IMPACT EVALUATION OF USAID'S SUPPORT 
TO THE EDUCATION SECTOR IN NAMIBIA 
( 1990-2009) 

IMPACT EVALUATION OF USAID'S 
SUPPORT TO THE EDUCATION 
SECTOR IN NAMIBIA ( 1990-2009) 
Prepared by: 
Frank Dall, Ph.D., Team Leader 
Felipe Tejeda 
Tautiko Shikongo 
The authors' views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States 
Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 
Contents 
Table of Contents 
Acronyms 
Acknowledgements 
Executive Summary 
Map of Namibia 
REPORT 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
I. Background and Introduction I 
Overview of Namibia and Its People I 
The History of Education in Namibia I 
This Evaluation 3 
2. USAID Interventions 3 
Basic Education Support (BES) I 3 
Goal, Purpose and Objectives 3 
Co-operating Partners and Sub-contractors 5 
Basic Education Support (BES) II 6 
Results by IRs and sub-activities: 8 
Basic Education Support (BES) Ill 12 
Local Partner GRN Institutions 16 
Cooperating Partners and Sub-Contractors 17 
3. Research Methodology 18 
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods 18 
The School Sampling Approach Adopted. 19 
The Challenges 20 
4. Thematic Field Research Findings by Group And Region 22 
BES Evidence-Based Management and Decentralization Impacts 22 
Evidence-Based BES Impacts on Teaching, Learning and Parental Involvement. 26 
General Observations 28 
BES Transferred Classroom Skills Observed 29 
Field Evaluation T earn Comments 29 
General Observations 30 
Parental and Community Roles 30 
General Observations 3 I 
Student Perceptions of Teaching, Teachers and Parents 3 I 
The Impact of BES on National and Regional Policy Implementation. 32 
On the MOE's Leadership in Windhoek 32 
On Regional Directors and their Senior Staff 33 
On NIED and Teacher Training Colleges and their Staff 33 
On School Principals and Teachers 34 
5. BES Best Practices And Contributions To Namibia's Ongoing Education Reform 35 
6. Some of the Lessons Learned From BES II and Ill Activities 36 
I. Contributing toward the creation of a strong national education policy change and 
implementation platform 36 
2. Providing successful in-service training procedures through clusters and circuit support teams 
for the implementation of decentralized management and professional development solutions 37 
3. Creating and encouraging a culture of learner-centered teaching and learning in poor 
marginalized rural schools: 38 
4 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
7. Recommendations 
Fragile and at-risk BES activities requiring ongoing support. 
Priority elements meriting ongoing USG support 
Notable BES successes worthy of transfer elsewhere. 
Annexes 
I . Scope of Work 
2. Documents Consulted 
3. List of People Interviewed 
4. Survey Instruments 
A. Principal/Vice-Principal Interview Guide 
B. Teacher Observations of "Best Practices" in the Classroom 
C. Parent-Community Interview Guide 
5. Tables 
Table I. Regional Changes in Total Enrollment by BES Phase 
Table 2. Regional Changes in Gender Parity by BES Phase 
Table 3. Regional Grade I and 2 Enrollments by Gender, by BES Phase 
Table 4. Net and Gross Enrollment Rates 
Table 5. Enrollments by Students' Home Language, by BES Phase 
Table 6. Languages of Instruction, Grades 1-3, by BES Phase 
Table 7. Changes in the number of schools between 2002 and 2008 
Table 8. Teacher Qualifications by Region {by BES Phase) 
Table 9. Transfer Rates of Teachers between 2007 and 2008 
Table I 0. Attrition Rates of Teachers between 2007 and 2008 
Table 11. Learner-teacher ratios from 2002 to 2008 · 
Table 12. Provision of Toilets and Water Supply at Schools 
a. Number of toilet units for learners 
b. Numbers of schools with toilets for learners 
c. Number of schools with toilets for teachers 
d. Number of Schools with a Supply of Water 
Table 13. Teachers' Mortality by Region and Reason 
Table 14. Learners' Mortality by Region and Reason 
Table 15. Data from Teacher/Classroom Observations 
5 
38 
39 
39 
40 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
ACRONYMS 
AED 
AIR 
AT 
BES 
BETD 
CA 
CAM 
Cl 
COE 
CPD 
CST 
DNEA 
DRD 
EMIS 
EPI 
ETSIP 
GDP 
GRN 
HAMU 
HDI 
HIGCSE 
ICT 
IFESH 
IGCSE 
ILGARD 
INSET 
IR 
ISC 
LCE 
LPAI 
MBEC 
MBESC 
MDG 
MDU 
MOE 
NDP 1/2 
NEPP 
NIED 
NPA 
NSS 
ORP 
ovc 
PAD 
PDU 
PDW 
PEP 
PEPFAR 
Academy for Educational Development 
American Institutes for Research 
Advisory Teachers 
Basic Education Support Project 
Basic Education Teachers Diploma 
Continuous assessment 
Continuous Assessment Materials 
Circuit Inspectors 
College of Education 
Continuous professional development modules and training 
Circuit Support Team 
MOE Directorate of National Examinations and Assessment 
Deputy Regional Directors (of Education) 
MOE Education Management Information System 
MOE Directorate of Educational Program Implementation [now PQA] 
Education and Training Sector Improvement Program 
Gross Domestic Product 
Government of the Republic of Namibia 
MOE HIV/AIDS Management Unit 
Human Development Index 
Higher International General Certificate of Secondary Education 
Information communications technology 
International Foundation for Education and Self-Help 
International General Certificate of Secondary Education 
Namibian Institute for Local Government and Rural Development 
BETD In-Service Training 
Intermediate Result 
Instructional Skills Certificate 
Learner Centered Education 
Learner performance assessment instrument 
Ministry of Basic Education and Culture 
Ministry of Basic Education, Sport, and Culture 
Millennium Development Goals 
NIED Materials Development Unit 
Ministry of Education [the current title of the ministry] 
First National Development Plan/Second National Development Plan 
Namibia EQUIP2 PEPFAR Project 
National Institute for Educational Development 
Non-Project Assistance 
National Standards for Schools 
Peace Corps On-site Resource Person 
Orphans and Vulnerable Children affected by HIV/AIDS 
MOE Directorate of Planning and Development 
NIED Professional Development Unit 
Professional Development Workgroups, 
Professional Enhancement Program 
President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief 
6 
PQA 
RD 
REO 
RSGAC 
SACMEQ 
SC 
SDP 
SGC 
SIM 
SIP 
SMP 
so 
SOAG 
SSA 
SSG 
TA 
TBCM 
TRC 
TSIC 
UNAM 
UNDP 
USAID 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
MOE Directorate of Program Quality and Assurance [successor to EPI] 
Regional Directors (of Education) 
Regional Education Officers 
Regional Small Grants Award Committees 
Southern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Education Quality 
Steering Committee 
School Development Plan 
Small Grants Component 
Structured Instructional Materials 
School Improvement Program 
School Management Plan 
Strategic Objective 
Strategic Objective Agreement 
School Self-Assessment 
School Small Grants 
Technical assistance 
Teacher Basic Competency Modules 
Teach er Resource Centers 
Target School Intervention Coordinators 
University of Namibia 
United Nations Development Program 
United States Agency for International Development 
7 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The JBS Education Evaluation Team gratefully extends thanks to all the senior Ministry of Education 
officials and their staff, and to the eight Regional Directors, their Deputies and members of their REO 
teams who provided the Team with much of the data, opinions and clarifications, which inform the core 
of this evaluation. Special thanks also go out to the many school principals, teachers, parents and 
students who willingly assisted in this investigation, and who graciously allowed the field evaluation T earn 
to enter their schools and interrupt their busy schedules. 
However, without the assistance and timely advice provided to the Team by USAID's education 
program support team and the USAID Mission D.irector and his Deputy, much of what was achieved 
under trying circumstances would not have been possible. Likewise, our gratitude goes out to the U.S. 
Ambassador and her team and to the Peace Corps Director and her team, who opened doors to share 
their observations about future United States Government intentions toward the Government of 
Namibia's future education reform plans. The help and information received from the AED teams, past 
and present, also made this task easier and more enjoyable. For that, and all those unnamed, who may 
have contributed in any way to the successful outcome of this endeavor, our appreciation and sincere 
thanks. 
8 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
On July 13, 2009, USAID contracted with JBS International to conduct a comprehensive, detailed 
retrospective evaluation of the impact of USAID's assistance to the education sector in Namibia from its 
beginnings in . 1990 to the present, with a particular focus on the Basic Education Support (BES) projects 
II and Ill. A five-person team, comprising two U.S. specialists (Dr. Frank Dall, team leader and Felipe 
Tejeda, Deputy Team Leader), and three Namibian specialists (Ms. Tautiko Shikongo and Mr. Salomo 
Uushona, later augmented by Mrs. Menette Nambala) conducted an evaluation that incorporated 
extensive site visits to 18 schools and six regional offices in the six Northern regions targeted by the 
BES programs, and to six schools and two regional offices in two Control regions. Field work continued · 
till September 14, 2009. 
USAID started its program in Namibia in 1991 with a focus on basic education. The first major 
component of the new USAID program was quickly conceived basic education non-project assistance 
(NPA) activity, which was authorized in March 1991. For a variety of design and implementation reasons, 
this was redesigned in 1993-1994 as the Basic Educatiqn Systems Project (USAID 673-0006), which was 
later called the Basic Education Support (BES I) project. 
In July of 1998, the full BES Steering Committee met to discuss and finalize an action plan which would 
deliver a BES II results packet to augment what had been started under BES I. Reflected in the new plan 
were the MBESC's new education priorities laid out in the Second National Development Plan (NDP2). 
As a result of the successful BES II project, and with the full cooperation and agreement of the Namibian 
Ministry of Education, USAID/Namibia awarded the five-year follow-on BES Ill project to the BES II 
implementing partner AED. The strategy for BES Ill was to continue in the same vein as BES II, which 
was to promote the Ministry of Education's national priority for improving the quality of primary 
education for Namibia's poorest communities in the North. After a comprehensive review and analysis 
of documentary evidence, numerous interviews, visits to schools, regional education offices, teacher 
colleges and MBESC offices in Windhoek, the following positive BES-induced impacts were revealed: 
BES I: successfully developed arid piloted structured instructional materials in mathematics, 
languages and sciences for use by teachers in primary schools in the North, while also 
introducing child centered learning (LCE) and continuous assessment (CA) methods to 
encourage a more effective and interactive classroom learning environment. In coordination 
with the NIED, on-site ICT distance learning methods and technologies were successfully 
introduced to improve the colleges of education BETD training program. 
BES II: encouraged parental involvement in school management through School Council (SC) 
training and the development of innovatory School Improvement Plans (SIP), School Self￾Assessment (SSA) and Small School Grant (SSG) protocols. With assistance from NIED, 13 
Continuous Professional Development Modules were developed and used to train untrained 
teachers in schools and to improve school level management skills. SSGs were increased to 
assist schools to meet the needs of OVC, and to raise HIV/AIDS awareness. Special effort was 
made through the REOs and Circuit Support Teams (CST) to inculcate the LCE and CA 
methods into the classroom learning process. 
BES Ill: shifted the focus away from school level support to circuit and cluster level support 
and laced more emphasis on strengthening central and regional institutional level HIV/AIDS 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
awareness, management decentralization sing a revamped Education Management Information 
System (EMIS) database and CPD for staff in COEs , and REOs. CEOs were encouraged to 
make their training more relevant to the needs of teachers and children in schools by 
promoting CA and LCE methods and playing a more active role in educational meetings and 
other fora. 
Findings from the Field: 
Visits to schools, regional offices and colleges of education in the six Northern regions that were 
targeted revealed different perceptions and broad impacts arising from BES supported activities. Here 
are some of cross-cutting impacts observed: 
• Most schools visited in the North were positive about the impact of BES activities on their work. 
• The majority of teachers and principals interviewed in the North had received BES training, or had 
participated in multiple BES events. 
• School quality improvements had benefitted from Cluster, CST and REO on-site support, but some 
schools complained that this support had declined. 
• All schools visited were enthusiastically and actively supported by Parent Councils who are playing 
positive roles in school management and maintenance activities. 
• Classroom teaching and learning environments have benefitted from BES training in AC and LCE 
methods, but gains are fragile, and still need a lot of classroom level support. 
• Leadership at the school, cluster and CST levels remains weak, and more training is required. 
Control Schools: 
• Some teachers had heard of BES, but had not participated in BES activities. 
• Some teachers performed as well as, or better than, BES teachers, but weren't applying modern BES 
promoted methods. 
• Parents in SC aren't engaged in school management and support activities, to the same extent as 
BES parents. 
• There are acute shortages of learning materials, textbooks and school equipment and evidence of 
poorly maintained facilities, in both BES schools, and the CS. 
Lessons Learned: 
Over the ten-year period encompassing BES II and Ill activities, the following innovations seem to have 
left a positive impact on basic education service delivery, in Namibia: 
• BES innovations have made a significant impact on education policy making and have contributed 
conceptually to the current ETSIP reforms. 
• BES contributed important new methods and procedures for the implementation of on-site training 
and decentralization through school Cluster, CST and REO management and training reforms. 
• BES seems to have successfully started a positive trend in classroom learning and teaching change, 
through the introduction of LCE and CA methods. 
ii 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
BES Activities Meriting Ongoing USG Support: 
• Continue supporting the DNEA for the next phase of the DLAI implementation, with technical 
assistance (TA) from AIR. . . 
• Provide adequate funding through PEPFAR to expand Small School Grants (SSG) nationally to 
schools in all 13 regions. 
• Provide TA in support of the roll-out of ICT to schools and colleges nationally, using Peace Corps 
volunteers for on-site TA 
• Work with IFES, or Peace Corps to provide on-site English language training for English teachers in 
schools, and for English Language method instructors in Colleges of Education (COE). 
Recommendations for Improving and Sustaining BES Gains: 
The following recommendations result from the JBS Evaluation Team's comprehensive review of 
documents, the outcome of numerous interviews, visits to regional offices, colleges and schools in eight 
regions. (The Team's collective teaching experience and well informed professional judgment may 
account for the pragmatic natu~e of what is being proposed.) 
• Continue and strengthen support being given to improve teaching and management in COEs. 
• Provide assistance to the MBESC for the creation and training of a cadre of school counselors 
needed to assist with the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in staff and students in schools and 
colleges. 
• Bolster the quality and frequency of leadership training for senior staff in REOs, schools, Cluster 
Centers and CSTs. 
• Provide professional and management training for Regional Councils prior to their activation in 
order to insure that key regional institutions·are prepared to take on their new national 
decentralization roles. 
iii 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
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Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
I. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION 
Overview of Namibia and Its People 
The Republic of Namibia is a vast sparsely populated, mainly arid territory whose 824,268 square 
kilometer expanse is just over twice the size of California. Perched on the South West corner of Africa, 
and. previously a colony of South Africa, it shares common Eastern borders with South Africa and 
Botswana, and Northern frontiers with Zambia and Angola. A largely uninhabited desert coastline 
dubbed "the skeleton coast" by early European mariners and explorers provides a rugged difficult to 
access Atlantic coastal border stretching almost two thousand kilometers from Oranjemund in the 
South, to the Kunene River border with Angola, in the North. 
Namibia gained independence from South Africa in March 1990, after a protracted and bloody twenty 
five year liberation struggle led by the South West African Peoples' Organization (SW APO). Today, 19 
years after independence, Namibia is a stable, progressive, multi-party democracy of about 2.1 million 
inhabitants. The official language, adopted after independence, is English. Strong cultural and linguistic 
residues of two colonial languages, German and Afrikaans, persist in the central and southern regions. 
After independence, the Republic of Namibia was re-organized into 13 socio-political regions 
encompassing 13 ethnic cultures, speaking 16 languages and dialects. Today's population growth rate is 
about 2.6% per annum with a population density of approximately 2.2 people per sq. km. The country's 
economy is mainly dependent on mining, fishing, tourism and agriculture. Agriculture is still the main 
employer and provides 46% of the nation's jobs. 
Despite having one of Africa's highest GDPs at around$ 3, 157 per annum (World Bank, 2006), the Bank 
ranks Namibia still among the most unequal of societies, with a Gini coefficient of 0.6. Over 55 percent 
of the mainly black population who are rural dwellers share less than three percent of GDP. The per 
capita income of the African rural population concentrated in the nine poorest Northern socio-political 
regions which include Caprivi, Kavango, Ohangwena, Kunene, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Omaheke 
and Otjozondjupa, is less than $262 per annum (World Bank, 2007). In contrast, the white minority, 
which makes up only 5 percent of the population and lives primarily in the Central-Southern regions, 
receives 70% of GDP and accounts for about 45% of national consumption. Actually, Namibia is 
economically and culturally segmented into three economic worlds: One, with indices comparable to 
any well developed middle-income European nation; another, with indicators reflective of an emerging 
middle-income African country, and a third, the frequently forgotten majority segment, with human 
development indices equivalent to Mozambique, Eritrea, or other poorer African nations. While some 
income inequalities seem to be narrowing, the UNDP Human Development Index (HDI) suggests signs 
of deterioration and the pervasiveness of poverty. The HDI fell from 0.734 in 1996 to 0.626 in 2006, 
which may be due to a dramatic lowering of life expectancy due to the impact of HIV/AIDS on the 
general population. • 
The History of Education in Namibia 
At independence, Namibia inherited a highly fragmented education system divided along racial and ethnic 
lines which deliberately applied disparities in the allocation of resources to participating groups. The 
South African Bantu Education Act, which was also applied to education in South West Africa by the 
colonizing power, was systematically administered through eleven race and ethnic-based departments of 
education. The Act was designed to support and promote South Africa's Afrikaaner-inspired apartheid 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
system which obstructed the development of a human resource base for the promotion of equitable 
economic and social development. 
To tackle the problems left by the Bantu Education Act, the newly estab!ished post-independence 
government strove to centralize and democratize the education system by setting up seven new 
education regions based on geographical criteria and not on ethnic or racial factors. The new education 
regions are contiguous with Namibia's 13 socio-political regions. In recognition of the importance of 
education to national development, the Ministry of Basic Education and Culture (MBESC) 1 emphasized 
the need to invest in primary education in its First National Development Plan (N DP I). As a result, in 
1991 the MBESC launched the first basic education reform program with an emphasis on rebuilding 
Namibia's lower primary education base. The NDP I emphasized the need to improve the quality of 
primary education services from grades 1-4, the development of a new national curriculum reflecting the 
main local vernacular languages, and the upgrading of teacher training and performance.2 To begin 
reforming the middle and secondary levels, the MBESC introduced an international system of Cambridge 
Examination equivalencies and introduced the International General Certificate of Secondary Education 
(IGCSE) and the Higher International General Certificate of Secondary Education (HIGCSE) to give 
international credibility to Namibia's examination and certification process. 
After MBESC's launching of the "Toward Education for All" visionary statement which provided a more 
coherent rationale of its basic education goals and objectives, USAID and other donors stepped forward 
to support MBESC in the realization of its education reform goals with special emphasis on providing 
technical and materials support for improving teaching, learning and the curriculum. Despite impressive 
and significant gains in the 19 years since independence, Namibia's education system still bears the scars 
of years of discrimination and neglect. This is especially true for the quality and relevance of education 
for marginalized rural communities which are still striving to catch-up with regions in the center and 
south. Lower performance levels among teachers working in the rural north, poorer rural student 
performance levels in national examinations, and poorly supported and supplied rural schools and 
education services suggest inequalities and disparities still to be resolved. 
In 2009, Namibia boasts 1,672 schools, of which 1,039 are primary schools, 445 are combined primary￾secondary schools, and 178 are secondary schools. Ten schools are classified as other schools which 
include pre-school, special and other educational institutions. Of the 577,290 students in school, 407,446 
are in primary schools, 389,806 students attend 986 state schools, and 17,640 are in 53 private schools. 
Significant gains have also been made in training and recruiting teachers. 20,830 teachers now work in 
Namibian schools. Of these, only 902 lack full training, while 19,928 are trained. The average teacher￾to-learner ratio in the Republic is I :28, which is quite low by African standards. Equally significant gains 
have been made in the construction of new classrooms and other learning spaces. Today, there are 
19,460 classrooms, of which 16,877 are permanent structures and only 2,460 remain prefabricated or 
constructed from traditional materials. Quantitatively, Namibia is well placed to meet the MDG goals for 
education. About 85 percent of adults 15 years and over and 90 percent of youth between 15 and 24 
years of age are now literate. In 2005, primary enrolment rates, basic education and senior secondary 
1 There have been a number of changes in the names of what is now called the Ministry of Education and its 
directorates over the years. In this report, we will use the titles that were current as of the events described. 2 Tables 5 and 6 indicate student enrollments by home language over the phases of BES and languages of 
instruction, respectively. 
.2 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
enrolment rates were 94, 93 and 50 percent, respectively. Similarly, grades 5, 8 and I I survival rates 
were 90, 73 and 3 I percent, respectively. Exceptionally for Africa, the overall gender parity index at all 
education levels, in favor of females, is now I, or over 1.3 
This Evaluation 
On July 13, 2009, USAID contracted with JBS International to conduct a comprehensive, detailed 
retrospective evaluation of the impact of USAID's assistance to the education sector in Namibia from its 
beginnings in 1990 to the present, with a particular focus on the Basic Education Support (BES) projects 
II and Ill. A four-person team, comprised of U.S. specialists Dr. Frank Dall, Team Leader, and Mr. Felipe 
Tejeda, Deputy Team Leader, and Namibian specialists Ms. Tautiko Shikongo and Mr. Salomo Uushona, 
later augmented by Mrs. Menette Nambala, Representative of the Ministry of Education, began full-team 
field activities on July 21, 2009, incorporating extensive site visits to the six Northern regions targeted 
by the BES programs plus two control regions, continuing through September 14, 2009. 
2. USAID INTERVENTIONS 
Basic Education Support (BES) I 
USAID started its program in Namibia in 1991 with a focus on basic education. The first major 
component of the new USAID program was a quickly designed basic education non-project assistance 
(NPA) activity which was authorized in March 1991 .. For a variety of design and implementation reasons, 
the NPA did not achieve what was intended and was redesigned in 1993-1994 as the Basic Education 
Systems Project (USAID 673-0006), which was later called the Basic Education Support (BES) project. 
BES I operated under a Project Agreement (PROAG) with a lifetime USAID contribution of 
US$20, 170,000 which was obligated by June 30, 2003. 
The Basic Education Support (BES) Project was designed to assist the Ministry of Basic Education, Sport 
and Culture (MBESC) with plans to accelerate the lower primary education reform in the Northern 
regions of Namibia. These were the areas with the poorest physical facilities, the least qualified teaching 
staff, higher numbers of learners and learning environments that were not conducive to continued 
quality learning. 
The BES I project was implemented by the Institute for International Research under USAID contract 
number 673-0006-C-00-5066-00. Technical assistance was provided through subcontracts to the 
Harvard Institute for International Development, Ohio University's Center for Higher Education and 
International Programs, and the Namibian Institute for Local Government and Rural Development 
(ILGARD). Short-term technical assistance was provided through a subcontract to The Mitchell Group 
(TMG). 
Goal, Purpose and Objectives 
The overall purpose of the MBESC's national education reform was to establish an effective, efficient, 
and sustainable basic education system that would be both accessible and appropriate for all Namibian 
3 Tables 2 and 3 depict the regional changes in gender parity over BES phase. 
3 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
children. In response, the goal of BES I was to " Improve the quality of life for majority of Namibian by 
guaranteeing appropriate skills and knowledge needed to realize their full human potential."4 
To achieve the overall objective, the program implemented the following intermediate objectives: 
IR I. Improve the quality of Namibia's basic education system; 
Impacts: 
• An Education Management Information System (EMIS) was established and received continuous 
support 
• Regional Education Officers (REO), Circuit Inspectors (Cl), Advisory Teachers (AT) and School 
Principals were trained to effectively carry out the education reform 
• Technical support for monitoring and evaluation procedures was made available to the MBESC. 
IR 2. Increase the quality and supply of basic education textbooks and other instructional 
materials; 
Impacts: 
• Design and development of Grade 1-4 Curriculum Materials (including syllabi, teachers' guides and 
learners' materials) in English, Mathematics, Environmental Science a.nd School Readiness. 
Structured Instructional Materials (SIMs) and Continuous Assessment Materials (CAMs) were 
developed and distributed to more than 300 schools. 
• The Grade 1-4 curriculum and School Readiness materials were translated into five local languages 
and distributed. 
• 800 out of 4,000 unqualified or under-qualified teachers were trained in the target regions. 
• Capacity in instructional and materials development and production, including a Materials 
Development Unit (MDU), were developed and established at NIED. 
• 20 Teacher Basic Competency Modules (TBCMs) were developed and disseminated nationally. 
• The U.S. Peace Corps provided Teacher Education Resource Kits to teachers in the selected 
schools for use as reference materials. 
IR 3. Establish a rational and equitable financial resources base for the sustainable 
delivery of quality educational services; 
Impacts: 
• Financial assistance and training were provided. 
4 Revised Project Grant Agreement 673-0006, September 8, 1993. 
4 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
IR 4. Enhance the institutional and professional capacity of Namibian educators to 
plan and manage and improve the basic education system. 
Impacts: 
• Regional Education Officers (REO), Circuit Inspectors, Advisory Teachers and School Principals 
received training in school management and instructional leadership skills. 
• Teacher Resource Centers (TRCs) were strengthened to provide ongoing in-service training for 
teachers in the target regions. 
• Target School Intervention Coordinators (TSIC) were identified and trained. 
• Advanced degree programs in research and evaluation were provided for Ministry personnel under 
the Professional Enhancement Program (PEP). Thirty-four ministry personnel obtained Masters 
Degrees. Thirty two personnel participated in the University of Western Cape program, and two 
participated in the University of Montana program in the U.S. 
• Technical assistance was provided for EMIS development in the Directorate of Planning and 
Development (PAD). 
The project supported the ministry with the development and provision of Structured Instructional 
(SIMs) and Continuous Assessment (CAMs) materials, for use by unqualified or under-qualified teachers 
in the target regions. In addition, the BES project provided initial training for teachers doing the 
Instructional Skills Certificate (ISC) to act as a bridging program linked to the BETD INSET. The 
program provided instruction in the use of SIMs/CAMs materials, which 95 Peace Corps volunteers 
shared with the teachers as they implemented the new instructional approaches in their classes. 
Many lower primary teachers were unqualified or under-qualified and had limited knowledge of the 
subjects they were teaching. Most had insufficient English language skills to effectively make a transition 
from Afrikaans to new English medium mode of instruction. In-service training was carried out focusing 
on teaching methodologies in various subject areas, including English language, science and mathematics 
skills. A major contribution was providing training in monitoring and evaluation skills through the 
duration of the program. 
Co-operating Partners and Sub-contractors 
Peace Corps Volunteers provided significant project support. They provided On-site Resource 
Persons (ORP) for clusters of up to ten schools. They conducted on going in-service training and 
supported at least thirty teachers in each target school cluster, through classroom observations, lesson 
and material preparation, demonstrations, workshops, English language teaching and cluster meetings. 
The data collection and analysis activities were carried out by personnel from the Ministry's Education 
Management Information System (EMIS) unit with assistance from the Social Impact Assessment 
and Policy Analysis Corporation (Pty) Ltd, (SIAPAC), of Namibia. The Quality of Primary 
Education in Namibia based on a National Survey of schools at Grade 6 was carried out by a Southern 
Africa Consortium for Monitoring of Educational Quality (SACMEQ), and UNESCO's 
International Institute for Education Planning (llEP), in Paris. The University of Western 
Cape, in collaboration with the Harvard University Faculty of Education, provided training 
through hands-on research and evaluation experiences for the Ministry of Education personnel, under 
PEP. The Rossing Foundation administered the grant fund, and the National Institute for 
5 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Education Development (NIED) provided the national locus for technical services for the BES I 
project under the auspices of the MEBSC. 
Basic Education Support (BES) II 
Following a participatory evaluation of BES I carried out in May and June of 1998, which included 
intensive consultations and field visits with the MBESC and implementing partners, the need for a BES II 
concept arose. In July of 1998, the full BES Steering Committee met to discuss and finalize an action plan 
which would deliver a BES II results packet to augment what had been started under BES I. Reflected in 
the new plan were the MBESC's new education priorities laid out in the Second National Development 
Plan (NDP2). 
The overall strategy for BES II continued to promote the MBESC's national primary education reform 
with the view to strengthening commitments already undertaken through BES I to "improve delivery of 
quality primary education for Namibian learners in grades 1-4 in the most disadvantaged school (SO 2)." 
BES II continued the school and education improvements already begun by BES I. IR 1.0 and IR 2 
through IR 2.3 included the following activities already described under the discussion of BES I. IR 2.4 
and 2.5 expanded on BES I activities. 
IR 1.0: The Provision of Supporting Inputs: 
Sub-IR I. I Strong parental and community support 
Sub-IR 1.2 Provide strong support from the education system 
Sub-IR 1.3 Adequate training and materials support 
IR 2.0: Improved Delivery of Quality primary education to Namibian learners in grades 1-
4 in disadvantaged schools. 
Sub-IR 2.1 Number of schools with teachers demonstrating a validated self assessment of two LCE 
techniques 
Sub-IR 2.2 Number of schools with teachers demonstrating a validated self mastery of at least two CA 
techniques. 
Sub-IR 2.3 Number of schools implementing SDP activities 
As noted, BES II IR 2.4 and 2.5 were complementary to what had already been achieved through BES I. 
They included the following priorities and sub-IRs: 
IR 2.4: Improved instructional support systems: 
Sub-IR 2.4.1: Effective teaching practiced 
Sub-IR 2.4.2: A learner centered relevant curriculum applied 
6 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Sub-IR 2.4.3: Pupil learning assessed 
IR 2.5: Improved school support and management systems 
Sub-IR: 2.5.1 School, circuit, regional management improved 
·Sub-IR: 2.5.2 Increased community support for school improvement achieved. 
The Basic Education Support Results Strategic Objective Agreement (SOAG S0/2, # 673-0006), or BES 
II, for an additional US$12,900.000.00, was planned to include a BES I transition phase designed to 
provide continued support to MBESC's national primary education objective; to provide quality primary 
education services for children living in Namibia's six poorest and most economically marginalized 
Northern regions. The new SOAG was signed by the MBESC on behalf of the GRN. Administrative 
support, established by the MBESC under BES I via an effective BES Steering Committee, included senior 
members from all GRN and contractor partners and chaired by the Director of Directorate of 
Educational Program Implementation (EPI) [which later became the Directorate of Program Quality and 
Assurance], continued to be the preferred conduit for coordinating BES II activities and dealing with 
management issues. 
A contract between USAID/Namibia and the Academy for Education Development (AED) to implement 
BES II was signed in September 21 , 1999 and lasted for five years, until September 29, 2004, with a 
contract value of US$ 9,279,299.00. This amount included a 2003 contract modification to support HIV 
and AIDS work, valued at $780,015.00. The mandate for BES II under AED was to continue working 
with the six densely populated Northern regions including Caprivi, Kavango, Ohangwena, Omusati, 
Oshana and Oshikoto, to improve the delivery of quality primary education and strengthen instructional 
services to targeted learners in grades 1-4 in the most disadvantaged schools. 
Cooperating Partners and Sub-Contractors 
Two local institutions were sub-contracted to deliver services: 
School Net, a locally-based ICT company, operated as an AED sub-contractor to set up and manage 
the laptop computer leasing program. This initiative was set up to improve the management capacity and 
performance of regional staff, especially Circuit Support Team members. The program leased 40 laptop 
computers to education staff who agreed to repay their lease on a monthly basis. Leased computers 
allowed school inspectors and other staff to record data in the field, provide training, access internet 
information and document meetings and workshops. SchoolNet worked closely with iNET, described 
below, which also provided inspectors with data processing and statistical training in support of the 
MBESC's EMIS field data gathering procedures. 
The Rossing Foundation was contracted to manage and oversee the BES II Small Grants Component 
(SGC). This component disbursed $700,000 worth of small grants throughout the duration of the 
project. An additional US $200,000 in small grants was disbursed in 2003 for HIV/AIDs related support 
activities. Schools, clusters, NGOs, and other organizations working on school improvements, 
HIV/AIDS, and school development planning were the beneficiaries of the SGC process. The Rossing 
7 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Foundation's Grants Manager was the chief liaison to the National Small Grants Committee and played a 
key role in the adjudication, coordination and processing of all grant applications. 
Several partnerships initiated through BES I also played a significant role in supporting ongoing basic 
education support activities under BES II. 
Cooperative relations with USAID supported entities provided support and services delivered by: 
Teachers for Africa: IFESH: With the help of IFESH volunteers in Colleges of Education and at the 
NIED, work was carried out to develop a pre-service basic education curriculum. BES II Continuous 
Assessment (CA) and Learner Centered Education (LCE) components, benefitted significantly from 
IFESH support. IFESH volunteers also helped to link BES II and BES Ill work on CA and LCE with work 
being done to upgrade the new curriculum for Colleges of Education. 
iNET: iNET, which had followed another AED-led initiative called Learnlink, provided BES II with the 
delivery mechanism needed to disseminate new CA and LCE materials and approaches through iNET 
information technology centers based at the Teacher Resource Centers (TRC). iNET also provided 
significant spreadsheet training for Inspectors of Education for use in their data and statistical reporting 
responsibilities. iNET assisted in loading all BES II training materials on the EDNet both on-line and on 
CDs. 
The HIV/AIDS Management Unit (HAMU): HAMU's relationship with BES II HIV AIDS activities 
was strengthened and formalized by appointing HAMU's Head to sit on the BES Steering Committee. 
This association enabled HAMU to more closely coordinate BES II HIV activities funded by USAID to 
GRN priorities. Progress was made on the placement of HIV grants and the training of school managers 
in the content of the new Module #8 on "Sexual Health and HIV-AIDS" developed to raise management 
awareness on issues relating to HIV/AIDS in the workplace. 
Achievements, Outcomes and Impacts by Objective and Intermediate Result 
BES II reached out to and worked with 410 School Improvement Program (SIP) schools in 29 circuits in 
six Northern regions. Each participating school fully incorporated a school development planning and 
self-assessment process that involved communities, parents, teachers and principals. 
BES II results were measured as percentage of participating teachers, principals and parents in SIP 
schools who were assessed to have mastered and adopted certain techniques and behaviors which were 
transferred throughout the BES II period via well-designed training activities and support programs. 
Results by IRs and sub-activities: 
IR 2.4 Improved Instructional Support Systems 
2.4.1 Effective teaching practiced 
• School Self-Assessment (SSA) 
BES Intervention: SSA is a BES mechanism developed to measure all BES II impacts on schools, teachers, 
students and parents. The idea of SSA was first observ\:!d by a delegation from the MBESC who visited 
8 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
the Seychelles on an official familiarization tour. The Seychelles schools visited had successfully applied a 
similar participatory self-assessment approach for assessing school performance and improving 
education quality. The SSA process, with BES assistance, adopted the same approach for Namibia. SSA 
places responsibility for improving school performance on the school and on parents, teachers, students 
and principals. The SSA monitoring and evaluation process includes three steps: i) A teacher self 
assessment instrument; ii) a principal self-assessment instrument, iii) a summary school skills inventory. 
The summary skills inventory resulting from steps (i) and (ii) is shared and discussed by parents, teachers 
and the principal who jointly develop summary scores for each of the quality indicators listed. Each 
individual school's SSA, per circuit, is aggregated to give a quality measure for participating schools in all 
circuits, for each of the six BES II regions. 
Impacts: Currently, most of the 410 SIP schools still use SSA to assess improvements and changes in 
teaching, learning and school management. Data received from participating schools is collected and fed 
into regional databases and used to make decisions about the allocation of regional resources for school 
level training, school improvements, and visits by inspectors, advisers and circuit teams. 
• Cluster and Circuit Level Professional Development Workgroups (PDW) 
BES Intervention: Cluster and circuit level PDWs were held in each circuit in all six participating regions 
and were conducted by Circuit Support T earn (CST) members to improve the professional capacity of 
both principals and teachers. This first attempt to bring decentralized professional training to both the 
circuit and individual school levels is a significant innovation for Namibian education services. 
Impacts: Focus group meetings carried out by the Evaluation team with teachers, CSTs, inspectors and 
regional advisers in all six regional offices attest to the level of enthusiasm and increased professionalism 
engendered by this kind of in-service training. Sustainability may be an issue especially since a shortage of 
transport seems to be having a significant negative impact on each region's ability to sustain service 
delivery. 
2.4.2 A learner-centered relevant curriculum 
• Learner Centered Education (LCE) 
BES Intervention: With MBESC concurrence, teachers are now assessed on seven LCE techniques which 
were learned during BES-supported CST training either at the school, or circuit levels. BES has provided 
several training video tapes, written materials and an instructional guide for use by CSTs. These 
materials, which were extensively field-tested, are now available nationally. 
Impacts: Two cohorts which received LCE training were assessed to measure the impact of training on 
classroom teaching behaviors and the following results were recorded by the BES II team: I) The 2001-
2002 teacher cohort when observed for compliance with the seven LCE behaviors taught, had achieved 
a 77% success rate; 2) the 2003-2004 cohort achieved a lower 53% success rate. The average scored 
across both cohorts by teachers on at least two of the seven LCE techniques was 65%, which was within 
the 65% achievement rate set as a target. 
/ 
2.4.3 Pupil learning assessed 
• Continuous Assessment (CA) 
9 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support_ to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
BES Intervention: Continuous assessment is now being regularly applied by teachers in grade 1-4 
classrooms, and is responsible for boosting pass and transition rates for all four grade levels. Teachers 
applying CA reported positively on teaching to students individual learning needs, and not only for 
examinations. Several BES produced video tapes are being used for CA training at both the classroom 
and CST levels. The videos are supported by written materials and an instructional guide. The CA 
training packet is nationally available and plays a significant role in disseminating the application of CA 
techniques in primary classrooms throughout the nation. 
Impacts: Among the BES II cohort of teachers assessed in 2001-2002, 65% were rated as either good, or 
excellent, on at least two CA techniques. Among the 2003-2004 cohort, only 41 % were rated as either 
good or excellent in their application of at least two CA techniques. For this aspect of teacher training 
and behavioral change, BES did not reach the targeted benchmark of 65%. 
IR 2.5 Improved school support and management systems 
2.5.1 School, circuit and regional management improved. 
• Continuous professional development modules and training (CPD) 
BES Intervention: With technical assistance from both the National Institute for Educational Development 
(NIED), IFESH and AED consultants, 13 Continuous Professional Development Modules were developed 
for use by CSTs, Colleges of Education and REOs for the training of student teachers, serving teachers, 
school principals, inspectors and advisory teachers in the six regions targeted. NIED's Professional 
Development Unit (PDU) was responsible for convening writers, editing materials, piloting modules, 
revising producing and distributing CPD materials for training purposes. 
Impacts: A study carried out in 2004 for BES by NIED showed that 51 % of principals in the six regions 
received the CPD modules and had used their content for training. All modules are now complete and 
have been printed and distributed. Interviews with module producers at NIED revealed that this aspect 
had been highly successful and that the financial and technical support and collaboration received 
through BES had played a pivotal role in the quality and success of both the content and training carried 
out both at the college, regional and CST levels. 
• Circuit support teams (CST) 
BES Intervention and impacts: In 2002 only 35% of team members in seven CSTs were rated good or 
excellent in their ability to carry out school support tasks. By 2004, after BES supported training, I 00% 
of CST members were rated good, or better, in carrying out data analysis, schools need assessments, 
planning and implementing training workshops for principals, teachers, and parents. By 2004, 90% of 
CSTs demonstrated capacity to lead and carry out well-focused training support to schools in their 
circuits. 
• Laptop leasing 
BES Intervention and impacts: With the help of Learnlink and SchoolNet, 40 senior staff received laptop 
computers through a lease-purchase scheme funded by BES and supported by the MBESC. The scheme 
allowed beneficiaries to purchase their computers through debit orders made out to the Ministry 
allowing monthly withdrawals from individual salary accounts toward their purchase. The scheme 
10 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
successfully placed ICT technology in the hands of REO officers, advisers and inspectors and improved 
their management and organizational skills. This activity was in direct response to a need voiced by 
Regional Directors for help in tackling the many new administrative tasks passed down by the MBESC in 
Windhoek, such as the decentralized data gathering and analysis responsibilities which is now a regional 
mandate. Computers were also used to extend and improve the training capacities of advisers and 
inspectors tasked with promoting and improving CA and LCE skills training for teachers and principals. 
With laptops, CST members are now better able to show the relevant training modules on CDs and 
DVDs, to teachers in schools, or at TRC training meetings. 
• HIV/AIDS awareness 
BES intervention and impacts: As part of the Continuous Professional Development series of modules 
launched by NIED and supported by BES II, Module 8, on Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS, was written in 
2002. In order to improve the impact of the module's content, a team developed a face-to-face training 
program using BES resources and technical support. The materials included a training manual and other 
materials which were field tested in 2003. In 2004, these materials were used in a Training of Trainers 
workshop which resulted in the training of 44 senior trainers chosen from five regions. After 
completing a two-week training course, trainers went out in pairs to carry out circuit, cluster and 
regional training workshops in all six regions. After training was completed in 2004, 38 workshops were 
carried out in six regions, providing training for 1,097 school principals and teachers on the contents of 
CP Module 8. 
2.5.2 Increased community support for school improvement. 
• School development plans and small grants 
BES Intervention and impacts: BES II promoted the distribution of School Small Grants (SSG) as a 
mechanism for stimulating better parental involvement in schools, and to help schools carry out school 
improvements mandated by the Ministry through School Development Plans (SDP). Under BES II, the 
Rossing Foundation was given the responsibility for managing the SSG program. In order to speed up 
and improve the effectiveness of the process, parent-supported Regional Small Grants Award 
Committees (RSGAC) were formed. The RSGACs were in turn overseen by the National Small Grants 
Committee chaired by the EPI. The Rossing Foundation also carried out "community mobilization" 
campaigns to inform communities about SSGs and developed proposal writing workshops for the SDCs 
r!;lsponsible for drafting their school's SDP with parental participation. In 2004, I 17 small grants had 
been awarded, averaging about N$ 40,000 per grant. Included were 23 grants funded through the 2003 
HIV-AIDS contract amendment. The Caprivi region received 34 grants, Kavango 29, Ohangwena 13, 
Omusati 15, Oshana I 0, and Oshikoto 16. By 2004, 96% of all Phase I grant projects were fully 
operative. 
• Parental involvement through school development committees (SDC). 
BES interventions and impacts: BES strongly promoted parental involvement in the development of SDPs 
and the placement of SSGs. By 2004, the school development process was institutionalized in all 410 BES 
II schools. After School Committee Training, principals and teachers were more easily able to work with 
parents on school-related improvement activities. All participating schools now also include parents on 
11 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
their SDCs. By the BES II closure date, 90% of targeted schools had parents involved collaboratively in 
the development of SDPs. 
Basic Education Support (BES) Ill 
As a result of the successful BES II project, and with the full cooperation and agreement of the Namibian 
Ministry of Education, USAID/Namibia awarded the five-year follow- on BES Ill to the BES II 
implementing partner, AED, under Cooperative Agreement 690-A-00-04-00306-00. BES Ill began in 
October 2004 and ended in August 2009. The project was funded in the amount of $12,410, 437.00 
The transition from BES II to BES Ill was smooth, and in November 2004 a BES II/BES Ill Transition 
Conference was held with the participation of all major stakeholders. Most BES II team members 
agreed to continue with AED under BES Ill. Equipment and vehicles were transferred expeditiously, · 
MOE collaborators remained engaged, and the new BES Ill project proved productive. 
The strategy for BES Ill was to continue in the same vein as BES 11, which was to promote the Ministry 
of Education's national priority for improving the primary education reform process. In addition, a 
component was added to address the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic with the Ministry, and school levels. 
The SO for USAID/Namibia's BES Ill project became: 
SO 6: Increased capacity of the basic education system (in Namibia) to give learners the 
foundation for better health and livelihoods. 
Two key program indicators were included for this SO: 
SO 6.1 Percentage increase in learner achievement scores of target primary schools in 
core subjects (Language, Mathematics, Science) 
SO 6.2. Percentage of OVCs in target regions that remain in school through grade 7 
The target population for BES Ill SO 6 activities, was the learners in Grades I through 7. The regional 
focus remained, as in BES II, the six densely-populated Northern regions of Namibia which included: 
Omusati, Oshana, Ohang'Wena, Oshikoto, Kavango, and Caprivi. 
The three original SO 6 intermediate results were: 
• IR I: Increased resilience of the basic education system to cope with the AIDS epidemic 
• IR 2: Improved effectiveness of decentralized education management 
• IR 3: Improved quality education delivered by primary schools (English, Mathematics 
and Science). · · 
Subsequently IR I was unfunded and was later removed from the AED CA in July, 2009. 
IR I. I Increased resilience of the basic education system to cope with the AIDS epidemic. 
Results achieved by 2007 included mitigating the impact of HIV and AIDS among teachers and teacher 
educators. BES Ill established and implemented a system for communities to support orphans and other 
vulnerable children to successfully complete primary school. 
12 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
IR I BES interventions: Under this IR, strategies were developed for addressing teacher absenteeism 
in target regions, and ways to provide a consistent instructional program in schools with high teacher 
absenteeism. For the first time in 2007, BES Ill was able to report on this IR. Subsequently the majority 
of HIV/AIDS activities were removed from BES Ill and became part of the USAID NEPP project, which,,' 
AED also implemented. 
Impacts: Some results achieved under BES Ill's HIV/AIDS component, up to the NEPP transition, 
included: 
• BES Ill staff, in collaboration with UNICEF, supported MOE to conduct a relief teacher study to 
inform the design of teacher absenteeism to mitigate the impact of HIV on the education sector. 
• As of 2007, BES Ill supported approximately 20,000 OVCs in primary schools in the six target 
regions. 
• BES Ill conducted nutritional assessments in 41 BES schools with a nutrition support program 
targeting 5,500 OVCs. Data from this assessment helped the MOE to set baseline indicators for 
tracking the health and nutritional status of OVCs, and to transfer responsibility through training 
and support to the MOE school feeding unit. 
• BES Ill designed a training program to support 4,000 caregivers with skills to cater for the special 
needs of OVCs. 
• A capacity audit was carried out to help schools assess their capacity to sustain the OVC support 
program initiated with USAID grant funding. 
• BES Ill was able to attract US$250,000 of private sector support from Johnson & Johnson, Inc. to 
enhance and expand activities initiated through USAID funding. 
• BES Ill provided TA to the MOE HIV & AIDS Management Unit (HAMU) to develop and pilot a 
teacher workplace wellness program that targets teachers with prevention activities. The 
Workplace Wellness Policy was to help ensure that the MOE carry out prevention, treatment, and 
care activities to enabled all teachers to make healthy lifestyle decisions, especially with regards to 
HIV and AIDS. 
• BES Ill conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey to establish baseline data, 
inform program design, and monitor targets over time. In designing the survey, AED built capacity 
within the MOE to help the Ministry design_ future surveys with minimal external technical 
assistance. 
• In 2007, BES Ill supported 11, 122 OVCs from 39 schools that had benefitted from the rounds I, 2 
and 3 OVC grants. With the addition of 5,563 OVCs from 41 schools in grant round 4, which was 
awarded in June 2007, the number of OVCs who benefitted increased to 16,685. 
• Based on needs identified by the NIED and CSTs, the Writing by Kids series was initiated. These 
materials were to be written by OVCs in schools and focused on HIV and AIDS and its impacts on 
their lives. 
IR 2: Improved effectiveness of decentralized education management .. Results achieved by 
2009: 
IR 2.1 Percentage increase in CST scores on the index of effectiveness (originally) to 90% 
over the baseline, by 2009. Due to lack of commitment and interest by the MOE, this indicator was 
withdrawn from the BES Ill contract agreement. · 
13 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
IR 2 BES interventions: BES Ill continued to provide support to the MOE decentralization efforts 
through technical support to the EMIS. 
Impacts: In 2007 decentralization of school census data included both data entry, analysis, and use via 
infrastructure and training to regional personnel. BES Ill also facilitated the MOE's efforts to 
decentralize the EMIS system and at the same time helped EMIS collect, analyze, and make available the 
first comprehensive database for OVCs in schools. 
IR 2.2 Percentage increase in the number of school boards implementing School 
Development Plans (SDPs) to 70% over baseline by 2009. 
BES Interventions: BES 111 conducted numerous teacher/principal/parent. conferences and provided 
technical assistance to regional circuit support teams (CST). The project also established and 
implemented a system for communities to support orphans and other vulnerable children to complete 
their primary schooling. BES Ill continued the BES II policy of promoting the distribution of School 
Grants and OVC Grants as a mechanism for stimulating better parental involvement in schools, and to 
help address the basic survival needs of OVCs. 
Impacts: As a result, approximately 1,300 schools nationwide had completed school self-assessments 
and developed SDPs from this exercise. In the target northern regions, 625 out of 700 schools (90%) 
developed SDPs and are now implementing SDP activities. 
IR 3: Improved quality education delivered by primary schools (English, Mathematics and 
Science). BES Ill support to the MOE for improving the quality of education in primary schools was 
delivered using two complementary approaches: pre-service professional training and in-service 
professional development. 
IR 3.1 Percentage increase in the number of teachers in target regions using improved 
teaching techniques and improved materials in core subjects, (originally planned) to reach 
90% over the baseline. This was changed to 82% increase over the Year Two baseline. The indicator 
measurement was subsequently changed to "baseline percentage of teachers in target regions: 68% 
scored good or better on 1-4 scale of teacher behaviors."5 
Impacts: Cumulative data from the national standards indicated that for the key area #3, which covers 
teaching and learning, the summary rating for all 13 national regions was 1.9. However the summary 
rating for schools in the six BES Ill target regions was 2.6. On a scale of 1-4, with the highest level being 
4, the project regions are clearly on a better foot,ing in terms of the quality of teaching and learning 
taking place. 
IR 3.2 Number of Grade 1-7 teachers in target regions participating in teacher workgroup 
sessions on mathematics, science, language and incorporating HIV and AIDS topics in their 
instructional program 
5 Basic Education Support Project: Phase 3. Semi-Annual Report. Reporting Period: 0 I October 2008 through 30 
March 2009. AED. Windhoek, pages I 1-12. 
14 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
IR 3.2 Number of Grade 1-7 teachers in target regions participating in site-based teacher workgroup 
professional development sessions in schools, clusters and circuits on mathematics, science, language 
and life skills was originally planned to reach to 6,721 by 2009. Lifeskills was subsequently removed as a 
topic with the advent of NEPP. 
Impacts: The target was surpassed by the project completion date in 2009, with a total of 15,835 
teachers participating. 
IR 3 BES intervention/Teacher IST: The system of site-based teacher in-service training, an 
innovation based on the use of data from the annual learner assessments linked to the teacher 
classroom observations carried out by the national standards team, has become the approach of choice 
for all MOE training in Namibia. Working with NIED, USAID-funded training provided support to 
teachers in the new revised curricula and methods for teachers of Mathematics, Science and English. 
Impacts: BES Ill was instrumental in the roll out of curriculum training for all teachers in all schools in 
the three core subjects cited. The Ministry, having adopted and adapted the model, has made plans to 
role this out to the other seven non-project target regions. As a result, four regions (Omaheke, Erongo, 
Otjozondjupa and Khomas) have already introduced training via circuits. Regions such as Kunene, 
Hardap and Karas are now close to introducing this approach. 
IR 3 BES interventions/National standards: Under IR3, the MOE deemed it fit to scale up and roll 
out the USAID/BES II-initiated School Self-Assessment System as the basis for establishing National 
Standards for Schools. Consequently, the national standards for schools had already taken root as the 
core guiding principle for monitoring education quality in Namibia. BES Ill supported including the views 
of teachers for better assessing teaching and learning issues. 
Impacts: With USAID support, the MOE developed and rolled out the National Standards for Schools, 
and training is now being conducted for all teachers nationally. BES Ill helped operationalize the NSS 
through the National SSE instrument that was developed based on the USAID/BES II School Self 
Assessment tool. This instrument allows teachers and their supervisors to have common criteria for 
measuring teacher performance. 
IR 3 BES interventions/LPAI: BES Ill helped the MOE establish a localized, sustainable, arid 
measurable system for improving instruction in mathematics, science, and language in target region 
primary schools and the Colleges of Education. The Ministry's Directorate of National Examinations 
and Assessment (DNEA) was assisted to develop 5th and 8th grade learner assessments modeled on the 
BES Ill-initiated 4th grade diagnostic assessment, often referred to as the learner performance 
assessment instrument (LPAI). The LPAI is a diagnostic tool that that has received very positive reviews 
has now become a model for DNEA. 
Impacts: LPAI has now become the model that DNEA plans to use for the Education and Training Sector 
Improvement Program (ETSIP)-mandated 5th and 8th grade assessments. The adoption of the 
diagnostic learner assessment has now become a Ministry-led innovation that is the anchor of ETSIP. 
The results of the final learner assessment conducted in the six target regions with project support 
indicated that BES Ill achieved the target set in two of the three subjects: 
Subject 
English Language 
Environmental Study 
Percentage Increase over Baseline 
16.8% 
9% 
IS 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Mathematics 12.9% 
IR 3 BES intervention/CPD: The site-based continuous professional development (CPD) for teacher 
educators became well-grounded and guided by college management whose involvement is critical for its 
sustainability. A second workshop was held in Swakopmund and attracted close to 40 participants from 
the four colleges of education and NIED. The workshop equipped teacher educators to prepare and 
present studies in the 2nd annual Continuous Professional Development Conference held in May 2009 
and hosted by NIED. 
Impacts: Based on an assessment conducted on management engagement in CPD activities, BES Ill 
supported NIED with technical assistance (TA) to mentor the other two colleges to get CPD embedded 
in their system. NIED recently held the 2nd annual CPD workshop. This was the first time in Namibia 
that conference participants were able to submit their proposals to a review committee in order to 
have their work published nationally and internationally. 
Local Partner GRN Institutions 
The BES Ill team worked in collaboration with a wide range of implementing national partners. Under 
S06 as well as IRs 2, and 3, the BES Ill project teamed with NIED, DNEA, PAD, EPl/PQA, and the 
Regional Education Offices to promote and extend project activities. Local partners benefitted in the 
following manner: 
I. NIED Impacts: BES Ill assisted the directorate of NIED to become better able to support pre￾service activities in Colleges of Education (COE) through: 
The use of a planning interface that is more focused, regular, site based and monitored 
frequently to measure progress and challenges. 
The project reactivation of the annual pre-service conference and its expansion to include 
presentations of papers by teacher educators has now professionalized teacher training to the 
extent that pride has been instilled in college lecturers. 
The NIED 2nd Annual CPD Conference. 
Implementing COE site-based professional development. 
2. DNEA lmpaas: BES Ill assisted the Directorate of National Examinations in a number of ways, 
including: 
Create, test and implement the LPAI tool. DNEA's acceptance and adaptation of the diagnostic 
assessment that is regionally driven ·and managed presents a different type of activity from the 
external exams that are normally conducted. The new approach will allow the directorate to 
build staff capacity to design assessment, utilize the data to inform policy makers on the status of 
education in Namibia, and provide the information needed to inform teacher pre and in-service 
training. 
Develop a sustainability approach. The directorate has begun planning to access funds from 
different sources to complement donor funding. The ability of the directorate management to 
be innovative and source for co-funding with donors will make it an attractive option for 
possible continued funding. 
Provide support to the DNEA to pilot the 5th and 7th grade diagnostic assessment. 
16 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
3. PAD Impacts: The Directorate of Planning and Development has been strengthened through the 
following activities: 
Building its capacity to collect, analyze and report national school statistics, which, during the 
lifetime of the project, has allowed PAD, for the first time ever, to present up to date data in 
the form of the annual education statistics report. For example, the 2008 report was ready by 
February 2009. This has allowed the MOE to plan with up-to-date data in all aspects of 
education planning. The EMIS is now web based, further increasing access to the information, 
speeding up analysis as well as including regional level planners in the entry analysis and use of 
such database for specific regional needs. 
Developing, through a collaborative process, a teacher projection model that has benefitted 
from experiences in a number of countries. 
4. EPI (which later became PQA) Impacts: The Directorate of Program Quality and Assurance 
[formerly the Directorate of Educational Program Implementation] was trained by BES Ill staff in a 
number of ways to use innovative systems and processes, including: 
The systematic evolution of the national standards from purely policy driven data management 
systems to a more grass roots classroom based systems. 
Exposure of senior Ministry personnel to various innovations through sponsored attendance of 
regional and international conferences during which experiences shared with other countries 
helped raise awareness for action in Namibia. 
Design of a projection model for teacher supply and demand. 
5. The Six Northern Regional Education Offices Impacts: At the regional level, where BES II impact was 
the greatest, assistance included: 
• Setting up a site-based system for teacher professional development that is demand and data 
driven. 
• The adoption of pilot projects such as the school self- assessments that have helped create the 
national standards for schools, and also had an impact on educational policy. 
• Workshops for principals and heads of department conducted by the regional Inspectors and 
Senior Advisory Teachers, on how to conduct SSAs. 
• Training for CSTs to train teachers to make use of the "Writing for Kids" and "Writing by Kids" 
materials. 
Cooperating Partners and Sub-Contractors 
Two local institutions were sub-contracted to deliver services: 
• SchoolNet, a locally based ICT company, continued under BES Ill to operate as an AED sub￾contractor to set-up and manage the laptop computer leasing program. 
• iNET, provided BES Ill with the delivery mechanism needed to disseminated new CA and LCE 
materials and approaches through iNET information technology centers based at the Teacher 
Resource Centers (TRC). 
International partners and their activities included: 
17 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
MCID. With the Mississippi Consortium for International Development (MCID) assistance and 
participation, student-teacher seminars were held at NIED and the four COEs. 
MSU. Michigan Stat~ University (MSU) offered pre-service teacher education, focusing on a writers' 
workshop in: The Research Process; Preparing Conference Proposals and Presentations; and The 
Art of Publishing. The MSU team also supported NIED and the COEs with activities to strengthen 
CPD in each college. 
AIR. American Institutes for Research (AIR) continues to provide Technical Assistance in 5th and 
7th grade assessment to DNEA, providing capacity building through hands on activities such as item 
writing workshops and preparation and pilot of the 5th grade assessment tool. 
• Other Partners. IFESH: Each year IFESH placed U.S. volunteer professors/teacher educators in 
the four Colleges of Education and at NIED to take over teaching duties for local Ministry of 
Education professors to allow them to pursue professional development, usually in the form of long￾term degrees (MA, Ph.D.) and short-course training. The IFESH Teacher Educators focused on 
Mathematics, Science, IT, HIV/AIDS, institutional capacity building, and English language training. 
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 
The JBS/Aguirre team's technical approach in implementing the Namibia Evaluation included the 
following activities and evaluation criteria. 
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods 
Qualitative Research methods were applied as a framework for understanding the impact on 
Namibia's basic education delivery systems from activities undertaken by USAID contractors over 19 
years under the USAID BES I ( 1994-1999), BES II ( 1999-2004), and BES Ill (2004-2009) initiatives. To 
achieve the objectives detailed under this task order in a timely manner, the JBS/Aguirre evaluation team 
successfully completed the following activities: 
• Selective interviews were carried out with key policy makers in Windhoek and the six Nor:thern 
regions targeted for the implementation of BES program activities during the I 0-year 1999-2009 
period. This included scheduled meetings and interviews with Ministry of Education decision￾makers, donors, USAID implementation partners, and local consultants. 
• Additional interviews and meetings were carried out with MOE staff at the national and regional level, 
including: NIED, DNEA, PAD, NQA, Formal Education, DHE, ICT, the Colleges of Education and 
regional education teams. 
• Selective interviews with donors and other GRN development partners: UNICEF, the European 
Community (EC), IFESH, the Peace Corps, the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), Spanish 
AID, UK Volunteer Service Overseas (VSO), USAID and U.S. Embassy personnel provided valuable 
additional supporting evidence. 
• 18 BES-impacted schools were selected and visited in the six Northern regions which were targeted for 
USAID assistance through the three BES projects. 
• 6 control schools in two adjacent non-BES program regions, Kunene and Otjozondjupa, were visited 
to compare the quality and impact of BES activities on the 18 selected BES schools in the Northern 
regions. 
• A mix of fteld interviews and focus group meetings at the school level with 24 school principals, and 
selected groups of teachers, students, regional education staff, College of Education staff, parent 
school board members, inspectors, and community beneficiaries, were successfully carried out in all 
eight regions. 
18 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
• Fourth-grade classroom observations were carried out in schools in all six Northern regions and in 
schools in the two control regions, by Namibian professional teacher-educators using a JBS/A 
classroom observation instrument developed for use in Namibian sch.cols. Each classroom visit 
focused on teacher behaviors and student interactions observed during a standard 40-minute 
mathematics, science, or English lesson. 
• The Evaluation Team's Participation as observers in the "BES Ill Close-Out Conference", on August 6, 2009, 
at the Heja Lodge, near Windhoek, provided a unique opportunity to reach all BES Ill actors and 
some beneficiaries. The JBS/A Team was able to interview key BES Ill USAID and AED managers and 
MOE senior personnel, while also witnessing a comprehensive MOE-led presentation of BES Ill 
project results and outcomes. Valuable additional secondary source data was made available during 
this event. 
Quantitative Research methods were also applied in the analysis of available lower and upper primary 
education data. Key education, planning and budget data gleaned from appropriate government officials 
were obtained during visits to appropriate GRN institutions, MOE departments and Windhoek-based 
donor agencies. Available BES I, II and 111, and other shared national documents were reviewed to better 
comprehend the strengths and weaknesses of the project implementation processes which were applied 
and funded by the USG between 1999-2009, during the delivery of program services under NPA. BES I, 
BES II and BES Ill. 
All the above activities provided credible qualitative and quantitative data which were used to support 
the triangulation process applied to better understand and assess the positive and/or negative impacts 
made by USAID funded BES I, II, Ill program activities on the three "cross-cutting quality measures" which 
are highlighted in this evaluation's scope of work, namely, improved national education policies, 
improvements in decentralized management practices, and overall improvements in teaching and 
learning, in the schools targeted. 
All three measures are viewed as proxies for education quality in the context of Namibia's primary 
education reform process, especially for schools in the six Northern regions impacted by BES. 
As in other initiatives designed to have a far reaching long-term impact, a central evaluation research 
concern for the JBS/A team related to the way in which multiple interventions contributed to tangible 
positive national education policy outcomes; in areas such as: 
• teacher training, 
• the development of new curriculum materials, 
• the strengthening of school management, and 
• improved community and parental and community involvement. 
The School Sampling Approach Adopted. 
The 18 BES-impacted schools visited were picked applying a pragmatic sampling frame which carefully 
selected schools reflecting the following agreed criteria: 
• All the schools selected had been impacted by BES's SIP program. 
• All .schools were public primary schools with a spread of grades 1-7. This helped to insure that a 
good proportion of teachers and students in each school had been exposed to two or more years 
of BES-supported school improvement activities. 
19 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
• At least one school in each region belonged to a BES-supported School Cluster. 
• In each region, one school was classified as rural, one as urban, and one as semi-urban. 
The following GRN geographical definitions were applied in the selection of all 24 schools (control and 
non-control/BES affected) using criteria currently being applied by the MOE in defining urban, rural and 
semi-urban areas: 
• Urban areas in Namibia have the following characteristics: a major rqad passing through the area; the 
existence of government administrative offices; police, fire, electricity, water services are readily 
available, and have access to basic communications services such as telephone, radio and television. 
• Semi-urban areas are defined as having close proximity ( 15-20 kilometers) to a road; access to public 
transportation; a clinic or post-office; access to a telephone, potable water and electricity. 
• Rural areas are remote and beyond road access. They also lack most or all of the services described 
under the urban or semi-urban definitions. Rural areas in Namibia are often cut off by flooding 
during the rainy season and difficult to access by car, even during the dry season. 
The Challenges 
The JBS/A Namibia Evaluation team encountered the following challenges while conducting the 
Evaluation: 
• The non-availability of 2009 national EMIS data, and the Team's access only to an incomplete version 
of the 2008 EMIS report, meant that the Team's final analysis may be handicapped by the limitations 
of the prime source of national baseline data required for a better focused final analysis. 
• The lack of school-level performance data to make comparisons among schools selected meant that 
aggregated regional level data had to be used to make comparisons among control and non-control 
schools, over the ten-year period cited. 
• A difficult-to-follow USAID documentary trail and the paucity of formal evaluations and project 
implementation reports, especially during the BES I project period, meant that information and data 
gaps about USAID education projects and programs before 1995 have been difficult to define and 
evaluate. 
• Difficulties encountered in bringing on board a qualified and experienced MOE evaluator acceptable 
to USAID and the GRN to assist in the evaluation caused initial delays. However, this was 
successfully resolved with the addition of Mrs. Nambala, Senior Adviser for the Oshana region, to 
the field research team. 
• Challenges in identifying control schools in Kunene and Otjozondjupa due to the inclusion of two 
schools that unexpectedly proved not to satisfy the appropriate criteria, i.e., an Ovahimba 'mobile 
school' and a San 'community school,' resulted in their having to be excluded because they were 
inappropriate as comparison schools. However, Regional Education Directors in the two regions 
willingly assisted in identifying replacement schools which better met the evaluation criteria. 
• Additional challenges included finding schools that satisfied the three geographical criteria desired by 
the Ministry, as many Namibian schools can be considered as both rural or semi-urban. Accessibility 
criteria, and the need to visit 24 schools in the short time available, provided further constraints. 
• The length of time and penetration of USAID's BES activities, and their contribution to the national 
education reform process made it difficult to find a BES-neutral and objective evaluation 
environment to work in. Few of the key persons interviewed in the MOE were neutral respondents 
because the majority had been directly involved in BES activities or had been beneficiaries of USAID 
and BES financed training, long-term scholarships, and study tours. Even control schools and 
20 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Ministry staff in the two control regions selected had been exposed to BES, or were already aware 
of BES program activities. 
• The unexpected and early departure of the JBS Team leader due to complications from influenza and 
pneumonia presented a challenge to the remaining in-country Team members, during the second 
field phase of this evaluation task. However, the in-country team successfully worked on-line with 
the Team Leader in the US to integrate the results of their field work, secondary data review and 
collection, and remaining stakeholder interviews into the final data analysis process. 
Schools Visited During August 4~22, 2009 
BES INTERVENTION SCHOOLS 
School Region Circuit Cluster Status 
Mavuluma PS CAPRIVI Katima Mulilo Katima Mulilo Urban 
Bukalo PS " Bukalo Bukalo Semi Urban 
Ngoma PS " Ngoma Ngo ma Rural 
Rudolf Ngondo KAVANGO Ncuncuni Rudolf Ngondo Urban 
Sauyema PS " Rundu Run du Semi Urban 
Sivara PS " Bun ya Bunya Rural 
Oshakati PS OS HANA Oshakati Oshakati West Urban 
Olukolo PS " Ondangwa Nangolo Semi Urban 
Eheke PS " Eheke Kapembe Rural 
Onathinge OSHIKOTO Onathinge Onathinge South Urban 
South CS 
lihongo CS " Onathinge Onathinge South Rural 
Engoyi PS " Onankali Engoyi Semi Urban 
Onakalunga PS OHANGWENA Eenhana Onakalunga Urban 
Endola PS " Endo la Shituwa Semi Urban 
Onambutu CS " Eenhana Onambutu Rural 
Okahao JP OMUSATI Okahao Shaamika Nashilongo Urban 
Okanimekwa CS " Outapi Okanimekwa Semi Urban 
Oshuulagulwa PS " Okahao Niitayiitula Rural 
Criteria for the selection of sample schools: 
I. Met the three sample definition criteria of urban, semi-urban and rural; 
2. Were supported by BES projects, some for at least ten years; 
3. Had a lower primary phase; 
4. Were recipient ofsmall grant funds; 
5. Were easily accessible; 
6. Some are cluster centers. 
CONTROL SCHOOLS 
School Region Circuit Cluster Status 
Alfa CS KUN ENE Opuwo Alfa Urban 
Oukongo PS " Epupa Opuwo Rural 
21 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Kaoko-Otavi " Opuwo Kaoko-Otavi Semi Urban 
Shamalindi PS OTJOZONDJUPA Grootfontein Grootfontein Semi Urban 
Shalom PS " Otjiwarongo Ota vi Urban 
Otjituuo PS " Grootfontein Otjiwanda Rural 
Criteria for the selection of control schools: 
I. Met the three sample definition criteria of urban, semi-urban and rural; 
2. Had a lower primary phase; 
3. Were easily accessible; 
4. Some are cluster centers; 
5. Were not directly impacted by BES activities. 
4. THEMATIC FIELD RESEARCH FINDINGS BY GROUP AND REGION 
BES Evidence-Based Management and Decentralization Impacts 
Interviews and focus groups carried out both in Windhoek and in the six targeted regions with senior 
MOE officials, regional directors and college rectors and their staffs captured the following perceptions 
and comments about BES impacts on the management culture, both at the center and in the regions. 
The Deputy Permanent Secretary, Education (Mr. Alfred llukena). 
USAID has played a l(ey catalytic role through BES activities in providing high quality technical guidance 
and financial support for Namibia's educational reform process. From the outset USAID participated in 
important national policy panels and committees in the areas of management training, teacher 
professional development, the improvement of EMIS training and national EMIS report writing, bringing 
focused and well managed educational change to the poorest six regions. BES's example assisted in 
creating a culture of collaboration and cooperative management between regional offices, schools and 
training colleges. From the outset USAID provided invaluable guidance and advice which helped the 
GRN prioritize strengthening lower primary education, prior to investing in higher levels of the system. 
Important for the successful management of this process was USAID's funding of professional visits for 
senior GRN manag~rs and professionals to the U.S., Canada and neighboring African countries, where 
senior planners and decision makers were able to learn at first-hand about successful educational 
innovations which have since been transferred and adopted through BES, in Namibia. The three notable 
BES successes which been instrumental in improving management, and have now been co-opted into the 
ETSIP reforms are; i) well organized in-service training and field support for schools and teacher through 
the CSTs; ii) improved school level management through the SIP and School Management Plan (SMP) 
procedures, and: iii) the introduction of ICTs to improve classroom learning, and school and regional 
office level management tasks. 
The Under Secretary, Formal Education (Mr. Charles Kabajani) 
USAID's support and assistance to education management has been significant and sector wide. 
Especially valuable was the support received through BES II and Ill in the areas of comprehensive 
22 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
professional development, the parent-managed school improvement process (SIP) where improving 
school management at the local level has already made a visible impact. These and initiatives, like learner 
assessment and school self evaluation; have all been adopted by the Presidential Commission on 
Educational Reform. A BES-financed and led research study in the six poorest Northern regions showed 
how better managed schools produced better learning outcomes. This helped to convince the GRN to 
put more effort into management training for education at all administrative levels. Many of the 
successful activities introduced by BES in the Northern regions are now "blazing a trail" for similar 
changes in regions throughout the country. BES II and Ill management training workshops helped to 
empower inspectors and principals to work cooperatively on common problems and issues. To insure 
more effective performance, principals will now be only appointed on five-year contracts which will be 
renewed based on performance. At the REO level, SSAs are being used to set objective principal 
performance criteria assisted by inputs from School Boards which are being encouraged to provide 
critical assessments of teacher and principal performance in their school assessments. However, much 
still needs to be done before principals will be better able to deliver the management performance 
expected of them. A missing element which still needs more attention is leadership training for staff at 
all supervisory levels, but more especially at the school and regional office levels. 
The Director of NIED (Ms. Hertha Pomuti) 
USAID through BES and IFESH has been instrumental in transforming how educators at NIED work. 
Through the attachment of international expert volunteers the USAID funded IFESH program helped to 
build professional and other management capacities both within NIED and regionally at the REO and 
Teacher College levels. BES encouraged and trained NIED staff to carry out relevant field research in 
schools and colleges of education. Through a jointly developed LPAI assessment procedure, NIED staff 
learned to use formative evaluation approaches to improve the management and quality of learning 
incorporating computers into the process for the first time in Namibia. The development of CPD 
modules and site-based professional training procedures for application in the Colleges of Education has 
successfully started a movement that will lead to the improved management of these Colleges via a long 
term process of in-house professional development both at the teaching and administrative levels. In a 
similar manner, help from BES advisers and IFESH volunteers assisted NIED to improve its approach to 
curriculum development where curricula are now developed primarily with learner and teacher needs in 
mind, and with an e-learning emphasis. Until recently, most NIED CD staff had never seen curricula 
being taught in classrooms. In a similar way, USAID and BES helped to draw attention to the gap 
between the creators and users of technical information and policy makers. In Namibia, BES drew 
attention for need to have teachers, inspectors and principals on key decision-making bodies so that 
decisions taken centrally can be representative of complex and diverse national realities. BES's most 
significant impact will have been the long-term and well focused attention given to Namibia's educational 
needs in the field. 
Director of PAD (EMIS) (Mr. Raino Dengeinge) 
The EMIS is Namibia's most important education management tool and as such deserves more attention. 
In 2004, with USAID/ BES II technical assistance positive impact was made by installing new Oracle 
procedures with appropriate training for senior EMIS staff. New procedures were established for 
national report building, data cleaning and a new server installed to increase capacity to include new data 
sets on education finances, school boards and other missing teacher recruitment and placement 
information. With a view to speeding up management decentralization, the increased server capacity will 
eventually enable all 13 regions to participate in their own regional data input and analyses activities. To 
facilitate this USAID purchased 13 computers plus one PC to enable the REOs to become more 
23 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
engaged. With BES assisted training, data integrity was improved which helped to encourage a better 
understanding of the importance of data collected at the decentralized level. The BES-assisted data 
management improvements included: data on the resolution of key access, equity and gender issues; 
tracking and insuring of appropriate teacher career choices including licensing and reasons why teachers 
leave the education service; projections on primary teacher availability by medium of instruction; 
projections on teacher needs by region and education level; training regional level capacities to enable 
REOs to carry out their own data analyses via an internet linked national system; and the setting up of 
an OVC register to track individual learners and produce an annual OVC information base. This was 
published for the first time in 2008. 
Colleges of Education Rectors and Coordinators 
During a focus group convened at the Heja Lodge on August 5, 2009, participants shared the following 
perceptions about the impact BES has had on the management culture of the four Colleges of Education 
that they represented. They concurred that BES II had been helpful in providing resources and technical 
assistance for the organizational development of the CO Es while BES Ill had emphasized the professional 
development of staff. IFESH and BES technical assistance helped the COEs develop strategic 
management plans, develop clearer policy guidelines for their institutions, draw up criteria for the design 
and development of short courses, and introduce staff to study leave policies. Under BES Ill guidance, 
the COEs were able to better manage their HIV/AIDs response via HIV AIDS Management Committees, 
better organized fund raising for HIV activities, training on HIV/AIDs for students and teachers, and the 
establishment of HIV/AIDS reading corners in college libraries. The introduction of an ICT culture into 
the CO Es has helped to improve the quality of teaching by making the learning process more interactive, 
improved and sped up administrative processes and encouraged staff and students to work together to 
learn and apply computer skills in the carrying out of teaching, learning and classroom research tasks. 
Under BES Ill, two strong institutional management courses for administrators and academic staff were 
well received, but they need to be followed up by more in-house management training to be effective. 
Will this happen after the demise of BES? Had BES started work in the COEs before 2004, more would 
have been achieved in the improvement of college teaching and management procedures. 
In a separate meeting with Ms Etta Mbuye, Director of Higher Education, MOE, she concurred that all 
various phases of BES, IFESH, and NIED had made a significant impact on college management and 
teaching. Both the CPD and ICT activities started by BES have begun to transform the culture of 
learning in the COEs from a passive rote learning one, to a more pragmatic research and evidence-based 
one. However, this transformation, which has just started, won't make much of an impact on school 
teaching and learning until it has had a chance to change the way the COEs see their role as trainers of 
teachers who will eventually have to work in schools and classrooms. Still missing in the management 
improvement equation is the need to give COE Rectors leadership and professional development 
training so they can begin to run their colleges like institutions of higher learning, and not like secondary 
schools. However, the CO Es still need U.S. technical assistance to help them gain the capacity to carry 
out the following important management tasks: Create computerized record keeping and admissions 
procedures; training in budget keeping and financial management; the ability to attract better academic 
staff and devise ways of retaining them in the system; further work in fully integrating computer 
communications technologies into college teaching and management procedures. 
24 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Regional Directors and Deputies 
Regional Directors and Deputy Directors participated in a 2Y2-hour focus group meeting organized by 
the Evaluation Team at the Heja Lodge, on August 5, 2009. They shared the following observations and 
concerns about management decentralization. 
They quickly raised the issue of decentralization and not giving full control and management of financial 
resources to the regional level. A move toward Regional Councils (RC) may help, but skepticism was 
expressed concerning the capacity of RCs to plan, manage finances and successfully implement what will 
still be needed for education in the regions. While regions were generally already autonomous, 
management quality was still lacking in most regions. More leadership training was required at all levels 
but especially at the cluster and school principal levels. Most cluster leaders a'nd school principals are 
promoted from the teaching ranks without adequate management or leadership. preparation and 
training. BES has helped to raise each REO's capacity to capture and analyze local data for management 
and decision making purposes. Another important future management issue will be how REOs 
coordinate and become integrated into the proposed new Regional Council structure. This new 
decentralization initiative is intended to give regions more autonomy in the financial and decision making 
aspects of national development plan implementation, at all regional levels. However, a shortage of 
suitably trained and qualified manpower in many regions may create major implementation obstacles, 
especially as Regional Councils become more politicized and less technical. REO's also shared their 
major concerns about the issues preventing better management and implementation of their education 
programs. These included: an acute shortage of transport resources, a shortage of suitably trained and 
experienced staff, which has only been partly addressed by BES training; inadequate budgets to cover the 
per diem and other costs of staff running training workshops, conferences and other essential meetings; 
an inadequate centrally run system for the purchase and timely delivery of textbooks and other learning 
materials; the timing of the annual central budget allocation that is out of synchronization with actual 
needs in the field (i.e., funds are received late in the year when demand for funding is at its lowest); and 
school facilities that are generally in a poor state of repair including: toilets, teacher's blocks and school 
eating facilities. Further, with BES assistance, mathematics and science teaching has improved but much 
still needs to be done to improve English language teaching and learning. 
A separate focus group meeting was held for members of the BES Steering Committee (SC), which also 
includes regional directors and their deputies, plus representatives from the BES project and the MOE in 
Windhoek. Originally, members thought the Steering Committee had the potential to be a useful tool in 
the BES generated management culture. SC m~mbership was comprehensive and included all regional 
heads, their deputies, the MOE/PQA, NIED, HAMU, IFESH, Peace Corps, BES Project leadership and 
USAID. The committee began as a BES initiative under BES I, in 1993. The BES Steering Committee 
provided project oversight, acting as a forum for coordinating project activities and locus for addressing 
implementation problems. The SC also channeled these problems to the appropriate ministry 
departments. Additionally, the Committee was used as the venue for sharing reports about the progress 
being made in the implementation of key BES activities in the field. The SC helped bring managers and 
leaders from diverse regions together to constructively discuss common problems and share successes. 
However, members participating in the focus groups considered the current SC to be a waste of time 
because, in their opinion, agenda now mostly reflect MOE .priorities and not regional ones. Now 
repetitive progress reports are quickly reviewed without doing meaningful evaluations. The future of the 
SC is now uncertain, but an equivalent management oversight mechanism will be needed, if what was 
started by BES is to continue in a sustainable manner under PEPFAR/NEPP, ETSIP, or any other national 
education reform initiative. The forum provided an important venue for education donor partners to 
raise implementation problems and challenges, and find common solutions. The forum drew interest 
25 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
from a wide range of education partners that used the forum to raise implementation challenges, seeking 
common ground to resolve such challenges. 
Evidence-Based BES Impacts on Teaching, Learning and Parental Involvement. 
Additional information and comments were obtained through interviews, and focus groups carried out 
during visits made to REOs and staff in the six target regions and two control regions selected for this 
study. Quantitative and qualitative data gathered using two instruments designed for this field impact 
study (Annex 4), namely, a Classroom Observation Checklist and a Principal/Vice-Principal Interview 
questionnaire, provided much of the additional evidence-based data which is presented here. Selected 
tables with data taken from the most recent (2008) EMIS national report, where relevant, 
complemented and supported the field information collected by the Evaluation Team. 
The MOE in Windhoek 
During interviews and in meetings with the Under-Secretary for Formal Education, the Permanent 
Secretary, USAID staff responsible for BES project oversight and AED BES project staff, strong positive 
sentiments were shared about the impact BES has made and is making on classroom teaching and 
learning in the six Northern regions targeted by BES II and Ill. The positive impact of GRN policies 
favoring a more equitable distribution of manpower and resources for the education of poor and · 
marginalized communities in the North is evidenced by a significant increase in t he number of primary 
schools built there during the past ten years, (Table 7: Changes in number of schools between 2002-
2008) except in the case of the negative trend in the Oshana Region, where several private schools 
were closed by the government. Similar impressive positive increases in both male and female 
enrolments from 2002 to 2008 in the six Northern regions and the two control regions is evidence of 
continued demand for primary education, except in the Oshana and Omusati regions. The negative 
enrolment trend in Oshana is explained by the school closures, but in the case of Omusati, no clear 
explanation was forthcoming. (Table I: Regional Change in Total Enrollment by BES Phase). 
In the past ten years, national gross and net enrolments showed dramatic increases which may be 
reflective, in part, of the impact made by GRN and BES pro-poor education policies and activities which 
are successfully targeting school improvements in the six most populous Northern regions, and which 
are the subject of this evaluation. (Table 4: Net and Gross Enrolment Ratios). 
Reviews of teacher qualifications and training levels in the regions of interest reveal that there are still 
significant numbers of teachers without formal teacher training in all the eight regions visited. Three 
regions, Kavango, Ohangwena and Omusati are more severely burdened with this problem, despite 
training inputs received through BES. (Table 8: Teacher Qualifications by Region). The same three 
regions also show higher than average teacher attrition rates during the 2007-2008 period. (Table 9: 
Transfer Rates of Teachers by Region and Table 10. Attrition Rates of Teachers between 2007 and 
2008). Since the national student-teacher ratio of 27.8 compares favorably with the student-teacher 
ratios in all the regions under study, (Table 11. Learner-Teacher Ratios from 2002 -2008), high teacher 
transfer and attrition rates may be better explained by exogenous factors like the remoteness of school 
locations, lack of access to social life, lack of suitable accommodation, poor access to essential health 
and sanitation services and professional isolation due to poor communications, and other more difficult 
to discern factors. (Table 12. Provision of Sanitary and Water Facilities for Teachers in Schools). 
26 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
However, the factor which seems to be having visible impact on the growth and success of the 
education system in the regions cited is the high teacher and student mortality rates associated with 
HIV/AIDS, and other opportunistic AIDS-associated diseases now impacting communities in the North. 
The two tables cited below display only reported cases, which may hide a significant number of deaths 
which aren't registered as AIDS-related (Table 13. Teachers' Mortality by Region). The regions most 
severely impacted are Kavango, Oshana, Oshikoto and Omusati. Region-specific trends may partially 
account for the drop in enrolments and the other negative educational impacts previously indicated 
(Table 14. Learners' Mortality by Region). 
The Regional Education Offices and Staff 
In the six regional offices visited, RDs, DRDs, senior advisors and regional inspectors attested to the 
positive impacts made through all BES projects on teaching and learning in schools in their respective 
regions. They claimed that BES I started the process by focusing on the need to improve the quality of 
teaching and learning at the lower primary level as a foundation-building strategy prior to initiating 
further reforms higher levels in the system. Notable contributions were: work carried out with NIED 
and IFESH to encourage learning in the mother tongue by developing language teaching materials in the 
mo.st commonly used vernacular languages, and improved curricula for learning mathematics, science 
and English. 
With the advent of BES II, more focus was placed on developing systems for school improvement with a 
focus on poorer schools in the six Northern regions. School improvement plans (SIP) and SSA were 
developed to place the onus for school improvement locally, on schools and parents, while 
simultaneously providing school level training and support through Circuit Support Teams (CST) trained 
to provide hands-on school level in-service training. BES Ill extended what had been started during BES 
II , and leaned more strongly toward professional development and management training at the regional 
and college levels. On-site training for principals and teachers provided by the CST received more 
emphasis as heralded by the enthusiasm of CST team members and teacher advisers, who voiced their 
strong support for what BES Ill was achieving for teachers and learners in most of the schools under 
their purview. Above all, BES has empowered teachers, principals and parents to work together with 
regional and school inspectors in a more harmonious and cooperative manner. BES, with the help of 
DNEA and the PQA, is promoting the establishment of uniform national performance standards in key 
subjects like mathematics, English and science. As a result of initial successes achieved by the pilot 
learning assessment program carried out at the lower primary level, LPAI assessment instruments are 
being field tested and modified for application at the higher primary level before a new national 
competency-based learning achievement assessment procedure can be implemented. BES II was also 
credited for promoting better focused HIV/AIDS awareness activities at both the school and college 
levels. An upgraded program for OVC support is part of the new national strategy promoted by the 
Prime Minister's Office through BES and PEPFAR/NEPP. 
School Principals 
One-hour interviews were held with principals in the 24 schools visited. The interview questionnaire 
developed for this purpose (Annex 4A) was used as a springboard for a more extensive discussion of 
school problems and successes. The data gathered during principal interviews revealed the following 
cross-cutting trends: 
27 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
• Principals in the 18 schools visited in six Northern regions averaged 6.6 years occupancy in their 
current schools, while the six principals in the two control regions averaged only about 6.4 years in 
their respective schools. 
• The Northern Principals were less experienced in the leadership business averaging only about 9 
years service as school principals, while principals in the two control regions had a slightly higher 
average of I 0 years in school leadership roles. 
• Only Principals in Oshana and Katima had university bachelor's degrees, or education diplomas. 
Principals in the remaining four regions only held four-year college teacher t
1
raining diplomas, 
teacher certificates, or less. 
• Schools in the two control regions averaged about 332 students, while schools in the six Northern 
regions were all significantly larger, averaging about 604 students. 
• I 00%, or all 6 schools in the two control regions, and I 00%, or all 18 schools in the targeted 
Northern regions, had fully established HIV/AIDS awareness programs. · 
• 16% of the schools in the control regions, and 44% of schools in the Northern regions reported 
teacher absenteeism due to HIV/AIDS. 
• 16% of the control schools and 72% of schools in the North reported student absenteeism due to 
HIV/AIDS. 
• Principals in the six control schools had been exposed to nine training courses or seminars, but 
none were BES or USAID sponsored training events. · 
• Principals in BES-impacted schools had been exposed to 13 high quality training courses or events, 
including leadership training, HIV awareness, training of trainers workshops, SIP and LPAI training, 
Management training, planning and workshop management training, .NST and curriculum training, 
TPP, NIED led SDP professional development, and learner centered education training. 
• 83% of principals interviewed cited better school management practices as a result of what they 
learned through BES sponsored training programs, while 77% claimed that they were now 
implementing better monitoring practices as a result of BES implemented training. 
General Observations 
The following observations were recorded by the Evaluation T earn during visits to Northern and 
control schools: 
• Many educational planners and senior managers at the MOE, REO and school levels have failed to 
acknowledge the severity of the problems still faced by teachers and principals in lower primary 
schools. 
• There is significant difference across the sample of schools visited with respect to quality of school 
facilities like classrooms, hostels, and the availability of school resources, in general. 
• In the majority of schools visited, lower primary classes were relegated to the worse facilities, e.g., 
tin shacks and traditional mud structures. 
• Poor school management in most schools is reflective of a dearth of trained personnel, lack of 
training opportunities for administrators and the need for leadership skills training for principals and 
senior managers. 
• Some school principals also need training in financial and human resources management, as well as 
training in community outreach and public relations. 
• School principals and school administrators are still unsure of their role in the implementation of the 
new decentralization laws with respect to education. 
28 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
• Despite a national law banning corporal punishment, this is still being practiced in schools, often with 
tacit support from principals. 
• While many schools run school feeding programs, many students still suffer nutritional problems due 
to an uneven and inefficient distribution of food resources and inability, in some schools, to provide 
students with a daily school meal. 
Teaching and Learning. 
A classroom observation checklist was developed to assess changes in teacher behaviors due to BES 
influences and training. This was applied in all 24 schools to evaluate significant positive or negative 
changes in teacher behavior during a 45-minute mathematics, science, or English lesson, taught by a 
teacher to a 4th grade class. The following data were gathered about teacher classroom behaviors in the 
18 Northern and six control schools visited over a three-week period during August 2009. 
Data taken from the Classroom Observation Instrument revealed the following changes in classroom 
teaching behaviors: 
The five important classroom teaching behaviors sought were assessed for the 18 schools visited in 
Ohangwena, Caprivi, Kavango, Omusati, Oshana and Oshikoto (Table 15. Data from Teacher/Classroom 
Observations). 
BES Transferred Classroom Skills Observed 
• Lesson Planning was carried out successfully by 89% of the teachers observed. 
• Classroom management skills, including the ability to ·organize large classes, were observed in 78% 
of the classes seen. 
• Continuous student assessment techniques were applied by 88% of the teachers observed. 
• Active classroom learning methods were successfully applied by 89% of those observed. 
• Evidence of an appropriate use of learning materials was seen in 72% of the lessons observed. 
Field Evaluation Team Comments 
• Only a third of the teachers observed in the Northern regions displayed very good, or excellent 
group organizational skills 
• Two-thirds of the teachers observed in the control regions displayed very good, or excellent group 
organizational skills. 
• A third of the classrooms seen in the Northern regions were old and run-down where walls 
wouldn't permit teachers to display learning materials and other aids. 
• In only a third to two-thirds of the classes visited in the Northern regions, were teachers well 
prepared and experienced. 
• In all the classes observed in Kunene, teachers were well prepared, but only a third seemed well 
prepared in Otjozondjupa. 
• In Ohangwena, only a third of the teachers observed were competent in their use of English. 
• In Oshana, a third of the teachers observed displayed very weak classroom management skills. 
• Only a third of teachers seen in Oshana applied continuous assessment methods in their teaching. 
• A third of the teachers observed in Oshikoto delivered lessons poorly. 
29 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
General Observations 
• The majority of the teachers observed in the lower primary sample chosen were middle-aged and 
lacked the training and skills required to implement the innovatory teaching LCE methods promoted 
by the GRN through BES: 
• Many of the teachers observed prepared lessons plans, but a significant number didn't use them to 
teach. 
• Most teachers in BES-impacted schools were able to understand and explain learner-centered 
learning theories. However, a significant number were not able to apply these in the lessons 
observed. · 
• The majority of LP teachers observed had weak English language skills and a poor grasp of subject 
content. 
• In some schools, 4th grade students were speaking English more competently than their teachers. 
it In the majority of classes observed, learners had to share textbooks for lack of adequate supplies. In 
the best of cases, a one book per two student ratio was being implemented. 
• The majority of teachers interviewed claimed they lacked adequate basic teaching and learning 
resources. 
• Teachers expressed being overwhelmed by the growing number of OVC and not being trained to 
deal with their social and psychological problems in class. 
• TRCs and advisory teachers aren't being fully utilized by schools because of lack of funding for 
training activities and transport. 
• Despite teachers having received BES training in the local production and use of teaching aids, there 
was little evidence of teachers using these in their lessons. 
• Few, if any, teachers, principals or school administrators know how to use ICT in support of their 
teaching or management tasks. This was evident, even in the few schools visited with computers 
installed. 
• Despite a determined attempt by HIV school coordinators to inform teachers and administrators in 
schools about the dangers of HIV/ AIDS , many teachers still seem to exhibit inappropriate and 
risky behaviors toward older female students 
• The new national MOE teaching requirements which mandate that mathematics becomes a 
compulsory teaching subject for grades 1-12 is a challenge for teachers who aren't trained to teach 
mathematics. 
Parental and Community Roles 
In most of the 24 schools visited, individual parents were interviewed or parent focus groups were 
convened by the Evaluation T earn with the approval of school principals and school boards. Additional 
information on parental and community involvement gleaned from the Principal Interview Questionnaire 
provides a complementary dimension. 
An analysis of the responses given by Principals to seven parental and community involvement questions 
revealed that parents and communities play a significant role in the way schools are run and maintained, 
both in BES affected regions, and in the non-BES affected regions visited. 
• In 83% of the Control schools and 67% of Northern schools, community leaders had visited schools 
to provide support. 
30 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
• I 00% of the Control schools and 94% of the Northern schools held routine parent meetings on a 
regular basis. 
• I 00% of Control schools and I 00% of Northern schools convened SDA meetings on a regular basis. 
• In 17% of the Control schools and 44% of the Northern schools, parents volunteered their services 
during classes. 
• In 67% of the Control schools and 94% of the Northern schools, parents provided active support 
during school functions. 
• In 67% of the Control schools and 55% of the Northern schools, parents played an active role in 
school repairs and other maintenance tasks. 
• 67% of parents in the Control schools provide monetary and in-kind support to schools, while 78% 
of parents in the Northern schools do likewise. 
General Observations 
• In the last five years parental involvement has improved significantly, especially in BES-influenced 
regions. Parents in Control schools are less frequently involved in school functions and are unclear 
about their roles and responsibilities to school boards, providing financial assistance, and carrying 
out school maintenance tasks. 
• In the Control regions visited, only 17% of parents participate in school support activities over 50% 
of the time, while in the Northern BES schools about 67% of parents claimed that they were actively 
involved in their schools more that 50% of the time. 
• Parent-run School Boards are legitimized under the Education Act, but are not registered as Civil 
Society Organizations. Therefore, they don't have the right to lobby for change. 
• While most parents are willing to serve on school boards, school boards are still merely meeting 
places where members are reluctant to assume ownership, or be held accountable. 
• The majority of rural parents have low educational levels and are poorly informed about how to 
improve school quality, etc. 
• Parents and communities need to be given more of a role in formulating school policies. 
• In some schools, tribal differences are a source of conflict, holding back progress in school 
improvements. 
• Many schools vis.ited were concerned about the growing numbers of OVCs and the negative impact 
they are having on the running of their schools. 
• Most School Board parents lack the financial skills needed to keep accounts, run budgets and carry 
out fund raising activities, etc. 
• In the majority of BES and Control schools visited, a lack of school maintenance is conspicuously . 
apparent. 
Student Perceptions of Teaching, Teachers and Parents 
· Focus groups were organized to reach 7th grade students in the 18 Northern schools visited. The 
Evaluation Team's analysis of responses received identified the following common issues and concerns: 
• The majority of students claimed that they had not heard about the BES project, or USAID. 
• Over 70% of the students were positive about getting an education. Many had ambitions to become 
professionals like, teachers, doctors, nurses and engineers. 
• Over 50% claimed that they made an active contribution to their schools like teaching younger 
children, helping in class and carrying out school development projects, etc. 
31 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
• Students said that they did about five mathematics lessons per week; about two English classes per 
week, and about two science classes per week. Mathematics and English classes were most 
demanding in that they were required to do a lot of in-class activities and homework. 
• In mathematics, science and English classes many students claimed they did group activities like 
debates, field experiments, oral reading of liberation stories, drama and some visits to institutions in 
their towns. 
• In the majority of schools students claimed that they played a role in active HIV AIDS awareness 
activities like My Future is My Choice Clubs, Window of Hope and songs and poems through fund 
raising activities, talks and other social activities aimed at raising HIV/AIDS awareness. 
• Teachers were on the whole good, but many couldn't handle discipline problems and resort to 
corporal punishment with children for non-performance, or bad behavior. 
• Students complained that grading was inconsistent across subject areas. Teachers were subjective 
and not very fair in how they allocated grades to work done by students in class. 
• They were very positive about newly trained COE graduates who brought a new approach to 
teaching. Classes were more lively, and new teachers made an attempt to listen and get students 
more involved. 
• In most schools (85%), parents come to school two-three times a year to see what students are 
doing in class. Many parents also help with school building construction, maintenance, and other 
school fundraising activities. 
• Many students still walk long distances each day to reach schools. Health and nutritional needs are 
important constraints, and often inhibit school attendance. 
• The across-school needs most frequently expressed, included the need for better equipped 
classroom space, better trained teachers, and more textbooks, libraries, laboratory equipment and 
better accommodation for teachers. 
The Impact of BES on National and Regional Policy Implementation. 
The information presented here is a synthesis of observations and information gathered after a 
comprehensive review of official documents, current EMIS data tables, and information captured during 
formal and informal conversations carried out by the Team, both in Windhoek and in the field (see 
Annex 3. List of Interviewees). The impact of all three BES projects on national policy, as seen from 
following perceptions shared by key informants individually and in and groups, suggest that BES did make 
positive impacts on the substance and direction of Namibia's current national education reform 
process. 
On the MOE's Leadership in Windhoek 
During a formal presentation made by the Deputy Minister of Education at the BES Closing Conference, 
Dr. Becky R.K. Ndojoze-Ojo, praised BES program contributions to Namibia's national education 
reform effort. She extended special thanks to USAID/ Windhoek and the US contractors who provided 
invaluable technical assistance and experience. The GRN was proud of BES's contributions to Namibia's 
educational reform policies. Of special note were USAID's and AED's contributions through BES 1-111 to 
the Vision 2030 document. She drew special attention to BES I and II contribution which included a new 
education vision, an emphasis on providing young children with quality basic education, giving teachers 
good on-site pre and in-service training and support, and encouraging parents and the community to get 
fully involved in schools. These changes will require letting regions take responsibility for running their 
own education services. BES Ill went further and extended this new policy vision to give more emphasis 
to accountabilities like, clearer national education standards, parental involvement in school self￾32 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
assessments and teacher self-assessments, and insuring that children with special needs are given a 
second chance. The trend toward decentralization which started earlier was extended to helping School 
Boards play a more responsible role in the running and upkeep of their schools, through better training. 
Ultimately, the decentralization reforms which are beginning to take root, and which will now move 
toward giving regions authority and autonomy to run services through their Regional Councils, owe a 
lot to what BES started. 
On Regional Directors and their Senior Staff 
Eight regional offices were consulted during the evaluation, and a good rapport was struck-up between 
REO teams and the Evaluation Team. The REO teams visited shared the following common concerns 
vis-a-vis their capacities to implement and sustain the policy changes initiated by the GRN, through BES: 
• They had benefitted from all three BES projects, but more specifically from BES 111, which 
contributed significantly toward building and strengthening REO capacities to decentralize 
management, carry out professional development, and generally become more self-sufficient in ·the 
planning and running of more effective regional school outreach and support programs. 
• The training and introduction of ICTs has helped REOs contribute more credibly toward the 
national policy dialogue through research, data analysis and more effective cooperation and 
communication between other regions and the MOE in Windhoek. However, all REOs still felt 
powerless to manage and use what few financial resources they received from Windhoek, because 
of rigid controls from the center. 
• Several important issues were raised concerning the REOs ability to properly implement and sustain 
BES and GRN mandated changes in the six Northern regions visited. a) Transport and financial 
constraints were preventing REOs from providing the logistical support needed to keep BES 
initiated on-site school training and improvement activities going. In many instances school 
inspectors, CSTs and teacher advisers were unable to visit schools with the frequency required to 
make an impact because they lacked transport or per diems. b) The current Windhoek centralized 
book and stationary purchasing system, which is still of the "colonial era," is causing unacceptable 
delays in the purchase and distribution of essential learning materials to schools, TRCs and centers, 
especially in the rural areas. c) The lack of investment in school infrastructure and other facilities has 
left the majority of offices and rural schools in a serious state of disrepair. Specifically impacted are 
classrooms, sanitary facilities, teacher accommodation, laboratories and school feeding facilities. d) 
A still missing element in the school management equation is leadership training for school principals 
and senior managers. Principals and managers also need training in time-tabling, book-keeping, and 
financial management. e) School Boards require more training in how to use and manage school 
grants which are making a strong positive impact on school improvements, in most regions. f) 
Regions shared concern about what would happen after Regional Councils took over the 
management of regional plans and budgets. They still lacked clarity as relates to the role of REOs 
under the new decentralized RC decision making structure and expressed concern about the 
possibility of not being fully included in any future education change, or decision making process. 
On NIED and Teacher Training Colleges and their Staff 
During visits to NIED and all three COEs in the North, and after a separate discussion with the Principal 
of the Windhoek COE, the following potentially impacting policy perceptions and concerns were shared: 
33 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
• All three Northern colleges and NIED claimed that they had benefitted positively from BES funded 
and supported activities. Special mention was made about the impact made on college management, 
professional development, improvements in teaching methods and learning content, and on college 
student-teacher relations, especially through the technical assistance received during the BES II and 
BES Ill projects in partnership with the NIED. 
• Two cblleges, Rundu and Caprivi, regretted not having benefitted from BES help until late in the BES 
process. They were adamant in expressing disappointment at BES's closure. Without ongoing 
support from USAID and BES, many of the important professional development and management 
reforms already started may be brought to a halt. · 
• While COEs are being invited to contribute to PAD's national data-gathering activity, PAD is not 
always able to provide nation-wide education data for analysis. The much touted national internet 
data network to permit access and sharing of national data at the decentralized level, has still to 
materialize. 
• NIED is responsible for helping COEs develop professionally, but isn't pro-active in helping COEs to 
face up to the real needs of teachers in schools. 
• There is currently a serious disconnect between which teachers need to teach, and what to teach, in 
English, mathematics and science and what the COEs actually offer as training in these subjects. 
• COEs aren't responding seriously to the GRN's HIV/AIDS workplace awareness initiative. Much of 
what is being shared by way of information through BES-supported training and other activities is 
not absorbed because messages in English or another second language are culturally insensitive. 
Teachers and students seldom get tested, and appropriate and regular counseling services aren't 
available in COEs. 
• COEs are still unclear about their role in the new regional decentralization process which is being 
. implemented. Will they remain autonomous and under their appropriate Regional Councils, or will 
they be absorbed into the University of Namibia (UNAM) Faculty of Education and given some sort 
of associate status? There is concern about the UNAM option since the CO Es would lose their 
current status by ceasing to be autonomous. 
On School Principals and Teachers 
During interviews and meetings with school principals and teachers, several perceptions were shared 
about how policy changes might affect their work. National policies seemed remote and dissociated 
from their daily work requirements. They were rarely asked to comment on new policies, either at the 
regional level or at the national level. Important changes like the current move to decentralize 
responsibility for public service delivery to the Regional Council level were barely known and less well 
understood. Yet, when important decisions are eventually taken at the regional level and not in 
Windhoek, this decentralization will probably have an impact on things like conditions of service, 
salaries, pensions and other benefits. In some regions poor communications between principals and the 
REOs have exacerbated and compounded the feeling of isolation, and the lack of access to relevant 
information. Perhaps, with the introduction of school computers ,and on line services, they may be 
better able to become better informed and more involved in decision making processes? 
Teachers in remote rural schools were more skeptical. They expressed the need to be better informed 
and better connected, but didn't see that happening soon. Distances, remoteness from centers, regional 
offices, TRCs and cluster centers meant that they were often left out of the loop for long periods of 
time. Some teachers complained about the infrequency of visits from CSTs, advisory teachers and 
school inspectors. When visits did occur seldom were classrooms visited, or teachers themselves 
consulted. Except for BES sponsored meetings, conferences and training events, which provided a 
34 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
chance for meeting other teachers and getting together with regional inspectors, advisers and senior 
staff, there were few opportunities to learn about what was happening in the education world beyond 
their schools. 
5. BES BEST PRACTICES AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO NAMIBIA'S ONGOING 
EDUCATION REFORM 
Vision 2030, which was drafted and approved in 2004 and is currently the national blueprint for change, 
gives education a central role in accelerating economic growth and social development during the next 
post-independence stage of the nation's development program. To achieve this, the GRN has set aside 
resources which project an ambitious expenditure of at least 30% of the national budget, or about 9% of 
GDP. In response to this challenge, the GRN ahd international partners, including the World Bank, the 
European Commission, Sweden, Holland, Spain and the Global Fund, have agreed to provide support for 
Phase I of a national "Education and Training Improvement Program (ETSIP)" in the amount of N$ 
8,494,678. 
During the BES Ill close-out conference held on August 6, 2009 at the Heja Lodge by USAID and AED, 
both the MOE's Undersecretary for Formal Education and the Deputy Minister of Education lauded 
BES's contribution to educational change and reform process drawing specific attention to important 
lessons learned during the past ten years of the BES program. Many of these "lessons learned" have 
been incorporated into the ETSIP education improvement program, which is currently underway. 
Objectives laid out under Phase I of ETSIP's strategy include General Education, Tertiary Education and 
Training, Information Communications Technology, and addressing HIV and AIDS components map out 
comprehensive teaching and learning reforms for Grades 1-12 in all primary and secondary schools. All 
four components borrowed heavily from many of the successful innovations and practices learned 
during the successful implementation of the BES 11-111 projects. 
A number of the best BES practices described in this report reflect many well designed programs and 
activities applied by principals, teachers, students, circuit support teams, regional administrators and 
parents, which were reflected in the Vision 2030 document and are now incorporated into the ETSIP 
education strategy design. Among the most significant are some of the successes already being 
implemented by REOs and schools in the six poorest Northern regions targeted by BES. 
The following seven ETSIP education priority objectives embody successful BES initiated or inspired 
strategies and activities designed to: 
I. Strengthen and disseminate the BES-supported quality improvement system and introduce learning 
standards and curriculum development, teacher professional development, textbook and material 
improvement, and student assessment activities for schools in all regions, at both the primary and 
secondary levels. 
2. Take measures to insure equality and educational opportunity for all with an emphasis on pro-poor 
expansion and access to primary and secondary education based on a more equitable distribution of 
resources, in all of Namibia's 13 regions. Experience gained implementing similar strategies during 
BES in the six poorest Northern regions will be applied to more effectively reach schools in remote 
areas in the remaining Central, Eastern, Western and Southern regions of Namibia. 
3. Expand on "lessons learned" during BES and improve education management and system efficiency 
by building management competencies and accountabilities and improving the efficient use of 
35 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
resources in all regions and at all levels, including in the MOE in Windhoek, in Regional Education 
Offices, and at the circuit, cluster and school levels. 
4. Strengthen institutional capacities in teacher training Colleges of Education by properly applying the 
Teacher Education Colleges Act and implementing the existing teacher education reform program, 
and providing research and higher-level problem-solving skills for student teachers. 
5. Work with NIED to improve the overall quality of teacher college education by implementing 
continuous staff development protocols, instituting quality assurance processes, and instituting a 
more efficient use of existing resources. 
6. Carry out a national comprehensive review of existing curricula and ICT training elements and use 
improved versions of both to strengthen and extend implementation of ICT training. Additionally, 
develop and support the deployment of ICT services to make educational management, at both the 
central and regional levels, more effective. 
7. Apply the best practices learned from BES, UNICEF and other NGO HIV/AIDS interventions to 
improve prevention, treatment and care, and better managed HIV/AIDS responses for the 
community and in the workplace. USG support for this latter ETSIP priority will continue through 
PEPFAR/NEPP, which is scheduled to provide resources and technical assistance for several years 
beyond the USAID-funded BES program. Insure that the successful small grants element of the 
HIV/AIDS strategy already tested through BES is expanded to cover the immediate needs of OVC in 
all I 3 regions. 
The ultimate success and sustainability of the activities described under all seven of the Vision 2030 
influenced ETSIP components described above may depend on discipline, sacrifice and the political will 
to get the job done. In final analysis, the building of equitable and quality educational services for all will 
be a shared national responsibility that cannot be outsourced, with donor benevolence, to imported 
expertise. The development of an appropriate quality educational system is a long term labor of care, 
tempered by hard work and necessary capacity to get the job done. Like in the completion of any 
seemingly endless marathon, to achieve this will require clear political vision, stamina, and a stubborn 
determination to put the REAL needs of poor and marginalized communities, before other less urgent 
national priorities. 
6. SOME OF THE LESSONS LEARNED FROM BES II AND Ill ACTIVITIES 
After a careful review of BES II and Ill programs funded and supported by USAID, the JBS/A Evaluation 
Team observed that the GRN benefitted in a significant way from the following USAID-funded BES 
activities. 
I . Contributing toward the creation of a strong national education policy change 
and implementation platform 
• This was carried out in part through BES's contribution toward strengthening and refining Namibia's 
EMIS capacity. This represents one of USAID's and the GRN's most tangible policy support and 
national development contributions. Unfortunately, the benefits of training and technical assistance 
invested in refining this important planning tool, remain underexploited. This may be due to 
leadership's lack of capacity at both the central MOE and decentralized REO levels in understanding 
how better to put this tool to work in support of the new management and decision-making 
procedures which were implemented through BES and which are now part of the ETSIP reform 
initiatives. 
36 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
• Discussions with senior MOE personnel and a review of relevant national policy documents revealed 
that during the 1999-2009 period, USAID actively contributed and assisted in numerous national 
policy development initiatives by playing a significant role at meetings, conferences, and in national 
policy fora. USAID'S contributions included support and technical inputs into the first National 
Education Reform Conference, at Etosha, in 1991, active membership in ETSIP planning committees, . 
technical advice and inputs into the drafting of the first, second and third National and Medium 
Term Development Plans, contributions made to the Vision 2030 document,. and a significant role in 
the development of a National ICT Policy for Education. These were only some of the significant 
contributions to the national education policy dialogue. · 
• The Team has gathered ample evidence that USAID and its U.S. partners worked cooperatively and 
in harmony with national counterparts to provide technical and financial support for the 
development of key educational innovations like the creation of a viable national framework for 
education standards, improvements in primary level school and classroom assessment procedures 
through the development of new competency based learning measurement criteria, and the 
strengthening and institutionalization of a culture of parental participation in school improvements. 
The provision of expert and timely technical support to the GRN for the transfer and absorption of 
successful models and solutions from other African countries and elsewhere helped to build the 
competence and trust needed for the professional development of a cadre of national educators 
better able to support change. BES's AED-led technical support played a significant role in helping to 
insure that the innovations introduced through BES were field tested for quicker adoption both at 
the Central MOE and REO levels. 
• The maintenance of a strong Mission-based education team willing to respond flexibly to GRN's 
requests for help was another factor which contributed to creating the kind of environment needed 
to build the frust and transparency required to maintain an open dialogue based on mutual respect. 
USAID's willingness to provide long-term support for an important national education reform 
process helped to insure that many BES-supported activities have made a positive impact on 
Namibia's national basic education reforms. · 
2. Providing successful in-service training procedures through clusters and circuit 
support teams for the implementation of decentralized management and 
professional development solutions 
• In discussions with the staff at the NIED, the REOs, the COEs, local NGOs and relevant MOE 
departments, the Evaluation Team learned about the design, development and dissemination of 
Continuous Professional Development (CPD) Modules and supporting training materials. The 
majority of beneficiaries and actors attested to the importance of successful team work between US 
implementers, national private and public entities, REOs, CTs and CSTs. This resulted in winning 
partnerships for positive change at the decentralized level, both at the regional and rural school 
levels. 
• The Evaluation Team observed positive outcomes in the use of ICTs (e.g., Laptop Computers) for 
improving and supporting regional management, administrative and inspectoral procedures. This was 
the outcome of a successful partnership which was established with BES assistance between a local 
privately supported foundation, local private sector ICT service providers, and the six Regional 
Education Directors and their staffs. 
• Respondents in schools, REOs, circuit support teams, and among the inspectorate, attested to how 
inconsistent and intermittent technical support and training to schools, principals and teachers, due 
to transport shortages and a lack of other material and financial support, might ultimately undermine 
37 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
successful professional development and training activities developed and initiated during the BES II 
and Ill projects. 
3. Creating and encouraging a culture of learner-centered teaching and learning in 
poor marginalized rural schools: 
• The team observed that the provision of well-focused training and resources to facilitate the 
carrying out of parent and teacher administered School Self Assessments (SSA) and School 
Development Plans (SDP) in the schools visited needed to be supported by quickly disbursed small 
grants and frequent technical support from CSTs and REO professional staff. Schools in the North 
which are now held accountable for the quality of their own learning and teaching and for carrying 
out school improvements through REO approved SDPs will require timely, quality supervision in 
order to comply. The sustainability of this important school-based management innovation may 
require that priority be given to devolving more education management and supervisory 
responsibilities to parents and communities. REO technical teams will also need to be given more 
authority and ample resources to provide more school level support. 
• Classroom observations carried out in 18 schools in the six targeted Northern regions, and six 
schools in the two Control regions, discovered that both the Learner Centered Education (LCE) 
and Continuous Assessment (CA) classroom learning and assessment reforms introduced by BES as 
part of a comprehensive teaching and learning reform process, were unevenly absorbed and applied 
by teachers. The major lessons learned were: i} that short in-service training courses applied to 
teachers who are either untrained or poorly trained prior to going into schools will not achieve the 
behavioral changes required to introduce LCE methodologies and CA assessment protocols 
required to transform classroom learning behaviors, in this context. ii} teachers, especially older, 
less well trained and poorly educated teachers, in remote rural schools need consistent, high quality 
supervision and frequent exposure to professional development, for classroom teaching standards 
to significantly improve. However, 7th grade students report that newly trained COE graduates 
have brought a new approach to teaching that involves learners more actively and that results in 
livelier classes. 
7. RECOMMENDATIONS 
The previous analysis of data and information gathered during the six weeks of work in Namibia 
revealed a complex and fast changing educational environment where over the past 19 years, since 
independence, much has been accomplished to bring education services to a standard at least 
comparable to, or better than in many neighboring Southern and Central African countries. Given the 
country's relatively late arrival at independence, its educational accomplishments are both significant and 
praiseworthy. However, as indicated in two prior SACMEQ regional evaluations, Namibia's education 
system is still deficient in critical areas pertaining to quality, including effective teaching, a modern 
curriculum content, recognizable education standards and poor performance in international 
achievement test in vital skill areas like mathematics, science and English language. 
USAID and other donor-supported studies carried out between 1990 and 2009 demonstrated that many 
of the deficiencies highlighted in the first two Southern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Education 
Quality SACMEQ reports are now being effectively tackled by the GRN, especially in the six poorest 
Northern regions, where attention and resources have been applied to correct previous inequities in 
resource allocation which were deliberately applied to the majority of the population during the colonial 
period, prior to 1990. 
38 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
This Evaluation has been able to demonstrate how, during the last ten years, under the USAID-funded 
"Basic Education Support" (BES) initiative, many of the deficiencies identified above are now being 
tackled in a well focused and more determined manner. Through three USG-funded BES projects, 
critical policy areas like curriculum development, teacher education and training, school management, 
professional development, the decentralization of the decision-making process to the regional and 
schools levels, parental support, and the setting of acceptable national standards through a reform of the 
achievement measurement system, have all begun to be implemented with some success. 
The preceding analysis showed that while at every level in the educational system BES contributions 
were recognized as having made a discernible impact, some of the reforms started will be difficult to 
sustain without more, or at least comparable, financial and supporting management structure. Nineteen 
years of high quality support provided by USG financial and technical assistance may have created a 
dependency that will be difficult to live without. Respondents at all levels in the education system alluded 
to the difficulties that may be created when USAID withdraws BES financial and technical support and 
feared that many of the activities started, or beginning, will not now be sustained. 
The Evaluation Team's recommendations reflect the fact that the scope of work for this evaluation is an 
assessment of USG support over the past nineteen years. They are, therefore, not intended to influence 
activities that are currently being wound-down prior to the BES Ill project's closure. They reflect our 
best informed judgement of tho.se areas likely to make the most impact but which, for the many issues 
raised by this evaluation, will still need ongoing support. 
Fragile and at-risk BES activities requiring ongoing support. 
The Team recommends that some thought be given to providing ongoing and timely technical support 
to the following important, but still fragile, BES supported activities in order to insure sustainability: 
• Provide ongoing technical assistance for improving the quality of teaching and learning, in Namibia's 
four Colleges of Education. 
• The creation and training of a cadre of college and school counselors to provide the support needed 
to deal with the negative impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in schools and colleges. 
• Provide leadership training to bolster key elements of the on-site, in-service training program which 
is currently in effect but which may be brought to a close because of a lack of competent senior 
leadership at the school principal, CST and cluster levels. 
• Provide training assistance for the empowerment of Regional Councils, especially in the planning, 
financial management and monitoring and evaluation areas as they impact on educational programs 
at the local level. This may be the best way to insure that the decentralization process which was 
successfully started by the BES project is consolidated and sustained institutionally at the regional 
level. 
Priority elements meriting ongoing USG support 
However, should funding and other considerations be a constraining factor, then the Evaluation Team 
recommends that the USG, and partners, continue to give top priority to providing either some financial 
or limited technical assistance to the following ongoing and successful, but still to be completed, BES 
activities: 
39 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
• Provide continued support to the DNEA, through AIR, for implementing the next phase of the DLAI 
to allow for the grades 5 and 8 mathematics, science and English national assessments instruments 
to be successfully piloted. 
• Provide through PEPFAR, additional funding to support and increase grants for OVC to schools in all 
13 regions. 
· • Continue to assist in the successful roll-out of ICTs to schools and colleges by providing school￾based technical support with the help of qualified Peace Corps volunteers placed in cluster centers, 
schools and colleges of education. 
• Work with IFESH, or Peace Corps, to provide high quality on-site English Language training for 
English teachers in schools, and for lecturers in colleges responsible for the pre-service training of 
English language teachers. 
Notable BES successes worthy of transfer elsewhere. 
BES was successful in implementing a number of innovations in Namibia. Some are still nascent and thus 
too early to assess for long term sustainable impact. However, a few have made a tangible impact on the 
Namibian education system's reform process and are worthy of promotion elsewhere. 
• Perhaps, one of Namibia's more discernible successes is the development of a reliable annual EMIS 
reporting system. Few developing countries, and fewer African countries with functioning EMIS, have 
achieved a comprehensive and accurate annual education data reporting system like Namibia's. This 
aspect deserves to be promoted elsewhere, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. 
• Namibia's now successfully established School and Teacher Self-Assessment procedures are an 
important contribution to the educational reform process, and deserve to be promoted elsewhere 
in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia, where countries undertaking educational reforms 
are struggling to get to grips with similar school-level accountability issues. 
• Another exception is Namibia's apparent success in involving the private and public sectors in joint 
ventures to roll out information communications technologies quickly and effectively to schools, 
colleges and REOs as tools for assisting in the national decentralization process. Many countries 
would like to do the same, but don't know how to, and need working examples to emulate. 
40 
I 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
ANNEXES 
I. Scope of Work 
2. Documents Consulted 
3. List of People Interviewed 
4. Survey Instruments 
D. Principal/Vice-Principal Interview Guide 
E. Teacher Observations of "Best Practices" in the Classroom 
F. Parent-Community Interview Guide 
5. Tables 
Table I. Regional Changes in Total Enrollment by BES Phase 
Table 2. Regional Changes in Gender Parity by BES Phase 
Table 3. Regional Grade I and 2 Enrollments by Gender, by BES Phase 
Table 4. Net and Gross Enrollment Rates 
Table 5. Enrollments by Students' Home Language, by BES Phase 
Table 6. Languages of Instruction, Grades 1-3, by BES Phase 
Table 7. Changes in the number of schools between 2002 and 2008 
Table 8. Teacher Qualifications by Region (by BES Phase) 
Table 9. Transfer Rates of Teachers between 2007 and 2008 
Table I 0. Attrition Rates of Teachers between 2007 and 2008 
Table I I . Learner-teacher ratios from 2002 to 2008 
Table 12. Provision of Toilets and Water Supply at Schools 
e. Number of toilet units for learners 
f. Numbers of schools with toilets for learners 
g. Number of schools with toilets for teachers 
h. Number of Schools with a Supply of Water 
Table 13. Teachers' Mortality by Region and Reason 
Table 14. Learners' Mortality by Region and Reason 
Table 15. Data from Teacher/Classroom Observations 
Impact' Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Annex 2. List of Documents Consulted 
Academy for Education Development/ Basic Education Support Phase 3 (AED/BES 3). Windhoek. Semi￾Annual Report. Reporting Period: 0 I October 2008 through 30 March 2009. 
____ .• BES 2. Narrative summary of comparative study. Windhoek. No Date 
____ , BES 3. First Semi-Annual Report. Windhoek. Submitted 30 April 2005. 
____ . Semi-Annual Report for USAID. Activities from October I 2005 - March 3 I 2006. 
Windhoek. Submitted May 16, 2006. 
____ ,Semi-Annual Report for USAID. Activities from April I 2005 - September 30 2006. 
Windhoek. October 3 I, 2006. 
____ •. Semi-Annual Report. Report period: October I 2008 - March 30 2009. Windhoek. 
____ .• AED/EQUIP2 BES3 Annual Workplan for the period October I 2007 - March 30 2008. 
Windhoek. · 
____ , Annual Workplan for the period 0 I October 2007 through 30 September 2008. Windhoek. 
____ .• Strengthening OVC Support Programs through Participatory Monitoring of Community￾School Collaborations. Windhoek. November 2008. 
____ ,. Learner Performance Assessment Instrument. Technical Report November 2006. 
Windhoek. 
____ ,, An Outcomes and impacts Evaluation of The President's Africa Education Initiative. 
Windhoek. July 3.1, 2009. 
____ .• Chaka, V. and E. Bezuidenhout. BES Close-out conference. Heja Lodge, Namibia. August 
2009. 
____ . Dengeinge, Raimo, B.A.N. Celebrating Success with BES. Heja Lodge Namibia. August 2009 
____ . Enssel, Gerhard. National Achievement by PQA through support from AED/BES3/USAID. 
Heja Lodge Namibia, August 2009 
____ . Keeja, Tuaunda. Teacher demand, support & Utilization. Heja Lodge Namibia. August 2009. 
____ .• Shakwa, Geoffrey. Successes in Pre-Service Teacher Education, NIED. Heja Lodge Namibia. 
August 2009 
____ .• Findings of the 2008 HIV/AIDS KAPB Survey with Namibia teachers. Nd 
____ .• Findings of the 2008 HIV/AIDS KAPB Survey with Namibia teachers. Nd 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
American Sociological Association, Conducting Focus Groups. A manual for Sociologists on the use of 
Focus Groups as a tool in social and market research. 
Axtell, Bryan and Tracy Brunette. Evaluation of the Basic Education Support (BES) Project. Namibia. May 
1998. 
Avenstrup, Roger. Europeaid review of assessment criteria underlying the education sector budget 
support programme in Namibia - Vol. I Main Report. Namibia. October 2008. 
Barrow, Karima, et al. Cross - National Synthesis on Education Quality Report No.2: Professional 
Development and Teachers' Conception of Education Quality. October 2006 
----·' Cross - National Synthesis on Education Quality Report No.3: Professional Development 
and Implementing Active - Learnir), Student - Centered Pedagogies. January 2007 
Bennell, Paul, et al. Teacher demand, supply and utilization for primary and secondary education in 
Namibia. Volume I. 2009 
____ ,Teacher , demand, supply and utilization for primary and secondary education in Namibia. 
Volume2. 2009 
____ ,Teacher demand, supply and utilization for primary and secondary education in Namibia. 
Volume3. 2009 
Consultation On Change. Etosha Conference: T awards Basic Education Reform. USA 1991 . 
Crebbin, Wendy, et al. Consultancy to develop guidelines on teacher education reform. Including 
curriculum development and institutional development. 
Dahlstrom, Lars. Post-apartheid teacher education reform in Namibia. The struggle between common 
sense and good sense. Namibia. 2002 
Donovan, Paul and Townsend, John, Training Evaluation Pocketbook. United Kingdom. 2004 
Fox, Susan, HERO Program Manager, Semi-Annual Report for USAID. Activities from April 0 I 
September 30 2006. United Nations Association of the USA 31 October 2006. 
Kasanda, C.D. et al. Needs assessment for colleges of education in Namibia. March 2009. 
Kirkpatrick, Jim and Wendy Kasper Kirkpatrick. The Kirkpatrick four levels: A Fresh look after 50 years 
1959 - 2009. April 2009 
The MCA Namibia Programme. MCA Education Project Description. Windhoek. April 2009. 
Northern Namibian Environmental Project, Villages and Schools in North Central Namibia (Scale 
I :325,000, Environmental Planning Resource Centre, MET Rural Development Centre, Ongwediva. 
March 2000. 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Republic of Namibia (Ministry of Health and Social Services). The National Strategic Plan. Windhoek. 
2004-2009 
Republic of Namibia (Ministry of Basic Education and Culture). Exploring the Complexities of Education. 
(Notes on Research Design and Statistics). Windhoek. 1999. 
____ , The SACMEQ II Report: A Study of the conditions of schooling and the Quality of Primary 
Education in Namibia. Namibia. December 2004 
____ , Towards Education for All. A development Brief for Education, Culture, and training. 
Windhoek. 1993 
Republic of Namibia (National Planning Commission). Second National Development Plan (NDP2). 
Volume one: Macroeconomic, sectoral and cross-sectoral policies I. Windhoek. 2001/2002-2005/2006. 
____ .Second National Development Plan (NDP2).Volume one: Macroeconomic, sectoral and 
cross-sectoral policies 2. Windhoek. 200 I /2002-2005/2006. 
____ . Second National Development Plan (NDP2).Volume two: Regional development 
perspectives. Windhoek. 200 I /2002-2005/2006. 
____ .Third National Development Plan (NDP3).Volume one. Windhoek. 2007/2008 -
2011/2012. 
____ .Third National Development Plan (NDP3).Volume two. Windhoek. 2007/2008 -
2011/2012. 
Republic of Namibia (Ministry of Education). ICTs in education implementation plan guide. Prepared by 
the ICTs education steering Committee. Windhoek. 2006 
____ , Ohangwena Education Stakeholders. Conference 17-19 March 2009. Namibia 
____ . Workplace HIV and AIDS policy for the education sector. Windhoek. November 2007. 
Republic of Namibia (Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare). Namibian National Plan of Action 
Orphans and Vulnerable Children. Volume I. Windhoek. October 2007 
Republic of Namibia (Ministry of Education). Education and Training Sector Improvement 
Programme(ETSIP). Programme Document: Phase I. Windhoek. 2005-2011. 
Republic of Namibia (National Planning Commission). 2nd Millennium Development goals report/ 
Namibia. Windhoek. September 2008 
Republic of Namibia (Ministry of Basic Education, Sport and. Culture). The Language policy for schools in 
Namibia. Windhoek. Discussion document January 2008. 
Republic of Namibia (Ministry of Education). Education sector Policy for Orphans and Vulnerable 
Children. Windhoek. August 2008 · 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Republic of Namibia (Ministry of Education). Education Management information system. Education 
Statistics in Namibia. Windhoek. 2007. 
____ ,, Directorate national examinations and assessment. Statistics of the OCT/NOV 2008 
national examinations for the NEACB meeting of 31 March 2009. 
Republic of Namibia (National Planning Commission). Third National Development Plan (NDP3) Volume 
I. Windhoek. 2007/2008-2011-2012 
Republic of Namibia (National Planning Commission). Third National Development Plan (NDP3) Volume 
2. Windhoek. 2007/2008-2011-2012. 
Snyder, Conrad W. Jr., et al., Development Self-Reliance in Educational Leadership. Namibian 
Professional Development Program. Namibia. August 2002. 
Snyder, C.W. and F.G.G. Voigts. (Ministry of Basic Education and Culture). Inside Reform. Policy and 
Programming Considerations in Namibia Basic Education Reform. Windhoek. 1998. 
UNA-USA. Semi-Annual Report for USAID. Activities from October 0 I 2005-March 3 I 2006. May 16, 
2006 
USAID/Namibia. Improving Education in Northern Namibia. Using "IT" for Professional Development 
and Support. Windhoek. 200 I . 
____ , (Namibian Education Technology Alliance). Formative Evaluation Report. Windhoek. July 
2006. 
____ Learning Center Project In Namibia. Namibia 2003-2006. A final report. Windhoek. October 
2006. 
____ (Namibian Education Technology Alliance). Final Project Report. Windhoek. September 2006. 
World Bank. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Proposed first development 
policy loan in the amount of US$7.5 Million to Namibia for a first education and training sector 
improvement program. 27 April 2007. 
UNICEF. Country Programme Action Plan. Namibia. 2006-20 I 0 
VSO. Men of quality are not afraid of quality. Regional Conference 2003. 
Sayed Yusuf. Continuing Professional Development and Education Policy: Characteristics, conditions 
and change. 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Annex 3. List of People Interviewed 
WINDHOEK 
. Ministry of Education 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Mr. C Van der Director of DNEA, Windhoek 293 3432 July 22 
Merwe MoE 
Mr. Raimo Dengeinge Director of PAD, MoE Windhoek 293 3334 July 23 draimo@mec.gov.na 
Mr. Geoffrey Shakwa NIED, Okahandja (062) 509084 July 23 gshakwa@nied.edu.na 
Mr. Gernot NIED Okahandja (062) 509049 July 23 
Piepmeyer 
Mr. Robert NIED Okahandja (062) 509078 July 23 
Munganda 
R Simanga NIED Okahandja (062) 509095 rsimanga@nied.edu.na 
J. Nyambe NIED Okahandja (062) 509083 jnxambe@nied.edu.na 
Mr. Matthew Director of PQA, MoE Windhoek 293 3200 July 23 
Shimhopileni 
Mr. Alfred llukena Deputy Permanent Windhoek 293 3352 July 24 
Secretary, MoE 
Mr. Charles Kabajani Under Secretary, Windhoek& '293 3205 July 24 & ckabajani@mec.gov.na 
Formal Education, MoE Heja Lodge Aug 5 
Dr. Heltha . Pomuti Director of NIED, MoE Windhoek (062) 50900 I July 24 
Ms. E. Mbuye Director of DHE, MoE Windhoek 309756 July 27 draimo@mec.gov.na 
Ms. V. Kauaria Director of NLAS, MoE Windhoek 293 3180 July 28 
Mr. VanWyk Director of ICT, MoE Windhoek 293 3125 July 29 ivanderme!:Yle@mec.gov.na 
Ms. E. Kirchner Rector , Windhoek Heja Lodge August 5 
College 
GD Enssle Director of PQA. MoE Windhoek 293 3220 genssle@gmail.com 
T Keeja Director of Planning, Windhoek 061 293 3335/ tkeeja@iwax.na 
MoE 0811 240 681 
US Government 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Ambassador US Ambassador to Windhoek Aug 27 
Matthieu Namibia 
Greg Gottlieb USAID Mission Windhoek Sept 14 
Director 
Debbie Mozel USAID Deputy Windhoek July-Aug 
Director 
Shireen Strauss USAID, Program Office Windhoek July-Sept 
. Martin Tjituka USAID, Education Team Windhoek July-Sept 
Matthew Goagoseb USAID, Education Team Windhoek July-Sept 
John Wingle MCC, Country Windhoek July 29 
Representative 
Mao Tjiroze MCC, Development Windhoek July 29 
Specialist/ Education 
Waldo Junius Associate Director, Windhoek 081-127-8262 July￾Peace Corps August 
Implementing Partners 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Dr. Wes Snyder Chief of party BES 3 July￾Windhoek August 
Dr. Donna Kay Former Chief of Party August 4 dleczel@aed.org 
LeCzel BES 3 Windhoek 
Muhammed Liman Former Chief of Party August 4 limanm@crea-sd.com 
BES 3 Windhoek 
Deputy Chief of 293-3337 July￾Ms. Eurydice Rorick Party/BES 3 Windhoek August 
Jeff Millington Chief of Party/NEPP Windhoek August 
Donors 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Mr. Segurola Education Officer, . Windhoek 213-724 July 28 
Spanish AID 
Mr. Nolan Van Der Education Officer, Windhoek 204-6111 July 28 nvanderross@unicef or~ 
Ross UNICEF 
Ms. Nathalie Education Officer, EU Windhoek 202-6000 July 29 nathalie.hou lou@ec.eu ro11a.eu 
Ms. Sheila Mangan HIV/AIDS, UNICEF July 
NG Os 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Mr. Ernest Education Officer, VSO Windhoek 237-513 July 29 
Other 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Waldo Junius Associate Director, Windhoek 081-127-8262 July￾Peace Corps August 
CAPRIVI REGION 
Ministry of Education Regional Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Mr. L. Lupalezwi Regional Director Caprivi 066 253210 lu11alezwilovemore@xahoo.com 
Mr. A. Samupwa REO Heja Lodge 066 253210 August 5 
Ministry of Education Local Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Ms. Cecilia Sibuku Vice Rector, Caprivi Kati ma August 17 
College 
Mr. Henry Musialike Control Officer, Caprivi Kati ma August 17 
College 
Mr. Nzwala LP HOD, Caprivi College Kati ma August 17 
Mr. B.M. Simasiku HOD Math/SC, Caprivi Kati ma August 17 
College 
Mr. J.M. Fumano HOD Student Affairs, Kati ma August 17 
Caprivi College 
Mr. Richard Nyambe Principal, Ngoma PS Ngo ma 081 200 0522 August 18 
Mr. Michael Salusika H.O .D, Ngoma PS Ngoma August 18 
Mr. Boniface Serivula Teacher, Ngoma PS Ngo ma August 18 
Sililo 
Mr. Benadidd Ntema Teacher, Ngoma PS Ngo ma August 18 
Ka sale 
Mr. Victor Mabuta Principal, Bukalo PS Bukalo 0814331141 August 18 
Ms. Francis Mukanwa Principal, Mavuluma PS Kati ma 0812339461 August 17 
Ms. Maryclare Libana Teacher, Mavuluma PS Kati ma August 17 
Ms. Agatha Muhinda Teacher, Mavuluma PS Kati ma August 17 
Students 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Siboleka M uyangano Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 18 
Sikokwani Simasiku Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 18 
Magwaza Mwala Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 18 
Mwemba Lumba Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 1e 
Kasale Kaungwe Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 18 
Mwazi Muanei Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 18 
Kamwi Sitengu Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 18 
Maswahu Mununga Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 18 
Sitali Monde Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 18 
Sililo Kabuba Student, Bukalo PS Bukalo August 18 
KAVANGO REGION 
Ministry of Education Regional Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
066 25556 71 081 August 5 dikuua@iwax.na 
Mr. A Dikuua Regional Director Rundu 122 1509 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Fanuel Kapapero Deputy Director, and Heja Lodge 066 255567 August 5 
member of BES Steering 
Committee 
Ministry of Education Local Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
John Kamwi CPD Coordinator, RCE Heja Lodge August 5 
Mr. Joseph Shininge Principal, Sauyema PS Sauyema 081 270 2246 August 13 
E. Mombola Principal, Sivara PS Sivara 081 258 4258 August 13 
Ms. Veronica Thikusho Principal, Rudolf Ngondo Rundu 081 124 4464 August 14 
PS 
Mr. Slkaki P. Moses Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Run du August 14 
PS 
Mr. Xoaseb E. Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Rundu August 14 
PS 
Ms. Sikerete V. Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Run du August 14 
PS 
Ms. Shikusho T. Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Run du August 14 
PS 
Ms. Thimbunga H.N. Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Run du August 14 
PS 
Ms. Antonio E. Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Run du August 14 
PS 
Ms. Kumbwa M.P. Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Run du August 14 
PS 
Ms. Sikongo N. Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Rundu August 14 
Veronica PS 
Ms. Turukatu A.L.N. Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Run du August 14 
PS 
Mr. Kandjimi P.K. Teacher, Rudolf Ngondo Rundu · August 14 
PS 
Students 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Kandjimi Maria Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Kagera Theresia Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Nanyemba Maria Student, Sivara PS Sivara ·August 13 
Nyango Elizabeth Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Kambinda lsabela Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Sigweda Adolfl Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Paokwa Johannes Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Ndumba Malakia Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Murongo Jacobus Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Mungenga Andreas Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Mukuva Peter Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Muduva Joseph Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Kalihonda Loalistus Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Hausona Paulus Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Hausiku Manifred Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Haitha Stephanus Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Haimbili Paulus Student, Sivara PS Sivara August 13 
Parents 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Mudi Maria Parent, Sauyema PS Sauyema August 13 
Kulyata Anneki Parent, Sauyema PS Sauyema August 13 
Sihinga Victoria Parent, Sauyema PS Sauyema August 13 
Nambaru Theresia Parent, Sauyema PS Sauyema August 13 
Munenge Victoria Parent, Sauyema PS Sauyema August 13 
Kamwengo maria Parent, Sauyema PS Sauyema August 13 
Maria Karara Parent, Sauyema PS Sivara August 13 
Siviya Kasera Parent, Sauyema PS Sivara August 13 
Kemba Richard Parent, Sauyema PS Sivara a August 13 
Mukuve maurius Parent, Sauyema PS Sivara August 13 
Thimbudu Heimic Parent, Rudolf Ngondo PS Rundu August 14 
Makanya 
Sitongo Sixtus Parent, Rudolf Ngondo PS Rundu August 14 
Shikukutu 
Shivute Emilie Maita Parent, Rudolf Ngondo PS Rundu August 14 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
KUNENE REGION 
Ministry of Education Regional Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Mme. Bernadette Inspector, Epupa Epupa 081 289 8024 August 14 bernadetteja22er@)'ahoo.com 
Jagger Circuit 
Ministry of Education Local Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Mr. Auty Muhuka Principal, Alfa CS Uatokuta August 17 
Mr. Uatokuk Teacher, Alfa CS Uatokuta August 17 
Mr. Kakuva Teacher, Alfa CS Uatokuta August 17 
Mr. Mumbuu Teacher, Alfa CS Uatokuta August 17 
Ms. Muhimba HOD, Alfa CS Uatokuta August 17 
Mrs. Tjazapi Principal, Kaoko- Kaoko Otavi 081 373 0855 August 14 
Otavi PS 
Mrs. Tjandu Principal, Oukongo Oukongo 060 80 I 7447 August 14 
Mr. Muzuma HOD, Oukongo Oukongo August 14 
Mr. Tjivehungira Teacher, Oukongo Oukongo August 14 
Students 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
jonhy Kahohoi Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Kaveere Tjiute Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Veroyova Kombuneri Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Kanambunga Kaizinbi Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Yaii Hantly Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Andakuuya Utjavari Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Kuneke Herunga Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Deshi Haitoza Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Maihannika Tjiuma Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta ·August 17 
Autetura Muhuna Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Kasora Nbjengwa Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Bania Hinu Student, Alpha CS Uatokuta August 17 
Tjhuma Student, Kaoko- Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Otavi PS 
Tunaune Student, Kaoko - Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Kazombaruru Otavi PS 
Ratutuma Tjhiugire Student, Kaoko- Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Otavi PS 
Matujamapi Kunooro Student, Kaoko - Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Otavi PS 
Kembambi Kuvare Student, Kaoko- Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Otavi PS 
Zanyangapi Kuvare Student, Kaoko - Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Otavi PS 
Moyao Mumyovandu Student, Kaoko- Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Otavi PS 
Mavepu Muharukwa Student, Kaoko - .Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Otavi PS 
Kavasoko Mukandi Student, Kaoko- Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Otavi PS 
Kariteerue Tjikombo Student, Kaoko - Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Otavi PS 
Ueritoorora Student, Kaoko- Kaoko Otavi August 14 
Kazombaruru Otavi PS 
Parents 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Mrs. Naunga Parent, Focus group Ondororundu 
Ndjengua 
Mr. Maipukikua Parent, Focus group Ondororundu 
Katundo 
Other 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Obediah Pressman Peace Corps Opuwo Aug 15-16 
Volunteer 
Ayoola Kellar World Teach Opuwo/Ukongo Aug 16 
Volunteer 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
OHANGWENA REGION 
Ministry of Education Regional Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Sanet Cloete Deputy Director, and Hedja Lodge/ August 5 
member of BES Steering Ondangwa 
Committee 
Ministry of Education Local Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Ms. Kayofa Helena Education Officer Ondangwa July 31 
Ms. Constantin Sofia Education Officer Ondangwa. July 31 
Mr. Neshuku Christian Education Officer Ondangwa July 31 
Ms. Nakamwe Sesilia Education Officer Ondangwa July 31 
Ms. Shinyala Eva- Liisa Resource Teacher Ondobe July 31 
Ms. Munyanaya Festus Resource Teacher Endo la July 31 
Ms. Kayala Lot Resource Teacher Ohakafiya July 31 
Ms. Lucia Shilamba Principal, Endola PS Endola 081 271 7575 August 5 
Ms. Ottilie Namwoonde Teacher, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Ms. Annel Kamati Teacher, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Ms. Victoria Shiwayu Teacher, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Ms. Lahja Newaka Teacher, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Ms. Merjam Kafula Teacher, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Ms. Christiana lipinge Teacher, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Ms. Sylvia Nangolo Teacher, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Ms. Elise Haimbangu Teacher, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Ms. Ester Mbango Principal, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Ms. Justina N. Petrus Teacher, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Ms. Mbingo Miina Teacher, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Mr. Shixwameni Stephanus Teacher, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Ms. Hamukoto Twahafifwa Teacher, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Ms. Sheelango Rachel Teacher, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Ms. Ephraim Justine Teacher, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Mr. Hepangalume Nahas Teacher, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Mr. Vaino Kaukungwa Principal, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Ms. Teofelus Lylie N. Teacher, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Ms. Hamunyela Lonia Teacher, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Ms. lilanda Lusia Teacher, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Ms. Taukuheke Aira-L N. Teacher, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Students 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Andreas Nghinyangelw Student, Endola PS Endo la August 8 
Haimbungu Nafimane Student, Endola PS Endo la August 8 
Magdalena Katenda Student, Endola PS Endo la August 8 
Emilia Kambode Student, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Alfeus Ndishita Student, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Kristofina Hauwanga Student, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Werner Haimbangu Student, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Foibe Eliakim Student, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Ester Ndaumbwa Student, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Josophina Shuudifonya Student, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Joolokeni Shaduka Student, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Helena Hainghumbi Student, Endola PS Endo la August 5 
Elizabeth Haipinge Student, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Nathanael Shonena Student, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Josefina Hamukwaya Student, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Elise Shilunga Student, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Elsie Haimbangu Student, Endola PS Endola August 5 
Frieda Tobias Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Nghondela Justine Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Shitalaana esther Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Vatileni grabriel Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Haiduwa Arabia Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Phillemon nakale Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Hashali Michael Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Joseph matthew Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Pombili hishono Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Nangombe laimi Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
lndateelela mweshipandeka Student, Onambutu CS Onambutu August 10 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Darnen levison Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
David Erastus Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga 
Tweumona Shimhanda Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga 
Ndove Victory Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Perus Olivia Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Shapubumba Anna Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
lkanda Lonia Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Shimbode Elizabeth Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Ndahepele Paelencia Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Mwatetelenge Lusia Student, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Parents 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Josephina Shuudifonya Parent, Endola PS Endo la August 8 
Joolokeni Shaduka Parent, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Helena Hainghumbi Parent, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Elizabeth Haipinge Parent, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Nathanael Shonena Parent, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Josefina Hamukwaya Parent, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Elise Shilunga Parent, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Elsie Haimbangu Parent, Endola PS Endola August 8 
Kakololo Petrus Parent, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Haukuti Penehambeko Parent, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Shinyongo T oini Parent, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
ltaleni Joseph Parent, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
Shinana Dina Parent, Onakalunga PS Onakalunga August 10 
OMUSATI REGION 
Ministry of Education Regional Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
065 242503/ Aug3 en~h pondoka@yahoo com 
Ms. A.E. Nghipondoka Regional Director Outapi 081 124 9406 
Outapi & Heja Aug 3 & 5 
Ms. L. Shatiwa Deputy Director Lodge 065 242 500 
Ms. Hilma lilonga Education Officer Outapi Aug3 
Ms. Anastasia Shalumbu Resource Teacher Outapi Aug3 
Ministry of Education Local Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Mr. Shikongo Abner Inspector, Okahao Outapi & Aug 3 & 20 
Circuit Okahao 
Mr. Immanuel Principal, Okahao JP Okahao 081 259 9388 August 20 
Amutenya 
Ms. Aune Ndadi Teacher, Okahao JP Okahao August 20 
Ms. Kangombe Hilma N. Teacher, Okahao JP Okahao August 20 
Ms. Elago Taimi Teacher, Okahao JP Okahao August 20 
Mr. Shikokola Erastus Teacher, Okahao JP Okahao August 20 
Ms. lindombo Hilma N. Teacher, Okahao JP Okahao August 20 
Ms. Lahja Namutenya Principal, Oshuulagulwa 081 277 0185 August 20 
Alweendo Oshuulagulwa PS 
Ms. Eva- Mary Shivute Teacher, Oshuulagulwa August 20 
Oshuulagulwa PS 
Ms. Hendrina Shooja Teacher, Oshuulagulwa August.20 
Oshuulagulwa PS 
Ms. Lovisa Shumi Teacher, Oshuulagulwa August 20 
Oshuulagulwa PS 
Ms. Victoria Shigwdha Teacher, Oshuulagulwa August 20 
Oshuulagulwa PS 
Ms. Beata Ndakukamo Teacher, Oshuulagulwa August 20 
Oshuulagulwa PS 
Ms. Loide M. Shaanika Teacher, Oshuulagulwa August 20 
Oshuulagulwa PS 
Mr. Nicodemus Angula Teacher, Oshuulagulwa August 20 
Oshuulagulwa PS 
Mr. Nuuyoma Paulus Teacher, Oshuulagulwa August 20 
Oshuulagulwa PS 
Mr. Ephraim Kalumbu Principal, Okanimekwa Okanimekwa 081 268 5891 August 21 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
cs 
Mr. Michael Muleni HOD, Okanimekwa Okanimekwa August 21 
cs 
Ms. Albertina Ndjene HOD, Okanimekwa Okanimekwa August 21 
cs 
Ms. Hildebertha Teacher, Okanimekwa Okanimekwa August 21 
Taanyanda cs 
Ms. Alina Kamulunga Teacher, Okanimekwa Okanimekwa August 21 
cs 
Ms. Monika Andowa Teacher, Okanimekwa Okanimekwa August 21 
CS, 
AIDS Club 
Coordinator 
Ms. Veronika Aindongo Teacher, Okanimekwa Okanimekwa August 21 
cs, Window of Hope 
Coordinator 
Students 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Evangelyn Mushabati Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Josephine Shipingana Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Fresmin Ndilimodwi Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Selma Shiponeni Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Ndapandula Uushona Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Hertha lipadhi Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Margaleta Eita Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Hertha liyambo Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Sakeus Juukonjele Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Nekongo David Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Paulus Kuutondokwa Student, Oshuulagulwa Oshuulagulwa August 20 
PS 
Parents 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Date 
Mr. Amon Shipopyeni Parent, School Board Oshuulagulwa Aug20 
Ms. Ester Kambungu Parent, School Board Oshuulagulwa Aug20 
Ms. Loide Angula Parent, School Board Oshuulagulwa Aug20 
Ms. Otillie Andowa Parent, School Board Oipanda Aug21 
Ms. Elizabeth Aitana Parent, School Board Oipanda Aug21 
Other 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Email 
Da,te 
Ms. Penny O'Brien vso Outapi August 21 
OSHANA REGION 
Ministry of Education Regional Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Ms. Dutte Shinyemba Regional Director Oshakati 065 229800 Aug 3 & 21 dutte@iwa)'..na 
Immanuel Aipanda REO, and member of BES Oshana & Heja 065 229800/ 081 Aug 3 &Aug 
Steering Committee Lodge 122 1507 5 
Ms. Menette Nambala SAT Ongwediva July 29 
TRC 
Christoph Petrus TRC Manager/EMIS Heja Lodge August 5 
Ministry of Education Local Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Mr. Shipena lmmanual Vice Rector, Ongwediva Ongwediva July 29 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
College 
Mr. Moses Hidengwa HOD Skills Dept, Ongwediva Ongwediva July 29/ Aug 5 
College 
Mr. Muzambani Efraim HOD Math/Sc, Ongwediva Ongwediva July 29 
College 
Ms. Mbodo loide HOD ETP, Ongwediva College Ongwediva July 29 
Ms. Amakai Amram HOD INSET, Ongwediva Ongwediva July 29 
College 
Ms. Susan Herman HIV/AIDS Coord, Ongwediva Ongwediva July 29 
College 
Ms. Victoria Hapulile Language Dept, Ongwediva Ongwediva July 29 
College 
Ms. Toini Alweendo Principal, Olukolo PS Ondangwa 065 241 193 August 3 
Ms. Helmi Ndengu Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Hakaala Justina Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Elina Katau Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Shalongo N.Ashipala Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Johanna N. Daniel Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Lousia K. Boy Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Dorthea M. Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Amoonio 
Ms. Kiiga N.N. Paulina Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Mr. Angula Mathus Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Uusizi Linda Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Kalangula Esther Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Esther Shitumba Teacher, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 3 
Mr. Tomas Amutenya Principal, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Aune Mvula Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Foibe Davia Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Foibe Kalumbu Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Amushila Suama Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Nelago Kleopas Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Amoomo Patricia Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Toini Uukunde Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Justina Ainima Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Mr. Alugodhi Mikka Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Goerge 
Mr. Uugwanga Sam Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Shigwedha Frieda Teacher, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ms. Frieda Karolina Principal, Eheke PS Eheke 081 371 3808 August 3 
Uusiku 
Ms. Vistorina Munenguni Teacher, Eheke PS Eheke August 3 
Ms. Paulina T. Namupala Teacher, Eheke PS Eheke August 3 
Ms. Beata lita Teacher, Eheke PS Eheke August 3 
Ms. Liisa ltana Teacher, Eheke PS Eheke August 3 
Ms. Luise Namwandi Teacher, Eheke PS Eheke August 3 
Ms. Merry Nanyemba Teacher, Eheke PS Eheke August 3 
Students 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Kutako christophina Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Shifundo Fredrik Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Nangonya monica Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Ndelumulgila hilma Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Shuukeni Elizabeth Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Negonya tioni Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Joseph beata Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Gabriel loide Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Amutenya benyame Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Kambinda alexexander Student, Oshakati PS Oshakati August 5 
Marthin T. Namupala Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Grasian Gabriel Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Fillemon Petrus Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Elago Emilia Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Monika Nawinda Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Frieda Taaipopi Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Shilongo Joseph Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Mathew Abed Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Lydia Lumbu Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Frederika Kulula Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Julia Negoli Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Martin Paavo Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Shilimela Fabiam Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
T rives Erastus Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Angula Alfeus Student, Eheke PS Eheke August 13 
Kautewa Lusuia Student, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 10 
Toini Amupanda Student, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 10 
Amuthitu Elia Student, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 10 
Judith Joseph Student, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 10 
Haipinge Tobias Student, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 10 
Secilia Nicolaus Student, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 10 
Shilongo Festus Student, Olukolo PS Ondangwa August 10 
Parents 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Ms. Angombe Sylvia Parent, Focus group Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Uuyumba Victoria Parent, Focus group Ondangwa August 3 
Ms. Nampala Martha Parent, Focus group Ondangwa August 3 
OSHIKOTO REGION 
Ministry of Education Regional Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Ondangwa & 065 281900/ 081 July 31 & Aug fidifidi@iwa)'..na 
Mr. Lameck Kafidi Regional Director Heja Lodge 128 2112 5 
Mr. Struwig Andre Deputy Director Ondangwa & 065 281900 July 31 & Aug 
Heja Lodge 5 
Ministry of Education Local Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Ms. Kamati Taimi Senior Advisory Teacher Oshikoto, July 31 
Ondangwa 
Ms. Leena- Liisa Uugulu Principal, lihongo CS lihongo 081 295 9592 August 4 
Ms. Mathew Kambonde Teacher, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Ms. Hileni Namupala Teacher, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Ms. Maria lita Teacher, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Mr. Jeremia Mwendeleli Principal, Onathinge Onathinge August 4 
South CS 
Ms. Shiimi Anna Teacher, Onathinge Onathinge August 4 
South CS 
Ms. Elipha Saima Teacher, Onathinge Onathinge August 4 
South CS 
Ms. Nambahu M. Martha Teacher, Onathinge Onathinge August 4 
South CS 
Ms. Mbombo N. Hilma Teacher, Onathinge Onathinge August 4 
South CS 
Ms. Akwaake Vistorina Teacher, Onathinge Onathinge August 4 
South CS 
Ms. Shiawedha Liina - Teacher, Onathinge Onathinge August 4 
Ndinelago South CS 
Ms. Johanna Kambonde Principal, Engoyi PS Engoyi August 4 
Ms. Aina lmene Teacher, Engoyi PS Engoyi August 4 
Ms. Hilja Uugulu Teacher, Engoyi PS Engoyi August 4 
Ms. Martha Ndokosho Teacher, Engoyi PS Engoyi August 4 
Ms. Ruusa Nakaziko Teacher, Engoyi PS Engoyi August 4 
Students 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Toini nangolo Student, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Selma newaka Student, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Albertina ashipembe Student, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Hileni nangombe Student, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Taimi kamule Student, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Eddy namindi Student, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Ally shilongo Student, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Nandu ntinda Student, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Johannes kambode Student, lihongo CS lihongo August 4 
Linus Elina Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
Impact Evaluation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Petrus Maria Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
Nangwasha Andreas Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
Thomas Leapard Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
Amutenya Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
Akwaake Victoria Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
Mupupa Vistorina Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
lpinge Ndinelago Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
Shikuni Sebion Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
Mutumbulwa Johannes Student, Onathinge South Onathinge August 4 
cs 
Parents 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Matheus lifo Parent, Engoyi PS Engoyi August 11 
Frans Shidhudhu Parent, Engoyi PS Engoyi August 11 
Elizabeth Shoombe Parent, Engoyi PS Engoyi August 11 
Beata Nehale Parent, Engoyi PS Engoyi August 11 
OTJOZONDJUPA REGION 
Ministry of Education Regional Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Mrs. Faustina Namutenya Regional Director of Grootfontein August 17 
Education 
Mr. Simon Tsuseb Deputy Regional Director Grootfontein August 17 
Mr. September Inspector Grootfontein August 17 
Ministry of Education Local Staff 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Mr. Shihango Principal, Otjituuo PS Otjituuo 0814128730 August 18 
Mrs. F. Damases Principal, Shalom PS Ota vi August 18 
Mrs. Gustafine Principal, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein 081 274 0660 August 18 
Students 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Ruben Hamunyena Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Leroy Nuxab Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Jackson Khausoab Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Thomas Gum Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Ben Naigab Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Erinin Khais- oab Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Muremi Kamina Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Pieter Gaeseb Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Albertus Basson Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Bongani Gurirab Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Merlyn Uwu-Khaes Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Fransina Nawases Student, Shamalindi PS G rootfontein August 18 
Rosalia Ganses Student, Shamalindi PS Grootfontein August 18 
Parents 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Ms. Frioline Kuvare Parent, School Board Ota vi Aug 18 
Mr. Theophelus Venaani Parent, School Board Otjituuo Aug 19 
Other 
Name Function Place Telephone 2009 Date Email 
Ashley Skeith Peace Corps Volunteer Grootfontein Aug 18 
Impact Eval.uation of USAID Support to Education in Namibia 1990-2009 
Annex 4. Survey Instruments 
A PrincipalNice-Principal Interview Guide 
B. Teacher Observations of "Best Practices" in the Classroom 
C. Parent-Community Interview Guide 
FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 
PRINCIPAL/VICE PRINCIPALS 
INTERVIEW GUIDE 
Principal Name: ____ ____ _ Principal ID: ______ _ 
Sex: D (I) M D (2) F Cell number: ______ _ 
School Name: _ __________ _ School ID: -------
Village/Town/City:-------------- Country ID __ _ 
Type of School: D (I) Elementary/Primary D (2) Jr. Secondary D (3) Secondary 
Intervention (mark one): D (I) BES 3 D (2) BES II D (3) Other D (4) None 
Instructions: Start by thanking the Principal for permitting the observations and for giving time for this 
interview. Explain that we are not evaluating teachers or schools. Also explain that interview results 
are confidential and will be analyzed along with many others from other countries so that we will know 
how to improve the program. 
PRINCIPAL BACKGROUND 
Please tell me a little about yourself: 
I. How many years in total have you been a principal (including this year)? 
D (0) Less than one year 
D years (if one year or more ) 
2. How long have you been a principal at this school (including this year)? 
D (0) Less than one year 
D years (if one year or more ) 
3. What is the highest diploma/degree that you have earned? [Mark ONLY one] 
D (I) No diploma/degree/certificate 
D (2) Training Certificate 
D (3) Training Certificate with special elementary teacher requirement 
D (4) High school diploma 
D (5) Teacher Training Diploma/Certificate 
D (5) Bachelors Degree or License 
D (6) Graduate Degree 
D (7) Doctorate 
SCHOOL PROFILE 
4. Could your registrar please provide us with information on how many stude.nts there 
are at your school? · 
A. Tick each of the grade levels enrolled at the school. 
B. Enter the number of female students in each grade level. Enter "O" if none. 
C. Enter the number of male student in each grade level. Enter "O" if none. 
D. Enter the total number of student in each grade level Enter "O" if none. [Interviewer - check to make sure 
that the Total# of Students for each grade level equals both the male and female students.] 
FROM PRINCIPAL'S RECORDS FOR ENTIRE SCHOOL 
Official Enrollment E. COMMENTS 
A. Grade levels taught B. Girls I C. Boys I D. Total 
o. All Grades at School I I 
5. How many teachers are at your school, by grade? When we say by grade, we mean 
their primary or homeroom assignment. 
A. Mark each of the grade levels enrolled at the school. 
B. Enter the number of male teachers in each grade level. Enter "O" (zero) if none. 
C. Enter the number of female teachers in each grade level. Enter "O" (zero) if none. 
D. Enter the total number of teachers in each grade level. Enter "O" (zero) if none. [Interviewer - check to 
make sure that the Total# of Teachers for each grade level equals both the male and female teachers. Also check 
to ensure that the totals are correct for columns B., C., and D.] 
B. #of Male C. # of Female D. Total# of 
A. Grade Levels Tau2ht Teachers Teachers Teachers 
a. Del) Grade 1 
b. Del) Grade 2 
c. Del) Grade 3 
d. Del) Grade 4 
e. Del) Grade 5 
f. Del) Grade 6 
g. Del) Grade 7 
h. DCl) Grade 8 
i. Del) Grade 9 
j. Del) Grade 10 
k. D e1) Grade 11 
1. D e1) Grade 12 
m.D (1) Grade 13 
n. D (1) Grade 14 
o. All Grades at School 
· 6. How many of the teachers at your school have a certificate, diploma or bachelor's 
degree in teaching? [Interviewer - Enter "O" (zero) in all spaces where the answer is zero, or if the 
school has no Male teachers or no Female teachers. Do not leave any spaces blank.] 
Degree A. # Male teachers B. # Female teachers C;# Total teachers 
a. Certificate 
b. Diploma 
c. B.A. 
d. B.A.+ 
e. Total teachers at 
school 
7. How has HIV/AIDS affected the everyday functioning of your school? 
a. 0 (I) No effects [If NO, skip to question 9] 
[Mark all that apply] 
b. 0 (I) Teachers have been regularly absent 
c. 0 (I) Students have been regularly absent 
d. 0 (I) There have been deaths of teachers, students or parents 
e. 0 (I) Parents are reluctant to send their children to school for fear of contracting HIV/AIDS 
f. 0 (I) Other:--------------
8. Do you currently have a program at your school to address.HIV/AIDS awareness? 
[Mark only one] 
0 (I) No 
0 (2) Yes 
9. Have parents and community members been involved at your school in the following 
ways this year? [mark only one for each row- READ OPTIONS TO RESPONDENT.] 
Activities Yes No Don't 
know 
a. Community leaders visit school and give talks 0(1) 0(2) 0(3) 
b. Routine meetings with individual parents 0(1) 0(2) 0(3) 
c. PTA meetings 
0(1) 0(2) 0(3) 
d. Volunteering in classrooms 0(1) 0(2) 0(3) 
e. Volunteering at school functions 0(1) 0(2) 0(3) 
f. Assistance with school repairs or renovations 
0(1) 0(2) 0(3) 
g. Support in fundraising (cash or kind: money, materials, equipment, 0(1) 0(2) 0(3) etc.) 
h. Other I (specify) 
0(1) 0(2) 0(3) 
I 0. On average, what percentage of your school's parents typically participate in school 
activities? 
0 (0) None 
D _____ % of parents participate in school activities 
11. Please name ONE thing that parents or community members could do (that they are 
not doing now) that would significantly help your school. [Interviewer: Write only ONE thing in 
the space below] 
PRINCIPAL TRAINING 
[Interviewer: Skip this section if the school has not participated in a BES component] 
12. Which of the [BE.S 11/BE.S 3/LOCAL PROJE.CT NAME.Jprincipal trainings did you attend? 
a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
Please identify the trainings by name and subject matter. 
0 (I) I have not attended any of the [BES II/BES 3/LOCAL PROJECT NAMEJtraining for Principals. [If 
none, skip to question 2 I] 
A. Name of Training B. Topic(s) 
13. Have you been able to better manage the school since you participated in the [BE.S 
11/BE.S 3/LOCAL PROJE.CT NAME.Jprincipal training? [mark only ONE.] 
D (I) No 
D (2) Yes 
D (3) Don't know/ Can't say 
19.A. If yes, please explain: 
14. Have you been able to better monitor and evaluate teachers since you participated in 
the [BES II/BES 3/LOCAL PROJECT NAMEJprincipal training? [mark only ONE] 
D (I) No 
D (2) Yes 
D (3) Don't know/ Can't say 
20.A. If yes, please explain: 
15. What other topic would you MOST like to learn about in training, to help you in your 
position? [Interviewer: please write only ONE topic in principal training.] 
TEACHER TRAINING 
16. Which of the following teacher practices have you observed in teachers who have 
received the [BES II/BES 3/LOCAL PROJECT NAME]teacher training? [Mark only ONE per 
row; READ THESE ITEMS AND ASK RESPONDENT TO RESPOND TO EACH] 
Teaching Skill Practice observed in teachers 
a. Planning lessons D (I) Yes D (2) No D (3) Don't know/Can't 
say 
b. Classroom management (this might include D (I) Yes D (2) No D (3) Don't know/Can't 
large-size class management) say 
c. Student assessment or continuous D (I) Yes D (2) No D (3) Don't know/Can't 
assessment say 
d. Active learning methods D (I) Yes D (2) No D (3) Don't know/Can't 
say 
Teaching Skill Practice observed in teachers 
e. Using learning materials D (I) Yes D (2) No D (3) Don't know/Can't 
say 
CONCLUSION 
17. ls there anything else you would like to tell me about your school that I might not have 
asked? 
Thank you very n:iuch for your time. 
TEACHER OBSERVATIONS OF 'BEST PRACTICES' IN THE CLASSOOM 
(To be completed at the end of the lesson) 
School ID _____ _ 
Type of School: D [I] Primary; D [2] Jr. Sec; D [3] Sec 
Village/Town/City/Area---------------- Country ID: ____ _ 
Teacher Name ____________________ _ Teacher ID _____ _ 
Teacher Gender: D [I] Male D [2] Female Grade Level ______ _ 
Number of Students: __ (F); __ (M) 
Intervention (mark one): 0 (I) BES 3 0 (2) BES II 0 (3) Other 0 (4) None 
Observer _________________ ~ Date ________ _ 
Observed Not 
Observed 
Indicator 
[I] [O] 
Instruction 
1. The teacher shows evidence of prior class planning. The teacher has prepared materials for 
the class period. 
2. Materials related to the class activities are ready. The students have materials related to the 
class activity. 
3. The teacher explains the goal and purpose of the class lesson to the students 
4. The teacher models the task that the students are to perform (e.g., predicting before reading, 
using sounds to spell, etc.) 
5. The teacher begins the class activity with questions that review previous activities and draw 
on the prior knowledge of the students. 
Observed Not 
Observed 
Indicator 
[I] [O] 
6. The content prepared by the teacher is consistent with the purpose and goal of the lesson. 
7. The teacher asks questions of different types to encourage students to answer using critical 
thinking skills. 
Grouping and Feedback 
1. The teacher facilitates work in groups when appropriate. 
2. The teacher works with student groups at different levels of difficulty based on the knowledge 
of the students. 
3. The teacher gives different assignments based on the learning needs of the students when 
appropriate. 
4. Provides students with corrective feedback and positive support as necessary. 
5. Evaluates the students using corrective feedback tools (ongoing evaluation). 
Classroom Management 
1. Organizes class time so that a majority of the students are involved in schoolwork during the 
observation. 
2. Promotes an effective classroom climate through positive and respectful actions, attitudes and 
gestures. 
3. Consistently reminds the students of the classroom rules and expectations. 
Use of Physical Space 
I. The classroom is decorated with printed materials and/or students' original work. 
2. The classroom is decorated with "found" or home-made work or learning aids. 
/ 
Comment on Lesson by Observer: ______________________ _ 
FORM# ---
FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 
PARENT AND COMMUNITY REPORT CARD/INDIVIDUAL 
Interviewer: ____________ _ Date: ----------,----
School Name: ------------ School ID: ------
Village/Town/City: __________ _ Country ID: ____ _ 
First Name of Person Interviewed: 
Parent/Community Member ID: ____ _ 
Gender: D [I] Male D [2] Female Age: ______ _ 
27 July 2009 
Relationship to Student: 
D [I] Parent D [2] Guardian D [3] Community Member 
D [4] Other:---------~---------
If Parent or Guardian, Student ID of Parent/Guardian's child: _________ _ 
Instructions: Thank the Interviewee for taking the time to participate in this interview. Let them know 
that their answers will remain anonymous and be reported with other parents/community members in 
different countries. The purpose of this study is to make the program more helpful to students. Inform 
the Interviewee that there· are two parts to our interview: the first is a few open-ended questions; and 
the second is a "report card" in which you will give a "grade" to the job that the school is doing. 
2 
I. Please tell me a little about your community and your relationship with the school. 
How long have you lived in this same village/town? [mark only one. DON'T READ OPTIONS TO 
RESPONDENT.] 
D [I] I've always lived here 
D [2] I moved here within the last two years 
D [3] I moved here more than two years ago 
D [4] Don't Know 
2. What is your relationship with this particular school? [mark all that apply. DON'T READ 
OPTIONS TO RESPONDENT.] . 
a. D [I] I once was a student there. 
b. D [I] I am a parent/guardian of a child who is now a student 
c. D [I] I am a parent/guardian of a child who used to be a student 
d. D [I] I have family members (siblings, nephews, grandchildren, etc.) that are now a student. 
e. D [I] I have family members (siblings, nephews, grandchildren, etc.) that used to be a student. 
f. D [I] I know non-family members who are students there. 
g. D [I] I know non-family members who used to be students there. 
h. D [I] I know of the school but I do not know anyone who has been a student there 
i. D [I] Don't know/Can't say 
3. Tell me about your family: What is your/their primary occupation/source of income? 
[Mark the ONE option below that best describes the occupation DON'T READ OPTIONS TO 
RESPONDENT.] 
D (I) Raise animals 
D (2) Trade/Sell Goods 
• 
D (3) Works in an Office 
D (4) Farming 
D (5) Laborer (construction, etc.) 
D (6) Professional (doctor, lawyer) 
D (7) Trades Person (barber, ferrier, tailor, etc.) 
D (8) Student supports him/herself 
D (9) Other _____ _ 
D (I 0) Don't Know 
3 
4. How many sons, daughters, (or other children under 18 years old), live with you at 
home? [Enter zero if no boys or girls or children are at home] 
a. Total boy children at home: ___ _ 
b. Total girl children at home: ___ _ 
c. All children at home: ----
5. How many years of school have you compl~ted? [mark only one. DON'T READ OPTIONS TO 
RESPONDENT.] 
D [I] No School 
D [2] 1-3 grades 
D [3] 4-6 grades 
D [4] 7-9 grades 
D [5] 12 or more grades 
D [6] Don't know 
6. Have you heard about the [BESIUSAID]? 
0 [I] Yes 
0 [2] No (If NO, skip to question 9) 
7. What have you heard about it? [Write Brief Answer] 
4 
8. Are any of YOUR children involved in the [BES] project? 
0 [I] No [IF NO, skip to question 17.J 
O [2] Yes [IF YES, continue to question I O.J 
9. What did your child receive this year as part of the [BES] project? [mark all that apply. 
DON'T READ OPTIONS TO RESPONDENT.] 
a. 0( I) School Supplies (pencils, paper, etc.) 
b. 0( I) Received Mentoring 
c. 0(1) Received Tutoring 
d. 0( I) Participated in group activities at school 
e. 0(1)0ther: _____________ _ 
f. 0( I) Don't know 
I 0. Have you noticed any signs of positive changes in your child since participating in the 
[BES]? mark all that apply. 
a. 0( I) No, I have not noticed any changes 
b. 0( I) Child is absent less 
c. 0( I) Spends more time doing homework 
d. 0( I) Teacher has reported that child is doing better. 
e. 0( I) Child brings home better grades 
f. 0( I) Child has more confidence 
g. 0( I) Child seems to enjoy school more 
h. 0( I) Child talks about health issues learned in school 
i. 0(1) Other:--------------------------
IO.a. If YES, please explain one way the [BES] project has influenced other children in the 
family. 
5 
COMMUNITY QUESTIONS 
I 0. Do you agree with the following statements? [Interviewer: read the statements one at a time and 
ask respondent if they agree or disagree. Mark only one per row.] 
I agree I Don't 
disagree know 
a. It is as important for girls to attend primary school as it is 0 (I) O (2) O (3) for boys. 
b. It is as important for girls to attend high school as it is for 0 (I) 0 (2) O (3) boys. 
11. I'd like to ask you a few questions about HIV/AIDS in this community: Where do 
members of this community learn about HIV/AIDS prevention? [mark all that apply. DON'T 
READ OPTIONS TO RESPONDENT.] 
a. 0( I) From the [LOCAL AGSP NAME] program 
b. 0(1) From each other 
c. 0(1) From their parents and family members 
d. 0(1) Radio 
e. 0( I) Community p-rograms held at the school 
f. 0( I) Programs at schools 
g. 0( I) Doctor visits 
h. 0(1) Other: ______________________ _ 
i. 0( I) Don't Know 
12. Where do students and children learn about HIV/AIDS prevention? 
[mark all that apply. DON'T READ OPTIONS TO RESPONDENT.] 
a. 0( I) From the BES program 
b. 0( I) From each other 
c. 0(1) From their parents and family members 
d. 0(1) Radio 
e. 0( I) Programs held at the school 
f. 0( I) Student clubs held at the school 
g. 0( I) Programs at schools 
h. 0( I) Doctor visits 
i. 0(1) Other:--------------------------
j. 0( I) Don't Know 
13. Has HIV/AIDS had a serious effect on this community? [mark only one. READ THE OPTIONS 
TO THE RESPONDENT.] 
O (I) Yes 
6 
D (2) No 
D (3) Don't know 
14. How have children in this community been affected by HIV/AIDS? [mark all that apply. 
DON'T READ OPTIONS TO RESPONDENT.] . 
a. D (I) There have been very few direct affects on children. 
b. D (I) A large number of children have become orphans 
c. D (I) Teachers are absent or leave school because they become sick with HIV/AIDS 
d. 0( I) Children are absent or leave school because they become sick with HIV/AIDS 
e. 0( I) Children are absent or leave school because they have to take care of family members who are 
sick with HIV/AIDS 
f. 0( I) Other way I 
g. 0( I) Other way 2 
h. 0( I) Don't know 
7 
SCHOOL REPORT CARD FOR PARENT FOCAL GROUPS 
15. Now I just have some questions about your opinions. Please give your opinion of the 
following aspects of your local school. [Interviewer: Read each activity in the Column A, and ask 
respondents for their opinion on that activity. Read them the answer options (Poor, Good, Very Good) and 
check the appropriate box for their answer in Column B. Then ask: Can you tell me, please, why do 
you think so? and write their response in column C. 
A.ACTIVITY B. OPINION EXPLANATION FOR GRADE GIVEN 
a. Number of students in the 0(1) Poor 
children's classes 
0(2) Good 
0(3) Very Good 
0(4) Don't know 
b. Effectiveness of school 0(1) Poor 
administration 
0(2) Good 
0(3) Very Good 
0(4) Don't know 
c. Ability of the children's 0(1) Poor 
teachers to teach well 
0(2) Good 
0(3) Very Good 
0(4) Don't know 
d. Availability of textbooks in the 0(1) Poor 
children's classes for them to use 
0(2) Good 
0(3) Very Good 
0(4) Don't know 
e. Age ranges/gaps between 0(1) Poor 
students in one class 
0(2) Good 
0(3) Very Good 
0(4) Don't know 
8 
A.ACTIVITY B. OPINION EXPLANATION FOR GRADE GIVEN 
f. Distance children have to 0(1) Poor 
travel to school 
0(2) Good 
0(3) Very Good 
0(4) Don't know 
g. Physical condition of the 0(1) Poor 
school and the furniture in the 
school 0(2) Good 
0(3) Very Good 
0(4) Don't know 
h. Communication between the 0(1) Poor 
school and families about the 
children 0(2) Good 
0(3) Very Good 
0(4) Don't know 
9 
Annex 5. Tables 
Table I. Regional Changes in Total Enrollment by BES Phase 
Table 2. Regional Changes in Gender Parity by BES Phase 
Table 3. Regional Grade I and 2 Enrollments by Gender, by BES Phase 
Table 4. Net and Gross Enrollment Rates 
Table 5. Enrollments by Students' Home Language, by BES Phase 
Table 6. Languages of Instruction, Grades 1-3, by BES Phase 
Table 7. Changes in the number of schools between 2002 and 2008 
Table 8. Teacher Qualifications by Region (by BES Phase) 
Table 9. Transfer Rates of Teachers between 2007 and 2008 
Table I 0. Attrition Rates of Teachers between 2007 and 2008 
Table I I. Learner-teacher ratios from 2002 to 2008 
Table 12. Provision of Toilets and Water Supply at Schools 
i. Number of toilet units for learners 
j. Numbe rs of schools with toilets for learners 
k. Number of schools with toilets for teachers 
I. Number of Schools with a Supply of Water 
Table 13. Teachers' Mortality by Region and Reason 
Table 14. Learners' Mortality by Region and Reason 
Table 15. Data from Teacher/Classroom Observations 
Table I. Regional Changes in Total Enrollment by BES Phase 
!Nam lbia: Enrolments bJ1 BES ehases bl1 region I I 1-
1999 2005 2008 -- Control regions : Total Grade 1-5 Grade 6-7 Total Grade 1-5 Grade 6-7 Total Grade 1-5 -
Kunene 10,637 6,772 3,865 12,637 7,965 4,672 13,115 8,468 
otjozondjupa 20,732 12,397 8,335 22,727 13,885 8,842 24,746 15,118 
- - --- Sam pie regions: --
- Caprivi 15,474 8,731 6,743 17,606 · 11,239 6,367 ~ 11,318 
Kavango 48,254 32,333 15,921 54,421 35,723 18,698 54,891 36,103 -- ·~-- ---I--
Oshana 37,999 21,697 16,302 35,566 19,311 16,255 33,164 18,081 - Oshlkoto 37,630 22,186 - _]0444 39,523 - 22,858 16,665 39,617 22,623 - - - - --- -- Ohangwena 63,103 37,749 25,354 63,950 37,183 26,767 63,947 36,363 -- - Omusati I 66,636 39,045 27,591 63,342 36,084 27,258 60,731 33,528 
l J__J_ ___L _J _J_ _J_ 
--
Grade 6-7 
4,647 
9,628 
--
7,302 -
18!788 
15,083 
16,994 
27,584 
27,203 
J 
Table 2. Regional Changes in Gender Parity by BES Phase 
I Namibia: Percentage of female learners b y BES phase by region I I 
I 
- - Control regions: 1999 2005 2008 
r - -
- --·-
ene 50.0% 51.1% 49.6% 49.6% 50.4% 50.9% 
_ ozondjupa 50.1% 49.1% 49.8% 51.2% 49.8% 51.0% -- - -- -- - -
- - -
Sample regions: - - -- ----- - - - - Caprivi 49.2% 49.9% 48.4% 48.5% 47.5% 49.5% - --- - Kavango 50.0% 49.0% 49.5% 50.6% 49.3% 50.5% - - -- Oshana 49.4% 50.8% 49.2% 49.8% 48.4% 49.0% --- - - - - Oshikoto 47.9% 51.4% 48.1% 50.7% 47.6% 49.9% - -- - - - Ohangwena 49.6% 55.3% 49.1% 53.1% 48.3% 52.1% -
Omusati I 48.2% 51.8% 47.6% 51.4% 47.4% 49.4% 
L I -- I - I I 
Table 3. Regional Grade I and 2 Enrollments by Gender, by BES Phase 
Namibia: Male and Female enrolmenis in grades 1and2 by region 19991 2005 1 20081 
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 1 Grade 2 - ~ ~ -- Control regions: - - Kunene --r- - Females 1,041 809 __ 1,160 962 1,416 1,073 
Males 1,101 812 1,148 994 1,494 1,039 
Otjozondjupa -- - --- Females 1,747 1,627 1,923 1,663 2,160 1,947 
Males 1,672 1,558 1,969 1,714 2,297 1,915 
Sample regions: 
Caprivi 
Females 1,163 891 1,561 1,358 1,420 1,353 
Males 1,211 933 1,725 1,433 1,658 1,480 --- Kavango -- Females 4,559 3,813 5,523 4,204 5,294 4,426 - Males 4,414 3,794 5,658 4,317 5,682 4,639 
Oshana 
Females 2,853 2,803 2,404 2,281 2,296 2,080 
Males 2,907 2,724 2,455 2,238 2,478 2,271 - Oshikoto ·- Females 2,748 2,590 2,919 2,553 2,804 2,698 - - Males 2,971 2,661 3,034 2,861 3,202 2,924 
Ohangwena 
Females _:i,912 4,421 4,556 4,222 4,478 4,377 - - - - Males 4,980 4,383 4,951 4,401 4,856 4,611 
Omusati 
Females 5,322 4,551 4,485 3,920 4,189 3,910 
Males 5,627 4,770 5,048 4,481 4,699 4,331 
L l_ J 
Table 4. Net and Gross Enrollment Rates 
- r- - Namibia: Net and gross enrolment ratios 
I I 1999 2005 2008 -
+- t Age group 7-13 7-13 7- 13 - Grades Gd 1- 7 Gd 1- 7 Gd 1- 7 ----~ 
Net Enrolment Ratio !Total 92.9% 93.6% 97.4% 
Female 95.3% 95.4% 99.2% - Males 90.4% 91.7% 95.7% 
Gross Enrolment Ratio Total 123.4% 117.3% 123.0% - - Female 123.3% 116.3% 121.6% ·-
Males 123.6% 118.3% 124.5% 
Table 5. Enrollments by Students' Home Language, by BES Phase 
Nam lbla: Home language of learners I 19991 I 20051 I 2008! 
Afrikaans 24,385 14,565 9,820 24,067 13,965 10,102 23,656 13,758 9,898 
English 2,545 1,470 1,075 2,101 1,202 899 2,432 1,373 1,059 --- German 1,390 787 603 1,173 620 553 1,181 671 510 
Khoekhoegowab 40,266 24,636 15,630 43,846 26,255 17,591 45,601 28,071 17,530 
Os hlkw anyam a 91,521 54,416 37,105 99,184 57,540 41,644 100,752 57,037 43,715 -
Oshindonga 56,302 33,319 >-- 22,983 53,489 30,213 23,276 52,010 29,391 22,619 --->---- - - Other Oshlwambo languages 66,288 38,584 27,704 66,394 37,180 29,214 63,887 35,801 28,086 
Other Caprlvlan languages 12,453 7,051 5,402 13,994 8,809 5,185 15,025 8,971 6,054 
Other European languages 330 157 173 361 154 207 551 279 272 - Otjiherero 26,848 15,919 10,929 . 27,830 16,412 11,418 28,435 17,329 11,106 
Rugclriku j 8,542 5,409 3,133 8,892 5,625 3,267 9,115 5,936 3,179 
Rukwangall 21,955 14,917 7,038 24,232 16,298 7,934 23,159 15,178 7,981 - San (Bushman languages) 3,345 2,475 870 4,721 3,640 1,081 6,152 4,655 1,497 
Setswana 1,072 649 423 1,104 628 476 1,099 681 418 
Shishambyu 2,330 1,623 707 1,974 1,319 655 2,297 1,366 931 -- Silozl 3,539 2,~ _ 1,531 4,613 2,966 1,647 4,860 3,026 1,834 
Thlmbukushu 6,166 4,241 1,925 6,762 4,290 2,472 6,733 4,389 2,344 
Sign Language 0 0 0 0 0 0 347 219 128 - Other languages 13,014 8,353 4,661 19,369 12,438 6,931 20,154 12,610 7,544 
Table 6. Languages of Instruction, Grades 1-3, by BES Phase 
I I I 1999 1 I I 2005 1 I I 2008 ! I 
I I Total !Grade 1 I Grade 2 I Grade 3 Total !Grade 1 I Grade 2 !Grade 3 Total !Gradel !Grade 2 !Grade 3 
Afrikaans I 12,060 4,131 3,912 4,017 11,013 3,946 3,609 3,458 11,048 3,979 3,666 3,403 
English I 30,984 11,069 10,047 9,868 35,119 12,515 11,216 11,388 37,291 13,458 12,044 11,789 
German I 591 200 201 190 526 178 165 183 712 226 199 , 287 
Khoekhoegowab 6,750 2,557 1 2,188 2,005 9,770 3,774 3,194 2,802 11,751 4,349 4,095 1 3,307 
Oshikwanyama 32,986 12,043 1 10,752 10,191 33,531 11,609 10,434 11,488 32,535 11,168 10,728 10,639 
Oshindonga 52,095 18,839 16,940 16,316 48,199 16,945 15,207 16,047 46,198 16,291 15,288 14,619 
Otjiherero I 7,041 2,835 2,207 1,999 7,802 2,952 2,384 2,466 8,953 3,787 2,717 2,449 
Rugciriku I 6,872 2,439 2,200 2,233 402 200 259 15 511 187 216 108 
Rukwangali 14,261 5,451 4,462 4,348 16,196 6,674 4,983 4,539 15,850 6,204 ' 5,066 4,580 
San I 240 98 74 68 141 80 27 34 431 153 118 160 
Setswana I 529 183 194 152 364 167 76 121 356 133 121 102 
Shishambyu 82 26 37 19 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 
Silozi I 6,112 2,273 1,733 2,106 8,302 3,134 2,692 2,476 7,978 2,861 2,627 2,490 
Thimbukushu 2,791 959 774 1,058 2,950 1,189 834 927 2,891 1,119 961 811 
Sign Language N/A N/A N/A N/A 35 11 11 3 158 59 42 57 
l I 
Table 7. Changes in the number of schools between 2002 and 2008 
Year Average Percentage annual 
growth rate change 2007 - 08 2002-08 
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 
National 1,584 1,598 1,601 1,626 1,641 1,661 1,672 0.9% 0.7% 
Control regions: 
Kunene 52 52 52 52 52 52 53 0.3% 1.9% 
Otjozondjupa 57 57 58 62 61 63 65 2.2% 3.2% 
Sample regions: 
Caprivi 95 95 96 96 97 97 97 0.3% 0.0% 
Kavango 330 330 325 329 329 329 330 0.0% 0.3% 
Oshana 126 127 127 127 131 134 . 132 0.8% - 1.5% 
Oshikoto 159 165 170 171 178 184 188 2.8% 2.2% 
Ohangwena 214 218 221 223 232 235 235 1.6% 0.0% 
Omusati 265 267 267 271 268 268 269 0.3% 0.4% 
Table 8. Teacher Qualifications· by Region (by BES Phase) 
1999 
Total - all Teachers without Teachers with formal 
teachers formal teacher training teacher training 
Less Gd 12 or I- More Less Gd 12 More Gd 12 More 
than 2 or 1-2 than 2 Less than or 1-2 than 2 
Control than 2 yrs' than yrs' yrs' Gd 12 yrs' yrs' Gd 12 yrs' tertiary Gd 12 regions: tertiary tertiary tertiary tertiary tertiary 
Kunene 130 160 8S SI 6S - 79 96 8S 
Otjozondjupa 200 261 274 63 38 I 137 223 273 
Sample 
regions: 
Caprivi 209 304 142 30 19 - 179 28S 142 
Kavango 1,011 493 187 603 24S 2 407 248 18S 
Oshana 3S2 494 230 SS 48 I 297 447 229 
Oshikoto 322 S23 219 89 16S 4 234 3S9 21S 
Ohangwena 491 691 3S6 114 184 2 378 S07 3S4 
Omusati 846 698 410 187 II S 4 660 S83 40S 
2005 
Total - all Teachers without formal Teachers with formal 
teachers teacher training teacher training 
Less More Less Gd 12 More Less Gd 12 More 
Gd 12or 1-2 than 2 or 1-2 than 2 or 1-2 than 2 
Control than yrs' tertiary yrs' than yrs' yrs' than yrs' yrs' 
regions: Gd 12 tertiary Gd 12 tertiary tertiary Gd 12 tertiary tertiary 
Kunene 44 122 264 12 16 I 32 106 263 
Otjozondjupa IOI 169 460 2S 43 3 76 126 4S7 
Sample 
regions: 
Caprivi 119 178 306 6 3 - II 3 17S 306 
Kavango 4S9 412 839 218 79 I 241 333 838 
Oshana IS8 326 628 6 24 3 IS2 302 62S 
Oshikoto 164 338 810 23 81 4 141 2S7 806 
Ohangwena 23S S48 1,196 39 169 s 196 379 1,191 
Omusati 366 S87 1,123 16 3S I 3SO SS2 1,122 
2008 
Total-all Teachers without formal Teachers with formal 
teachers teacher training teacher training 
Less Gd 12 or More Less Gd 12 or More Less Gd 12 or More 
than 1-2 than 2 than 1-2 than ·2 than 1-2 than 2 
Control Gd 12 yrs' yrs' Gd yrs' tertiary yrs' Gd 12 yrs' yrs' 
regions: tertiary tertiary . 12 tertiary tertiary tertiary 
Kunene 28 95 359 8 7 I 20 89 358 
Otjozondjupa 69 155 576 21 37 5 48 117 570 
Sample 
regions: 
Caprivi 68 126 451 5 7 I 63 119 450 
Kavango 311 383 1,111 149 42 I 162 340 1,110 
Oshana 107 237 762 3 18 - 104 219 762 
Oshikoto 109 264 1,001 10 43 4 99 220 997 
Ohangvvena 160 448 1,494 28 112 6 132 337 1,489 
Omusati 224 517 1,348 9 24 - 215 493 1,348 
Table 9. Transfer Rates of Teachers between 2007 and 2008 
Total· all Teachers without formal Teachers with formal teacher 
teachers teacher training training 
More Less Gd 12 or More than Gd 12 or More Less than Gd 12or 1-2 than 2 1-2 Less than 1-2 than 2 Total Gd 12 yrs' tertiary yrs' Total than yrs' 2 Total Gd 12 yrs' yrs' 
tertiary Gd 12 tertiary yrs' tertiary tertiary tertiary 
Control 
regions: 
Kunene 6.1% 3.2% 7.9% 5.9% 7.7% 0.0% 20.0% 0.0% 5.4% 0.0% 5.5% 5.7% 
Otjozondjupa 5.3% 2.3% 3.6% 6.0% 4.2% 0.0% 2.3% 22.2% 5.3% 3.0% 3.3% 5.8% 
Sample 
regions: 
Caprivi 4.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 4. 1% 0.0% 0.0% 4.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 
Kavango 4.5% 1.9% 3.5% 5.4% 1.3% 1.2% 0.0% 7.1% 4.7% 2.5% 3.2% 5.4% 
Oshana 3. 1% 3. 1% 0.3% 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.2% 3.3% 0.3% 3.8% 
Oshikoto 4.8% 0.0% 3.9% 5.3% 1.2% 0.0% 1.7% 0.0% 4.7% 0.0% 3.3% 5.3% 
Ohangwena 4.3% 0.5% 3. 1% 4.9% 4.6% 0.0% 6. 1% 0.0% 4. 1% 0.6% 1.0% 4.9% 
Omusati 3.9% 0.4% 1.5% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.9% 0.4% 1.5% 5.0% 
Table I 0. Attrition Rates of Teachers between 2007 and 2008 
Total - all Teachers without formal Teachers with formal teacher 
teachers teacher training training 
Less More Less Gd 12 Less Gd 12 Gd 12 or 1-2 than 2 or 1-2 More than 2 or 1-2 More than 2 Total than yrs' tertiary yrs' Total than yrs' yrs' tertiary Total than yrs' yrs' tertiary Gd 12 tertiary Gd 12 tertiary Gd 12 tertiary 
Control 
regions: 
Kunene 9.4% 19.4% 10.5% 8.4% 7.7% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% 9.4% 20.8% 11.0% 8.4% 
Otjozondjupa 11.3% 12.8% 10.3% 11.4% 11.1% 5.3% 11.4% 22.2% 11 .4% 14.9% 10.0% 11.3% 
Sample 
regions: 
Caprivi 8.7% 11.0% 10.2% 8.1% 50.0% 20.0% 60.0% 75.0% 8.2% 10.4% 8.8% 7.8% 
Kavango 7.3% 9.8% 6.6% 6.9% 8.7% 6.5% 16.7% 7. 1% 7. 1% 12.2% 5.3% 6.9% 
Oshana 7.9% 6.2% 10.2% 7.4% 16.2% 0.0% 19.4% 0.0% 7. 1% 5.7% 6.9% 7.3% 
Oshikoto 7.7% 4.9% 11.2% 7.2% 18.6% 7.7% 20.3% 21.4% 7.2% 4.6% 9.2% 7.1% 
Ohangwena 6.2% 11.1% 7.5% 5.5% 17.9% 15.6% 17.4% 33.3% 5.5% 10.1% 4.1% 5.4% 
Omusati 10. 1% 13.5% 8.8% 10.1% 18.2% 14.3% 18.2% 25.0% 10.0% 13.5% 8.3% 10.0% 
Table I I . Learner-teacher ratios from 2002 to 2008 
Schools staffed by the State and St ate￾All schools and teachers appointed teachers 
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 
National 29.2 29.0 29.5 29.2 28.8 28.1 27.8 29.8 29.6 30.1 29.8 29.4 28.7 27.8 
Control 
regions: 
Kunene 26.8 27.0 28.4 28.0 27.7 26.6 25.8 27.2 27.4 28.9 28.4 28.0 26.8 24.9 
Otjozondjupa 30.9 30.2 31.2 30.I 29.6 29.0 29.5 31.5 30.7 32.1 31.0 30.6 29.8 32.2 
Sample 
regions: 
Caprivi 21.9 23.7 25.I 25.7 . 26.2 26.4. 25.7 22.0 23.8 25.3 "25.9 26.4 26.6 25.4 
Kavango 28.7 28.5 29.4 30.0 29.8 28.9 28.5 28.9 28.7 29.6 30.2 30.0 29.I 28.8 
Oshana 31.2 30.6 30.9 30.4 29.9 29.1 28.7 31.2 30.8 31.2 30.7 30.2 29.5 28.7 
Oshikoto 32.0 30.7 30.0 29.3 28.4 28.6 27.6 32.6 31.1 30.3 29.6 28.7 28.8 27.8 
Ohangwena 36.4 34.2 33.2 31.5 30.6 29.3 29.I 36.6 34.3 33.2 31.6 30.6 29.3 29.2 
Omusati 30.7 30.3 30.3 29.6 29.1 27.9 28.2 30.7 30.3 30.3 29.6 29.I 27.9 28.2 
Table 12. Provision of Toilets and Water Supply at Schools 
a. Number of toilet units for learners 
1999 2005 
Flush Pit % flush Flush Pit % flush 
National 9,523 2,760 77.50% 10,695 6,135 63.50% 
Control regions: 
Kunene 439 22 95.20% 543 104 83.90% 
Otjozondjupa 1,160 23 98.10% 1,007 97 91.20% 
Sample regions: 
Caprivi 147 193 43.20% 171 481 ' 26.20% 
Kavango 427 444 49.00% 421 961 30.50% 
Oshana 412 355 53.70% 494 785 38.60% 
Oshikoto 411 268 60.50% 624 652 48.90% 
Ohangwena 230 599 27.70% 642 1,508 29.90% 
Omusati 556 678 45.10% 539 1,317 29.00% 
b. Numbers of schools with toilets for learners 
1999 2005 
No Have %with No Have %with 
toilets toilets toilets toilets toilets toilets 
National 516 980 65.50% 349 1,277 78.50% 
Control regions: 
Kunene 8 42 84.00% 3 49 94.20% 
Otjozondjupa 3 50 94.30% 4 57 93.40% 
Sample regions: 
Caprivi 47 49 51.00% 22 74 77.10% 
Kavango 201 100 33.20% 163 167 50.60% 
Oshana 23 94 80.30% 7 123 94.60% 
Oshikoto 58 89 60.50% 38 141 78.80% 
Ohangwena 78 127 62.00% 34 190 84.80% 
Omusati 94 163 63.40% 68 199 74.50% 
c. Number of schools with toilets for teachers 
1999 2005 
No Have %with No Have %with 
toilets toilets toilets toilets toilets toilets 
National 596 900 60.20% 437 1,189 73.10% 
Control regions: 
Kunene 10 40 80.00% 6 46 88.50% 
Otjozondjupa 7 46 86.80% 7 54 88.50% 
Sample regions: 
Caprivi 43 53 55.20% 23 73 76.00% 
Kavango 202 99 32.90% 171 159 48.20% 
Oshana 33 84 71.80% 14 116 89.20% 
Oshikoto 69 78 53.10% 49 130 72.60% 
Ohangwena 90 II 5 56.10% 58 166 74. 10% 
Omusati 124 133 51.80% 87 180 67.40% 
d. Number of Schools with a Supply of Water 
1999 2005 
No Have %with No Have %with 
water water water water water water 
National 554 942 63.00% 442 1,184 72.80% 
Control regions: 
Kunene 7 43 86.00% 6 46 88.50% 
Otjozondjupa 52 98. 10% - 61 100.00% 
Sample regions: 
Caprivi 35 61 63.50% 41 55 57.30% 
Kavango 180 121 40.20% 204 126 38.20% 
Oshana 21 96 82.10% 5 125 96.20% 
Oshikoto 57 90 61 .20% 27 152 84.90% 
Ohangwena 127 78 38.00% 95 129 57.60% 
Omusati 119 138 53.70% so 217 81.30% 
Table 13. Teachers' Mortality by Region and Reason 
Illness Accident Suicide Violence and Homicide 
Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male 
Control regions: 
Kunene I I 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Otjozondjupa 2 I 0 I 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 
Sample regiom: 
Capri vi I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Kavango 10 6 3 3 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 
Oshana 3 3 I 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Oshikoto 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Ohangwena 7 6 4 2 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 
Omusati 6 5 3 2 I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Table 14. Learners' Mortality by Region and Reason 
Illness Accident Suicide Violence and Homicide 
Total Deaths Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 
Control regions: 
Kunene 3 0 0 0 3 2 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Otjozondjupa 27 22 15 7 5 4 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Sample regions: 
Caprivi 17 9 ·4 5 8 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Kavango 37 30 16 14 5 I 4 2 0 2 0 0 0 
Oshana 25 18 8 10 7 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Oshikoto 33 22 II II 11 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Ohangwena 24 19 II 8 2 0 2 3 I 2 0 0 0 
Omusati 33 24 8 16 9 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 
r 
Table 15. Data from Teacher/Classroom Observations 
Percentages Showing the indicated indicator 
Indicator Control Sample·Regions 
Regions 
Kun Otjozo Kav Ohangw Om us Oshiko Oshana Kat 
The teacher shows evidence 66.67% 33.33% 100% 100% 100% 33.33% 66.67% 33.33% 
of prior class planning. The 
teacher has prepared materials 
for the class period. 
Materials related to the class 66.67% 66.67% 100% 33.33% 100% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 
activities are ready. The 
students have materials 
related to the class activity. 
The teacher explains the goal 66.67% 66.67% 66.67% 66.67% 33.33% 66.67% 66.67% 33.33% 
and purpose of the class 
lesson to the students/learners 
The teacher models the task 100% 33.33% 66.67% 33.33% 100% 33.33% 0% 0% 
that the students are to 
perform (e.g., predicting 
before reading, using sounds 
to spell, etc.) 
The teacher begins the class 100% 66.67% 100% 100% 33.33% 100% 100% 66.67% 
activity with questions that 
review previous activities and 
draw on the prior knowledge 
of the students. 
The content prepared by the 66.67% 66.67% 33.33% 66.67% 100% 66.67% 100% 33.33% 
teacher is consistent with the 
purpose and goal of the 
lesson. 
The teacher asks questions of 33.33% 33.33% 100% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 66.67% 66.67% 
different types to encourage 
students to answer using 
critical thinking skills. 
Percentages Showing Grouping and Feedback 
Grouping and Feedback Control Sample Regions 
Regions 
Kun Otjozo Kav Ohangw Om us Oshiko Oshana Kat 
The teacher facilitates work in 33.33% 33.33% 66.67% 33.33% 66.67% 100% 0% 66.67% 
groups when appropriate. 
The teacher works with 0% 33.33% 33.33% 0% 33.33% 33.33% 0% 33.33% 
student groups at different 
levels of difficulty based on the 
knowledge of the students. 
The teacher gives different 0% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 0% 0% 
assignments based on the 
learning needs of the students 
when appropriate. 
Provides students with 100% 66.67% 100% 66.67% 100% 100% 100% 33.33% 
corrective feedback and 
positive support as necessary. 
Evaluates the students using 33.33% 66.67% 66.67% 33.33% 66.67% 33.33% 33.33% 66.67% 
corrective feedback tools 
(ongoing evaluation). 
Percentages Showing Classroom Management 
Classroom Control Reg. Sample Regions 
Management 
Kun Otjozo Kav Ohangw Om us Oshiko Oshana Kat 
Organizes class time so that a 100% 66.67% 33.33% 33.33% 100% 66.67% 0% 3.33% 
majority of the students are 
involved in schoolwork during 
the observation. 
Promotes an effective 100% 33.33% 33.33% 66.67% 66.67% 66.67% 100% 66.67% 
classroom climate through 
positive and respectful actions, 
attitudes and gestures. 
Consistently reminds the 33.33% 66.67% 66.67% 0% 66.67% 0% 0% 0% 
students of the classroom 
rules and expectations. 
Percentages Showing the Use of Physical Space 
Use of Physical Space Control Reg. Sample Regions 
Kun Otjozo Kav Ohangw Om us Oshiko Oshana Kat 
The classroom is decorated with 100% 66.67% 33.33% 100% 100% 66.67% 100% 33.33% 
printed materials and/or students' 
original work. 
The classroom is decorated with 100% 66.67% 33.33% 100% 100% 33.33% 100% 0% 
"found" or home-made work or 
learning aids. 
Miscellaneous comments of JBS/A classroom observers 
Comments: Control Reg. Sample Regi<?ns 
Kun Otjozo Kav Ohangw Om us Oshiko Oshana Kat 
Very good learner participation 66.67% 66.67% 33.33% 33.33% 
and excellent group facilitation 
Too teacher-controlled 33.33% . 33.33% 33.33% 
Classroom too old and difficult 33.33% 33.33% 
to hang up things. Good lesson 
integration and use of motor 
skills 
Teacher well prepared and 100% 33.33% 66.67% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 
experienced 
Teacher ill and very low energy 33.33% 
level 
The most LCE lessons in full 33.33% 
Although lesson was a revision, 33.33% 
learners showed no sign of 
understanding 
Learners English levels very 33.33% 
impressive 
Classro.om management very 33.33% 
poor 
No continuous assessment 33.33% 
Very poor lesson 33.33%