditures. For instance, ornaments made of gold and silver jewelry can be considered luxurious and non-well-being items but in the cases of target women these ornaments are the most secured assets that could be converted into cash in time of need. Similarly investment on income generating activities and donations for social actions does not. provide immediate benefit but could provide benefit in future. nerefore they were al!jo considered indirect well-being expenditure. Thus, indirect well￾being expenditures comprise of the following four types of expenditure. Savings Ornaments, such as, gold and silver jewelry Expenditures for income generation activities, such as, fam~ equipment, seeds, fertilizers, transportation costs, livestock for breeding, means of transport, communication costs 0 Donations for social actions B.3 Expenditures that are not Related to Well-Being Expenditure types, which do not provide economic benefit or do not contribute to the well￾being of the family, were considered as expenditures not related to well-being although such expenditures may provide personal satisfaction and happiness in the short run. Following is the list of expenditures that were considered as not related to well-being. Social occasions/festivals~pujas ' Transportation other than for income generation activities Ornaments, such as. bangles, tika etc. Cigarettes/alcohol/inputs for brewing alcohol for own consumption Communication other than for income generation activities Rent (landhouse), taxes, fees, etc. Annex I11 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE TARGETED WOMEN 3.1 Introduction Background information on the study areas, WEP groups and the demographic and socio￾economic background of target women and their family is presented in this annex. The information of the women respondents, i.e. ethnicity, age, marital status, family size, number of children and literacy and education background is discussed. Data on their families, i.e. land holding, food sufficiency and income sources are also deliberated. . 3.2 Study Area Background Nepal is divided into five development regions (eastern, central, western, mid-westem and far western) from east to west and three ecological regions (Terai, hills and mountains) from south to north. The ecological regions are defined based on climatic variations due to topography and elevations whereas the five development regions are segregated based on regional development concept adopted for reducing regional imbalances in development. Thus, the country is divided into 15 economic planning units (5 development regions x 3 ecological regions) or eco￾development regions. WEP program covers six eco-development regions. Some characteristics of the eco-development regions (sub-regions) are presented in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 : Selected Characteristics of the Six Eco-Development Regions where Women's Empowerment Program has been Implemented development. Regions t- Eastern Terai Central Terai t--- t--- Western Terai I Source: Populatiol -- N,D. of Districts Total Population 1991 2,658,455 (30.7) 2,679,599 (30.9%) 1,330,145 (15.3%) 910,330 (10.5%) 675,797 (7.8%) 413,168 (4.8 %) 8,667,494 (100 %) Av. Sex Pop. Den. Annual Ratio Per so. km Pop / I991 1 1991 Growth Table 3.1 reveals that Eco-Development Regions are less populated, with lower population density per square kilometer but with higher population growth rates from the east to the west ofthe country. Similarly, female literacy rate, female school enrolment rates and sex ratios are generally lower in the Annex - 10 Female Literacy 1991 29.7 17.8 23.0 21.2 18.2 14.6 Female School Enrolmen t rate, 1991 4 1 25 21 26 19 20 west than in the east. Each of these Eco-Development Regions consists of rural area Village Development Committees (VDCs) and urban area municipalities. All of the study areas for this final evaluation survey lie in the Terai districts (Sunsari, Bara, Nawalparasi, Banke and Kailali) since Surkhet covered in earlier survey was dropped in this study because of security problem. Previous studies have indicated that women living in the Terai are less empowered than their counter part living in the hills and mountain primarily because of their ethnicity, culture and social customs. Most parts of Terai are accessible due to its plain topography. The East-West highway traverses almost through the middle of Terai Districts, which makes transportation easier. The northern part of most Terai districts lies along the foothills of Siwalik range with relatively higher elevation and sub-tropical climate compared to southern part of low land Terai with tropical climate. The southern part of Terai is bordered by the northern states of India and the northern part ofthe Terai is bordered by the hill Districts. 3.3 Group Information The modality of WEP implementation requires that the WEP participants must belong to an economic group, such as, saving and credit group, community forestry user group (CFUG) or water user group (WIJG), mothers' group etc. Table 3.2 presents the percentage of WEP participants in the sample districts by group types for the final evaluation survey. All WEP participants were members of saving and credit groups, 20 percent of them were also members of mothers' groups and about one percent is reported being members of CFUGs. Table 3.2 Percentages of WEP Participants by Type of Group and Sample Districts Fi%F- ( Sunsari 1 Bara I Navval 1 Banke 1 Kailali I~otal 2.3 Demographic and. Socio-Economic Information 3.3.1 Ethnicity The targeted WEP participants are *om diverse ethnic backgrounds. They are grouped into seven ethnic groups for socio-economic analysis. The seven groups are: (1) BrahmidChhetri etc., (2) GiriiPurilYadav etc., (3) Magar/Gurung/Tamang etc., (4) DamaiKarnilSarki etc., (5) Tharu, (6) Muslim, and (7) Newar. The respondents by different ethnic groups are presented in Table 2.3. Table 3.3 shows that 41 percent ofthe sampled WEP participants were from BrahminIChhetri etc. Group followed by Tharu (19%). MagarlGurunflamang etc (l8%), Giri, Puri Yadav etc (1 I%), DamailKamilSarki etc (lo%), The percentage of Newar and Muslim found in the sample are 1.3 percent. Annex - 11 3 Table 3.3 ]Percentage of Respondent by Ethnic Groups and District w 3.3.2 Age and Marital Status Table 3.4 reveals that the highest percentage (34.1%) of the sample women were in 20-30 years y(l age group closely followed by 33.8 percent in 30-40 years age group. Only 24 percent of the respondents were found in 40-50 years old while the remaining 8.1 percent were found less than 20 years old. Ninety percent of the sampled women were married while 5 percent were unmarried, 3.5 percent were widowed and 1.3 percent were either divorced or separated. None of ri the women respondentn who were 50 years and older were found unmarried and 14 percent women respondents, who were 50 years or above were reported to be widows. Table 3.4: Percentage of Respondent by Age Group and Marital Status 3.3.3 Family Size, Number of Live Children and Family Type ai Family Size Table 3.5 shows that the total population of the sample households is 5230. Since, there are 776 sample households, the average family size of sample households is estimated to be 8.6. The proportion of male and female in the sample population is almost equal (50.6% and 49.4% d respectively). Distribution of sample population by broad age groups indicated that 13.3 percent 3 to be children between 0-5 years, 27.3 percent to be school going age 6-15 years, 55.5 percent to be economically active 16-59 years and 3.9 percent to be above 60 years. However, the age distributions by sex reveal that percentage of female are slightly higher in (0-5years) and (16- 3 59years) age groups than the corresponding male percentage. Table 3.5: Percentage of Family members by Age Group and Gender I Age Group I Male I Female I Total Number ofLive Children Twenty seven percent of respondents who were married reported having three live children closed followed by 25 percent reporting two live children, 17 percent reporting four live children, 13 percent reporting more than four live children, and 10 percent reporting single child. About 8 percent respondent reported having no child (Table 3.6). Table 3.6: Percentage of Married Respondents by Number of Live Children Puri, Magar, Damai, Tharu Muslim Newar Total Sampfa Gurung, Karni, Sarki w) Tammg etc etc Awan (Tibeto- (Occupation Sample 1 No. I I Table 3.6 also presents the number of children of respondent who were married by ethnic groups. The table shows that the highest percentage of married respondent of all ethnic groups except Giri, Puri, Yadav etc and Damai, Kami; Sarki etc reported having three children. The highest percentage of Giri, Puri, Yadav etc and Damai, Kami, Sarki etc reported having two children. Of those who had four children, the highest percentage was for Tharu (18.7%) leaving Muslims (50%) who has only two respondents in sample. Annex - 13 1.1 Family Type Table 3.7 presents respondents by family types which reveals that the highest percentage of d sample households were found to be of nuclear family (45.3%) followed by joint family (34.9%), extended family (13.4%) and female headed (6.4%). Nuclear families were found to be the dominant family type in all districts except Bara where joint family is found dominant (55.3%). Table 3.7 further reveals that the percentages of nuclear family was found as high as 58 percent in d Sunsari closely followed by Kailalii (50.7%) and Banke (43.7) and lowest in Bara (32.3%). The percentage of female-headed households is found highest in Banke (10.8%) followed by Sunsari (9.3%) and lowest (2.7%) in Kailali. d Table 3.7: Percentage of Sampled Respondents by Family Type and Sample District 3.3.4 Literacy and E:ducation Levels Literacy 33 Women respondents were asked whether they could read or write at least a few lines of a letter or printed matter in any language to determine their literacy status. Women who could just sign their names only were not considered as literate in this study. Table 3.8 shows that 61 percent of the @ total respondent women were found literate while 39 percent were illiterate. The literacy rate is found highest among Newar (90.0%) followed by BrahminiChhetri etc (73.4%) ethnic groups whereas lowest was fo~md among GiriPuriNadav etc (40.2) followed by Damai/Kami.Sarki etc 91 (47.4%) ethnic groups. Table 3.8: Percentage of Literate and Illiterate Respondents by Ethnic Groups Ethnic Group I Illiterate I Literate I Total 1 Total . I Giri, Puri, Yadav etc (Indo-Aryan Terai) Annex - 14 Burman Damai, Kami, Sarki etc (Occupational) Tharu Newar (9/. 26.6 59.8 38.1 52.6 47.7 50.0 10.0 (%) 73.4 40.2 61.9 47.4 52.3 50.0 90.0 (%) 100 100 100 Sample No. 316 82 100 100 100 100 139 78 149 2 10 Education Level Table 3.9 reveals that 61.3 percent (476 out of 776) of the respondents had adult literacy class or some formal education. Among those about half (51.3%) had adult literacy classes and other 49 percent had formal some level of education. Of those, who received formal education, 15.3 percent were under primary level education, 25.1 percent had completed primary level but not high school level, 9.7 percent had completed SLC or Intermediate education and less than 1 percent were college gaduates. Table 3.9: Percentage of Respondent by Ethnic Groups and Education level attained Level Attained Table 3.9 further reveals that among different ethnic groups, education level attainment percentage of SLC or above level is found highest among Newar (22.2%) followed by BrahmidChhetri etc group (16.8%) and Giri, Puri, Yadav (12.1%) and others less than 5 percent. 3.4 Landholdings and Food Sufficiency The households of the targeted respondents were classified into four categories based on the area of agricultural land owned and the classifications used by the National Planning Commission @PC). The four categories of households are: (i) marginal (less than 1.02 ha. land owned), (ii) small (1.02 to 2.38 ha. land owned), (iii) medium (2.38 to 5.10 ha. land owned), and (iv) large (more than 5.10 ha land owned). Based on above defined categories of households, 83.1 percent of sample households fall on marginal category followed by small category (1 1.8%), medium category (4.2%) and large category (0.9) (Table 3.10). The highest proportion of marginal households are found among nuclear household type (89.8%) followed by nuclear family type (81.8%), female headed type (81.0%) and joint family type (65.6%). In contrast, the highest proportion of large farmer household was found among joint family type and extended family type as one can expect. Annex - 15 Table 3.10: :Percentage of Respondent Households by Size of Land Owned l~and Size I Nuclear Familv I Extended Familv I Joint Familv I Female Headed I Total I % % % Yo % 89.8 81.9 65.6 81.0 83.1 Small 7.9 12.8 19.8 16.7 11.8 23 4.1 11.5 2.4 4.2 1.2 3.1 .9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 304 243 96 42 685 Table 3.11 reveals that 51 percent of the households reported that production from their agricultural land would be adequate for eight-months or more food requirements of the family. Only 13 percent households reported their own agricultural production would be adequate to food requirement for less than three months. Food sufficiency is found directly related with land holding size of households. For instance, in case of large farmer all households reported there own production is adequate for at least 6 months whereas only 67 percent of the marginal sample households reported adequacy of their own production for food requirement six months or more (Table 3.1 1). Table 3.11: Percentage of Household Reporting Food Sufficiency from their Own Land by Duration and Size of Land Owned 3 3.5 Alternative Income Sources Total land by holding C size d Respondents were asked about alternative sources of income that supplemented their food requirements. Most households reported more than one source of alternative income to supplement agricultural production income (Table 3.12). While calculating percentages of frequency of different r;ources mentioned, sewices and wage labor were reported 84 percent of dd the time, followed by tradeibusiness (13%), micro-enterprise (8%) and remittance and other sources (4%). Annex - 16 Total Food Sufficiency 8 +months 6 - 8 months 3 - 5 months <3 months Table 3.12:Perceu tage of Food Deficit Households by Alternative Sources of Income 1 Land Size 1 Marginal / Small (9'0) 1 Medium I Laree l%\ 1 Total 1 ServiceIWage Lab01 TradeIBusiness Enterprises Remittance Total Response No. Total Response (%) 3.6 Conclusions tsrl Since Surkhet was dropped for Final Evaluation Survey due to security reason, all five districts (Bara, Sunsari, Nawalparasi, Banke and Kailali) belonged to Terai (low land) region. td The majority of sampled respondents were BrahminIChhetri etc. The average family size was found to be 8.6 and the majority of the families were of nuclear family type (44.4%). Sixty-nine percent of the women respondents were between 20 and 40 years of age and 90 percent of the d respondents were married. The literacy rate of respondents was found 61 percent. Most households have small land holding and were mostly dependent on salwwage earning to supplement agricultural income. tj The highest proportion of marginal households are found among nuclear family type (89%) followed by extended family type (81.9%), female headed family type (81.0%), and joint family type (65.6%). In contrast, the highest proportion of large farmer household was found among 1 extended family (50.0%) and joint family type (50.0%) as one can expect. Food insufficiency is found directly related with land holding size of households. For instance, 97.7 percent of those sample households whose agricultural production was reported to be inadequate even for three d months of food requirement wem of marginal category. Annex - 17 ANNEX-IV Table 1: Level of Significance of Decision Making of Women and the Perception of Men herself 3 0.88 4 0 86 1 0.92 (pregnancy, delivery and postpartum stages) for herself 2 0.53 3 0.99 1 0.80 1 1 4 / 0.18 1 Determining the number of children to have 1 / 0.93 1 ^I "-..a Buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for children when they fall ill L u.// 3 0.94 4 0 22 to go to health post or 1 0 62 market 2 0.83 1 I 0.75 1 2 1 0.45 1 L 3 0.96 4 0.36 Buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for 1 0.63 children when they fall ill 2 0.07 ** 3 0.85 4 0.92 Table 1: Level of Significance of Decision Making of Women and the Perception of Men Purchasing of daily needs (eg daily meals, salt, oil, spices, s Growing Foodgrains Growing Vegetables and Fmi Rearing Livestock Making Handicrafts Selling Foodgrains Selling Vegetables and FN~ Selling Livestocks Buying Livestocks Buying Handicrafts Concerning family rnernbe Regarding borrowingllendin Annex- 19 Table 1: Level of Significance of Decision Making of Women and the Perception of Men Note: 'Refers to significance at 5 percent level significance "Significance at 10 percent level of significance ANNEX - V Table 2.1: Distribution of Sampled women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Herself by District Decision Type Districts I ~aseiind Table 2.2: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Children by District Decision ' Purchase of clothes, extra foo tationary otal sam ie ending children to school otal sam le Buying medicine or seeking m hildren when they fall ill otal Sam ie Table 2.3: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Decision Concerning Her Family by District Selling llves % Total san Sellmg hand 7'0 Total san Concern~ng fam~ly membel labourel % 1 100 I 100 1 100 1 100 1 100 I 100 I 1 Total saniple 1 55 146 1 110 196 1127/4341 764 Borrowinqnendinq in cash or kind UD to Rs. 100 1 , 1 I inirent oul of land ? Regardlng marrtage Total saml Table 2.4: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Decision Concerning Her Involvement in the Community by District Decision Making Regarding To become of user grou groupldrinking water use Total sample % Attending meetings relate Total sample % Involvement on physical a( labour, fund raising, goin Total sample % lnvovlvement on social ac against alcohol, gambling, property rights etc. Total sample % Table 2.5: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Extent of Involvement Concerning Community Work by District Table 2.6: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Herself by District (Men's View) !Decision Type I Level 1 District /Final / Baselinel Sunsari. /Bars INawaiparasi [Banke [Kailaii I 21 11 11 I 1 1 'tika'.dailv clothes etc. for herself 111 61 ' 5 fever, cough, colds, elc.) for ul rJ rrl 1 si mobility lo fetch waterlcollect wood a 13 go to the health post or market 3 d r d & d Table 2.7: Distribution of Sample Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decisio'n Concerning Children by District (Men's View) treatment for children when they fall ill Table 2.8: Distribution of Sampled Women Benecifiaries by Type and Level of Decision md Concerning Her Family by District (Men's View) 1 3 1 1 3 1 kd quanf~t~es of food for daily meals, salt, 2 17 1 40 2 21 16 011, splces, sugar, match elc) for fanill 3 40 46 59 29 45 44 4 41 53 67 31 1 39 811 d el Growing Vegetables and Fruits d W District Total Baseline I bd 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 loo/ 100 Total sample 691 1341 1401 1161 881 5471 651 Sunsari IBara iNawaloarasi IBanke l Kailali Decision Making Regarding Level Selling Foodgrains I- ! 1% /~otal sample : Selling Vegetables and Fruits i 1% --- /-PI~ /Selling Livestocks i I I I L 1% Total sample hying Vegetables and Fruits I I I 4i 29 I 451 46 / 81 29 26 / 1% ~ I 1001 1Wl 1001 1001 1001 100 100 iTotal sample I g3/ 1561 90) 1351 971 571' 762 Buying Livestocks % Total sample Buying Handicrafts % Total sample Concerning family members to wor 4 3 2 2 9' 100 1ooj 1001 100 1001 100 100 Total sample I 72 =I 631 132 791 398 792 Table 2.9: Distribution of Sampled Women Benecifiaries by Type and Level of Decision Concerning Her Involvement in The Community by District (Men's View) , 71 21 15 41 31 community activities 21 481 20 I 351 . 21 571 301 191 % Total sample Decision making to attend meeting. community activities % Total sample Regarding physical activilies involv such as put in labourifund raising. DDCetc. - % I 100~ 100' loo! 1001 1001 1001 493. Total sample IIO! 29 I 1221 1261 831 4701 100. nd Table 2.10: Distribution of Sampled Women Benecifiaries by Type and Extent of Involvement Concerning Community Work by District (Men's View) Women's lnvolvement in Community Work Allowed to participate in user groul such as forest user groupidrinking water user grouplmothers group elc % Total sample Anended meetings related to community activities % Total sample Reporling User groupsicommittee have accepted or listened to her suggestion % Total sample Table 2.11: Distributicm of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Herself by Ethnicity Annex - 33 ptal sample 3151 821 1381 771 1481 21 101 7721 Annex - 34 Table 2.12: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her Children by Ethnicity DecisionType Purchase of clothes, extra food, mi toys, books and stationaly % Tolal sample - Sending children to school @lo Total sample Buying medicine oi seeking medica treatment for children when they % 100 100 Total sample 2881 711 1201 691 132) 21 101 692 Annex - 35 Table 2.13: Distributiion of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her Family by Ethnicity Annex - 36 d Annex - 37 Total sample Regarding marrlage of ch~ldren Totai sample Table 2.14: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her Involvement in the Community by Ethnicity Cast I Total I lndo Aryan lndo Aryan Tibeto Burman Occupational Tharu Muslim Newar Parbate Terai /Magar,Gumng,Tamang (Damai.Kami,Sarki (Brahmin, (Giri,Puri,Yadav etc.) etc.) Chhetri etc.) etc.) as forest user groupldrinking water user grouplmolhers group 302 81 128 72 143 2 101 738 6 21 3 16 23 activities such as put in labour, fund raising, going to DDC etc. 28 34 40 26 34 1 32 36 28 50 32 36 30 17 8 26 7 100 19 1 such as advocacy against alcohol, gambling, propeq 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total sample 290 76 126 65 136 2 9 704 Annex - 38 Table 2.15: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Community Work by Ethnicity Annex - 39 Table 2.16: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Herself by Ethnicity ( Men's View) What is your influence in your mobility to fetch waterlcollect wood , p Total Annex - 40 Mobility within the same village to go to the health post or market % Total sample Mobility to go outside the 1 village but returning the same day % Total sample Mobility and spending one 1 night or more outside the village % Total sample Table 2.17: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her Children by Ethnicity t (Men's View) Table 2.18: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her Children by Ethnicity (Men's View ) small quanbt~es of food for daily meals, salt, 011, spices, sugar, Annex - 43 sh or kind up to Rs. 100 Annex - 44 ash or kind above Rs. 500 Table 2.19: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Cor~cerning Her Family by Ethnicity (Men's View ) Decision Type I I-eve1 groups et Cast Total Decision making to become member of user groups, such as forest user groupsldrinking water user groupimothers Decision making to attend meetings related to community activities Annex - 45 Newar 1 3 lndo Aryan Tharu Muslim Parbate (Brahmin, Chhetri etc.) 2 17 54 lndo Aryan Terai (Giri,Puri,Y adav etc.) 3 18 68 Tibeto Burman (Magar,Gurung, Tamang etc.) I 2 20 73 Occupational (Damai,Kami, Sarki etc.) 10 21 52 9 34 50 100 10 40 4 21 58 Table 2..20: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision concerning Community work by Ethnicity ( Men's View) Total sample Regarding physical activities involvement, such as put in labour, fund raising, going to - DDC etc. % Total sample Regarding social activities involvement, such as advocacy - against alcohol, gambling, property rights etc. Ethnicity In community work lndo Aryan lndo Aryan Tibeto Burman Occupational Tharu Muslim Newar Parbate Terai (Magar,Gurung (Damai,Kami, Total (Brahmin, (Giri,Puri,Yad ,Tamang etc.) Sarki etc.) Chhetri av etc.) % Total sample etc.) 10 5 7 23 15 10 11 20 30 18 32 24 20 23 40 46 23 35 100 40 40 Total accepted or listened to her Alw Total 4 Annex - 46 26 100 239 14 100 74 6 100 109 18 100 45 7 100 125 33 100 9 17 100 601 Table 2.21: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Herself by Educational Status er, cough,colds etc.) for her Annex - 47 returning the same day Table 2.22: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her Children by Educational Status Educational status I 1 Annex - 48 Table 2.23: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her family by Educational Status Decision Type Purchasing daily consuming goods (Foods, salt, oil, spices, sugar etc.) % Total sample Growing foodgrains % Total sample Growing vegetables and fruits % Total sample Rearing livestock % Total sample Making handicrafts % Total sample Selling foodgrains % Total sample Selling vegetables and f~its Annex - 49 % Total sample Selling livestocks % Total sample Selling handicrafts % Total sample Concerning family members to work as wage labourers % Total sample Borrowingllending in cash or kind up to Rs. 100 Oh Total sample Borrowingflending in cash or kind Rs. 100 - 500 % Total sample Borrowingflending in cash or kind above Rs. 500 % Total sample Regarding buyinglselling of landlhouse and rent inlrent out of land ? Annex - 50 Total sam le Regardmg marrlage of ch~ldren d w Total sam le Table 2.24: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision concerning Her Involvement in the community by Educational Status Decision Type To become of user groups, such as forest user groupldrinking water user grouplmothers group etc. % Total sample Attending meetings related to community adivities % Total sample Involvement on physical activities such as put in labour, fund raising, going to DDC etc. % Total sample lnvovlvement on social activities such as advocacy against alcohol, gambling, property rights etc. % Total sample Annex - 5 1 Table 2.25: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision concerning Community work by Educational Status (women) Annex - 52 Table 2.26: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Herself a3 by Educational Status (Men's View) DecislonTypc! Purchase of bangles, beads, 'tika' for herself % Total sample Attending literacy classes % Total sample Buying medicinelseek medical tre; such as headaches, stomac cough, colds, etc.) for % Total sample Medical treatment related to (pregnancy, delivery and post pa herself % Total sample Determining the number of childrel % Total sample What is your influence in you waterlcollect wood % Total sample Annex - f 1 I 01 I/ 31 1 post or market 2 1 231 191 121 8) 17 Total Sam le Mobility to go outside the village b~ --:- same day l~otal sample ity and spending one night or v~age Total sam le Table 2.27: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her Children by Educational Status (Men's View) Annex - 54 DecisionType Purchase of clothes, extra food, milk, toys, books and stationary % Total sample Sending children to school % Total sample Buying medicine or seeking medical treatment for children when they fall ill % Total sample Level 1 - 2 3 4 - 1 2 3 4 1 7 - 3 4 Table 2.28: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her Family by Educational Status (Men's View) Annex - 55 Annex - 56 Annex - 57 Table 2.29: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision concerning Her Involvement in the community by Educational Status (Men's View) Annex - 58 Table 2.30: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision concerning Community work by Educational Status (Men's View) Women involvement In community work Annex - 59 Table 2.31: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Herself by Type of Family Determining the number Annex - 60 Table 2.32: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her Children by Type of Family Decision Type Annex - 6 1 Table 2.33: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Her family by Type of Family Type of Family Decision Type Level Nuclear Extended Joint Female Total Family Family Family headed household 'urchasing daily consuming goods 1 1 2 Foods, salt, oil, spices, sugar etc.) 3 2 11 11 24 2 1 Annex - 62 0 otal sample ;rowing foodgrains , otal sample rowing vegetables and fr )tal sample (earing livestock 3 otal sample laking handicrafts )tal sample ding foodgrains 2 45 42 63 28 4E 3 4 40 10 100 40 4 100 20 7 100 17 56 100 36 10 100 Annex - 63 Table 2.34: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision concerning Her Involvement in the community by Type of Family Decision 'Type To become of user grou forest user groupldrinking water user grouplmothers group etc. % Total sample Attending meetings relat community activities % Total sample Involvement on physical ; as put in labour, fund rai DDC etc. % Total sample lnvovlvement on social a advocacy against alcohol, gambling, property rights etc. % Total sample Annex - 64 Table 2.35: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision concerning Community work by Type of Family Allowed to participate in I such as forest user groul Attended meetings relate activities suggestion Annex - 65 Table 2.36 Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision Concerning Herself by Type of Family (Men's view) (pregnancy, deiivery and postpartum stages) for r- Decls~on Type Annex - 66 Level Total Type of Fam~ly Nuclear Famdy Extended Fam~ly Jolnt Fam~ly Female headed household 1 or more ou SI Mobility w~thin the same village to go to the health post or market Table 2.37: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her ~ecision Concerning Her Children by Type of Family (Men's view) Decision Type children when they fail iil 1 1 1 Annex - 67 2 15 141 33 7 17 Annex - 68 Table 2.38: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her - Decision Concerning Her family by Type of Family (Mens' view) Decision Type Purchasing of daily needs (eg food for daily meals, salt, oil, elc.) for farnil % Total sample Growing Foodgrains % roti sample Growing Vegetables and Fruit. % Total sample Rearing Livestock % Total sample Making Handicrafts % Total sample Seiling Foodgrains % Total sample 11 44 12 274 Selling Vegetables and Fruits % Total sample Selling Liveslocks % Total sample Seiling Handicrafts % Total sample Buying Foodgrains % Total sample Buying Vegetables and Fruits % Total sample Buying Livestocks % Total sample Buying Handicrafts % Total sample Concerning family members tov Annex - 69 Annex - 70 Table 2.39: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision concerning Her Involvement in the community by Type of Family (Mens' view) household 1 groups, such as forest user groupsidrinking water ' 5 4 5 4 user group/mothers group:; et 2 24 15 31 8 21 I Decision Type ~evel % Total sample Decision making to attend i communiiy activilies % Total sample Regarding physical activitie put in labour, fund raising, % Total sample Regarding social activities i advocacy against aicohol, gambling, property rights etc. % Total sampie Annex - 7 1 Total Type of Family Nuclear Family Extended Family Joint Family Female headed Table 2.40: Distribution of Sampled Women Beneficiaries by Type and Level of Her Decision concerning Community work by Type of Family (Mens' view) Type of Famlly Women involvement Nuclear Extended Jolnt Family Female Family Family headed Total in community work household Allowed lo paiticipate in use forest user groupldrinking w grouplmothers group etc Annex - 72 3 Table 3.1: Direct Well-being ]Expenditures, Indirect Well-Being Expenditures and Expenditures that are not related to Well Being by District (Conventional Method) Transportation other than fo generation activities Ornaments such as bangle Cigarette/alcohol inputs for alcohol for oneself Communication other than f generation aclivities Taxes, fees etc. Others Expenditures that are not all being Total Expenditure Summary Table District Total Baseline Expenditure Type Amount Sunsari hara l~awaloarasi IBanke l~ailali Table 3.2: Direct Well-being Expenditures, Indirect Well-Being Expenditures and Expenditures that are not related to Well Being by District (PRA Method) Table: 3.3: Direct Well Being Expenditures, Indirect Well Being Expenditures and Expenditures that are not related to Well Being by Ethnic Group Annex - 75 Table 3.4: Direct Well Being Expenditures, Indirect Well Being Expenditures and Expenditures that are not related to Well Being by Ethnic Group (PRA Method) Annex - 76 Table 3.5: Direct Well Being Expenditures, Indirect Well-Being Expenditure and Expenditures that are not related to Well-Being by Educational Status Educational status illiterate Literate < 5 class 5 - 7 class 8 - 10 class SLC or IA BA or above only passed passed passed passed passed ctiviiies such as farm equipment, eeds, fertilizers, transportation costs Annex - 77 Expenditures that are not allowed to L.., Table 3.6: Direct Well Being Expenditures, Indirect Well Being Expenditures and Expenditures that are not related to Well Being by Educational Statua (PRA Method) I I I I I I I I 1 Expenditures related to Well Being /% / 20.71 20.0/ 21.61 22.91 22.71 22.61 21.71 21.0 Total . Expenditure Type i Direct Well being Expenditures 1% I 59.91 58.61 57.91 55.81 55.71 55.41 60.01 58.41 . Annex - 78 Educational status 1 Total Educational status Illiterate BA or above1 passed Illiterate Literate only < 5 class passed Literate only < 5 class passed SLC or IA passed 5.7 class passed 5.7 class passed 8.10 class passed 8.10 class passed SLC or lA passed BA or above passed Table: 3.7: Direct Well Being Expenditures, Indirect Well Being Expenditures and Expenditures that are not related to Well Being by Type of Family Annex - 79 Cigaretteialcohol in1 oneself Communication othi Taxes, fees etc. not allowed to well being Rs. 6,979 8,703 6,8871 7,420 7,599 % 10.9 14.0 12.11 10.4 12.1 Rs. 112,335 99,735 81,9741 105,452 102,101 % 100 100 tool 100 100 Type of Famlly Female headed zi: Extended Fam~ly Jomt Family household Table 3.8: Direct Well Being Expenditures, Indirect Well Being Expenditures and Expenditures that are not related to Well Being by Type of Family (PRA Method) Annex - 80 ANENEX - VI Table 6.1 Percentage of Women Participating in Different Actions by Type of Action and District Note: a - visit the concerned house and lry to solve problem by convincing them b- Try to solvi? problem by discussing members of our group c - Do nothing d - Other (specify) Table 6.2: Percentage of Sample women reporting decision maker on the following matters related to her family or community by type of action and districts. Note: a - Self decide, b - Husband and myself jointiy decide, c - father-in-law and molher- in-law decide, d. - Olhers decide Table 6.3 Perctntage of sample women reporting effect of their advocacy campaign (if any) for the following Social Problem Action Regard Bigamy Total sam~le Total sample Gambling Total sample Note: a - Accomplished and others also follow the same, b - Accomplished, c - Partly accomplished (at least awareness created) d - Not accomplished Table 6.4 Percentage of Sample Women Reporting their Preference of Sequencing Order of RRA and Economic Enterprise after Literacy by Districts Table 6.5 Percentage of Women reporting 'her action for different event before and after of women's work and Note: a - became active b - lack of awareness to be active c - not being active 6.6: Percentage of' Sample women reporting persons contacted in VDC to discuss with community problem of the village 6.7: Percentage of Houshold reporting VDC office visited by Purpose and District Table 6.8: Percentage of Houshold reporting participation in the discussion regarding Construction Location of Health Post, School. Irrigation Channel, TraiVRoad etc (Multiple Responses) Table 6.9: Percentage of Women Participating in Different Actions by Type of Action an Ethnicity Action Regarding Domestic Violence % Total sample Alcoholism % Total sample Gamblng % Total sample Child marriage % Total sample Templelmonasiry construction % Total sample Trailiroad construction and imprc % Total sample Irrigation construction or improve % Annex - 88 Annex - 89 6.10: Percentage of Sample Women Reporting Decision Maker on the Following Matters Related to Her Family or Community by Type of Action and Ethnicity JU d Note. a - Self decide, b - Husband and myselfjointly decide, c - father-in-law and mother - in-law decide, i d -Others dec~de Annex - 90 6.11: Percentage of Sample Women Reporting Effect of Their Advocacy Campaign (If Any) for The Following Problems Domestic violence % Exerting pressure to related agt actions % Totai sample Note: a - Accompiished a b - Accomplished, c -Partly accomplished (at least awareness created) d - Not accomplished Annex - 91 Table 6.12: Percentage of Women Reporting Her Action for Different Event Before and After Participation in Program and Ethnicity Annex - 92 Note: and dealing % Total sample After RRA, community perception of women's work and dealing % Total sample Before RRA, community perception of women's participation % Total sample After RRA, community perception of women's participation % Total sample Before RRA, women's status in the family % Total sample After RRA, women's status in the family % Total sample a - became active b - lack of awareness to be active c - not being active Annex - 93 6.13: Percentage of Sample Women Reporting Persons Contacted in VDC to Discuss with Community Problem of the Village and Ethnicity Contact with whom in VDC Table 6.14: Percentage of Household Reporting VDC Office Visited by Purpose and Ethnicity Reasons for going VDC Personnel business Annex - 94 Table 6.15: Percentage of Houshold Reporting Participation in the Discussion Regarding Construction Location Of Health Post, School, Irrigation Channel, TraillRoad Etc Annex - 95 Table 6.16: Percentage of Women Participating in Different Actions by Type of Action by Educational Status Annex - 96 14f Note: a - visit the concerned house and try to solve problem by convincing them b - Try to solve problem by discussing members of our group c - Do nothing d - Other (specify) Annex - 97 6.17: Percentage of Sample Women Reporting Decision Maker on the Following Matters Related to Her Family or Community by Type of Action and Education Status at Note: a - Self decide, b - Husband and myselfjointly decide, c - father-in-law and mother - in-law decide, 14 d. - Others decide Annex - 98 6.18: Percentage of Sample Women Reporting Effect of Their Advocacy Campaign (If Any) for the Following Problems by Education Status Annex - 99 Table 6.19: Percentage of Women Reporting Their Preference of Sequencing Order of RRA and d Economic Enterprises after Literacy by Educational Status one is pre erring you Table 6.20: Percentage of Women Reporting Her Action for Different Event Before and After Participation in RRA Program by Educational Status Annex - 100 Note: a - became active b - lack of awareness to be active c - not being active Annex - 101 6.21: Percentage of Sample Women Reporting Persons Contacted in VDC to Discuss with Community Problem of the Village by Educational Status Table 6.22: Percentage of Household Reporting VDC Office Visited by Purpose and Education Status Reasons for going VDC Personnel business Annex - 102 Table 6.23: PPrcentage of Household Reporting Participation in The Discussion Regarding Construction Location of Health Post, School. Irrigation Channel, Trail/Road Etc. by Educational Status Educational status Total Illiterate Literate < 5 class 5 - 7 class 8 - 10 SLC or iA BA or only passed passed class passed above Annex - 103 Table 6.24: Percentage of Women Participating in Different Actions by Type of Action and Type of Family Action Regarding Total sample ,migation constru~~~ improvement 60 58 48 57 14 Annex - 104 % Total sample Drinking water % Tolal sample PlantationlAffore % Total sample Hygienelcleaning % ~olal sample Olhers % Total sample Note: a - visit the concerned house and try to solve problem by convincing them b -Try to solve problem by discussing members of our group c - Do nothing d - Other (specify) Annex - 105 6.25: Percentage of Sample women reporting decision maker on the following matters related to her family or community by type of action and Type of Family Action Regarding Participating in the cle; community problem Note: a - Self decide, b - Husband and myselfjointly decide, c - father-in-law and mother - in-law decide, d. - Others decide Annex - 106 6.26: Percentage of sample women reporting effect of their advocacy campaign (if any) for the following problems Note: a - Accomplished and others also follow the same, b - Accomplished, c -Partly accomplished (at least awareness created) d - Not accomplished Annex - 107 Table 6.27: Percentage of Sample Women Reporting their Preference of Sequencing Order of RRA and Economic Enterprise after Literacy by Type of Family After literacy I Table 6.28: Percentage of Women reporting her action for different event before and after participation in program and Type of family Annex - 108 1% Note: a - became active b - lack of awareness to be active c - not being active women's work and dealing Annex - I09 % Total sample c 9 100 193 14 100 179 21 100 42 3 100 29 12 100 443 Table 6.29: Percentage of Sample women reporting persons contacted in VDC to contact with Mom in VDC Annex - 110 Table 6.30: Percentage of Houshold reporting VDC office visited by Purpose and Type of Reasons for going VDC Table 6.31: Percentage of Houshold reporting participation in the discussion regarding Construction Location of Health Post, School. Irrigation Channel, TraillRoad etc % Take participation about others construction % Total sample Yes 40% 62 18% 351 41% 36 13% 271 45% 29 28% 104 50% 11 22% 50 42% 138 18% ' 776