This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of NORC at the University of Chicago and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT NORC at the University of Chicago THIS VERSION: AUGUST 23, 2022 USAID DRG LEARNING, EVALUATION, AND RESEARCH ACTIVITY DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT (AUGUST 2022) Prepared under Contract No.: GS-10F-0033M / AID-OAA-M-13-00013, Tasking N045 Submitted to: USAID DRG Center Contractor: NORC at the University of Chicago 4350 East West Highway, 8th Floor Bethesda, MD 20814 Attention: Matthew Parry, Program Manager Tel: 301- 634-9489; E-mail: Parry-Matthew@norc.org DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VII INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 2 METHODS 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 3 DATA SOURCES AND DATA COLLECTION 4 QUALITATIVE DATA SOURCES AND COLLECTION 4 ETHICS AND COVID-19 PRECAUTIONS 4 QUALITATIVE SAMPLE 5 DATA ANALYSIS: 6 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 6 LIMITATIONS 6 FINDINGS 7 TYPES OF TRAFFICKING IN DRC 7 FORCED LABOR 7 CHILD LABOR 10 FORCED BEGGING 11 COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION 11 FORCED MARRIAGE 12 FORCED COMBAT 12 OTHER FORMS OF TIP 12 RISK FACTORS AND VULNERABILITIES 13 SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS 13 ETHNICITY 13 GENDER 14 RELIGION 14 AGE 14 MIGRATION STATUS 14 MODUS OPERANDI OF TRAFFICKERS IN DRC AND RECRUITMENT PATTERNS 15 PROFILE OF NATIONAL C-TIP ACTION 17 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 17 INSTITUTIONAL ROLES 18 TIP INVESTIGATION 20 TIP INFO SOURCE 21 VICTIM REFERRAL 22 INTERAGENCY COLLABORATION 23 INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES 25 ii | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV SCALABILITY 25 SURVIVOR NEEDS 25 APLTP CAPACITY 27 APLTP STRENGTHS 27 ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES 28 CONCLUSIONS 30 RECOMMENDATIONS 31 IMPROVEMENTS TO GDRC/APLTP’S COLLECTION OF TIP DATA 31 DATA COLLECTION CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 31 GDRC C-TIP COORDINATION AND RESPONSE 33 USAID INTEGRATION OF C-TIP APPROACHES FOR CROSS-SECTORAL PROGRAMMING 35 REFERENCES 38 ANNEX 1: APLTP KII GUIDE IN ENGLISH 39 ANNEX 2: APLTP KII GUIDE IN FRENCH 49 ANNEX 3: FGD GUIDE FOR CSEC SURVIVORS IN ENGLISH 63 ANNEX 4: FGD GUIDE FOR CSEC SURVIVORS IN FRENCH 69 ANNEX 5: FGD GUIDE FOR DOMESTIC WORKERS IN ENGLISH 75 ANNEX 6: FGD GUIDE FOR DOMESTIC WORKERS IN FRENCH 84 ANNEX 7: FGD GUIDE FOR FORCED LABOR IN ENGLISH 94 ANNEX 8: FGD GUIDE FOR FORCED LABOR IN FRENCH 102 ANNEX 9: FGD GUIDE FOR FORCED COMBAT SURVIVORS IN ENGLISH 111 ANNEX 10: FGD GUIDE FOR FORCED COMBAT SURVIVORS IN FRENCH 118 ANNEX 11: KII GUIDE FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 127 ANNEX 12: KII GUIDE FOR NGOS IN ENGLISH 137 ANNEX 13: KII GUIDE FOR NGOS IN FRENCH 144 USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | iii TABLE OF TABLES Table 1: KIIs Completed by Respondent Type and Province .................................................................................5 Table 2: FGDs Completed by Participant Type and Province ................................................................................6 Table 3: Economic Sectors in which Forced Labor Occurs by Number of Mentions by Stakeholders.......8 iv | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ACRONYMS ABA ROLI ABA Rule of Law Initiative ACADHOSHA Action of Christian Human Rights Activists in Shabunda ACAJ L'Association Congolaise pour l'Accès à la Justice ADF-NALU Islamic Alliance of Democratic Forces AJCDH Association pour la Justice Communautaire aux Droits de l'Homme ANR National Intelligence Agency APLTP Agence pour la Prévention et la Lutte Contre la Traite des Personnes (Agency for the Prevention and Fight against Trafficking in Persons) ASI Actions de Solidarité Internationale (Actions of International Solidarity) CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDCS Country Development Cooperation Strategy CNDH Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme COSCAE Coalition des Organisations de la Société Civile Anti Esclavagiste CSE Commercial Sexual Exploitation CSEC Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children CSO Civil Society Organization C-TIP Counter-Trafficking in Persons DGM General Directorate of Migration DISPE Directorate of Social Interventions for the Protection of the Child DIVAS Division of Social Affairs DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo DRG Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance DRG-LER Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance Learning, Evaluation, and Research FGD Focus Group Discussion USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | v GATT Groupe d’Appui à la Traçabilité et la Transparence dans la Gestion des Ressources Naturelles GBV Gender-Based Violence GDRC Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo HDH Humanisme et droits humains IDP Internally Displaced Person IFEDD Initiative des Femmes Entrepreneurs pour le Développement Durable IGO Intergovernmental organization ILO International Labour Organization INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOM International Organization for Migration KAP Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices KII Key Informant Interview LER Learning, Evaluation, and Research MoU Memorandum of Understanding MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MSA Ministry of Social Affairs NCB National Central Bureau (of Interpol) NGO Non-governmental organization NSP National Strategic Plan OBEAC Organisation pour le bien-être des albinos au Congo OCPDH Observatoire Congolais pour la Promotion et la Défense des Droits de l'Homme ODF Observations of Women’s Rights OPDEF Organization for the Protection and Development of Children and Women vi | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ORPER L'Oeuvre de Reclassement et de Protection des Enfants de la Rue (The Work for the Reclassification and Protection of Street Children) PELVS Police for the Protection of Children and the Fight against Sexual Violence PHR Physicians for Human Rights PNC National Congolese Police REFED Réseau Femme Et Développement (Women and Development Network) RISD Research Initiatives for Social Development SADC Southern African Development Community SEASSCAM Service d'Assistance et d'Encadrement du Small Scale Mining SOP Standard Operating Procedure TIP Trafficking in Persons TPO Transcultural Psychosocial Organization TOT Training of trainers UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR UN Refugee Agency UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNJHRO United Nations Joint Human Rights Office UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime USAID United States Agency for International Development USG United States Government VSV La Voix des Sans Voix pour les Droits de l'Homme (The Voice of the Voiceless for Human Rights) USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In March 2021 the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) requested NORC at the University of Chicago (NORC) to conduct a situational analysis on trafficking in persons (TIP) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to assess the prevalence and types of TIP, regional trends, knowledge of TIP by government officials, and local capabilities to address TIP in the DRC. NORC partnered with Research Initiatives for Social Development (RISD), an organization with extensive experience supporting quantitative and qualitative studies in the DRC, for this work. The following report is the culmination of this effort and focuses on the background, research methods, findings, and recommendations related to this project. The DRC is a source, transit, and destination country for various forms of human trafficking. As of 2022, the country was designated to the Tier 2 Watch List, receiving a waiver to keep it off the Tier 3 list, on the State Department’s annual counter-trafficking in persons (C-TIP) report. In 2023, without improvements to justify its inclusion on the Tier 2 list, DRC will be downgraded to a Tier 3 country. The current inclusion of DRC in the Tier 2 Watchlist is justified as follows, “The Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so. However...the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts compared with the previous reporting period” (US Department of State, 2022). The report does acknowledge that progress is being made, stating “[The government’s] efforts included finalizing standard operating procedures (SOPs) for victim identification and referral to services and partnering with NGOs to identify more trafficking victims. The government investigated, prosecuted, and convicted traffickers, including complicit officials” (US Department of State, 2022). The Government of DRC (GDRC) is also on the 2022 State Department Child Soldiers Prevention Act list. This list “aims to combat the recruitment or use of children as soldiers by publicly identifying countries that recruit or use child soldiers and restricting certain types of U.S. security assistance to these countries” (Congressional Research Service, 2022). DRC has received a partial waiver from these restrictions in recognition of taking “’effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers” (Congressional Research Service, 2022). To further assess the current state of TIP in the DRC, NORC conducted an in-depth desk review, network mapping activities, over 100 key informant interviews (KIIs) with staff of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and staff of GDRC agencies, including the Agence pour la Prévention et la Lutte Contre la Traite des Personnes (Agency for the Prevention and Fight against Trafficking in Persons; APLTP), and focus group discussions (FGDs) with survivors of various types of trafficking, including (1) youth formerly associated with an armed group; (2) survivors of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC); and (3) survivors of forced labor (including individuals forced into mining, domestic service, or other forced labor). The summary results of NORC’s desk review, FGDs, and KIIs by learning question include: Learning Question 1: What are the types and prevalence of human trafficking? The DRC C-TIP Assessment found that the most prevalent forms of human trafficking in the DRC were forced labor, child labor, forced begging, commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), forced marriage, and viii | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV forced combat. Forced labor (of adults and children) was most prevalent in mining, agriculture, construction, and the commercial sector and was found to occur in all provinces of the DRC. Domestic servitude, child labor, forced begging, and forced marriage also occurred in every province, however rural villages were larger hotspots for forced marriage than urban areas. CSE is present across the country but concentrated in Goma, Kinshasa, the eastern provinces, and border areas. Forced combat often occurs in conflict areas in the east such as North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri. Learning Question 2: What are the drivers and conditions that enable human trafficking?; and Learning Question 3: What are the vulnerabilities of survivors and recruitment patterns? The drivers and conditions that enable human trafficking are a current lack of a comprehensive legal framework to provide justice to victims by holding traffickers accountable, widespread poverty and unemployment, low awareness levels of TIP, and conflict induced vulnerabilities. Most survivors are in vulnerable situations due to their socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, age, and/or migration status. (These vulnerabilities can be overlapping and multiplicative.) When recruitment is a factor in TIP, it is either done by a third party or someone involved in exploiting the victim directly. Families may be perpetrators of TIP as well because of economic conditions or social norms. Generally, survivors are deceived by recruiters regarding the work they will be doing or conditions of their labor. Survivors come from all regions of the DRC and neighboring countries including Uganda, Angola, and Burundi. North and South Kivu, however, are particular hot spots for traffickers, who exploit the conflict in the area. Learning Question 4: To what extent are authorities and stakeholders (i.e., government authorities, private businesses, civil society organizations, and public service delivery providers) aware of trafficking in persons? Several respondents spoke to the low general awareness levels and poor training of government authorities, private businesses, civil society organizations, and public service providers on TIP issues in the DRC. This can be partially attributed to a lack of public data on TIP and to the lack of a comprehensive legal framework. In fact, this awareness deficit was listed as a barrier to identification, prevention, and protection work, including collecting data, accessing justice for survivors, or following up on cases. Not only did interviewees suggest awareness raising activities and training to address this, but they also added that more collaborations, partnerships, information sharing, and political support will improve this awareness gap. Learning Question 5: To what extent are there existing activities to address human trafficking, including the protection of survivors? Existing activities that address human trafficking fall into the categories of identification, protection, and prevention. Identification activities usually involve working directly with people in vulnerable situations by establishing communication channels and monitoring for signs of TIP or investigating reported cases. Frequently, NGO or APLTP staff identify cases because they were reported by a social worker or through the APLTP’s hotline or an NGO’s hotline. The bodies that make up the APLTP coordinate and exchange information, following an identification process called IDTR: identification, documentation, tracing, and family reunification. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | ix Protection activities mostly consist of service referral and provision. Survivors are referred to services by the APLTP, including the Division of Social Affairs (DIVAS), or by NGOs. These services often include healthcare, psychological support, legal aid, social and economic reintegration, as well as accompaniment as they access these services. These services are crucial in preventing survivors from returning to trafficking situations. Protection work often relies on coordination across multiple organizations. The most cited prevention activities included awareness raising and advocacy. NGOs conduct awareness raising with populations such as children, parents, authorities, other TIP stakeholders, and the general public. Advocacy activities, such as community education, focused on survivors of trafficking or other human rights abuses, in general, or children and women specifically. Other prevention activities mentioned were stakeholder mapping, running hotlines, monitoring places at-risk for TIP activity, and economic support such as trade skills training or investment in alternative economic activities to mining. Learning Question 6: To what extent are institutions, or other actors, capable of collecting data on trafficking in persons? Data collection on TIP is difficult for most actors. The APLTP has a database of information on TIP, but it can only be accessed by certain government ministries such as the Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Employment, Labor, and Social Welfare, and Ministry of Health. No public government data exists on the prevalence of TIP in the DRC, and the data that are collected is done on an irregular basis. This perpetuates a lack of TIP awareness and distrust in the government. As NGOs and other actors try to collect their own data, they are met with several challenges. Enumerators face distrust and a lack of cooperation from other stakeholders that they rely on for access to survivors. In conflict-ridden areas, it is unsafe for enumerators to do on-the-ground data collection. Thus, NGOs pursue alternative, less effective, methods of data collection, such as setting up toll-free hotlines. Generally, the DRC lacks the infrastructure needed for TIP data collection, use, and dissemination. This gap in available data inhibits further progress, such as prosecuting cases of TIP. Learning Question 7: To what extent are there institutions and organizations that can provide support to survivors of trafficking? Many organizations provide support to survivors of trafficking. As part of NORC’s work, we created a database of stakeholders with TIP-related programming and complementary services, which will be submitted separately. Government bodies involved in protection are the Ministry of Social Affairs, Division of Social Affairs (DIVAS), Directorate of Social Interventions for the Protection of the Child (DISPE), Observations of Women’s Rights (ODF), the Police for the Protection of Children and the Fight against Sexual Violence (PELVS), and local police bodies. IOM supports many of the GDRC’s C-TIP efforts. Despite the number of organizations providing victim support, there are still several gaps including a lack of access to services (including transportation) in certain geographic areas, the need for survivors to pay for some services, and limited government support or coordination. Areas where respondents emphasized a lack of services were Haut-Katanga and Kasai. Services that survivors have had to pay for include legal aid, medical assistance, psychological support, and accommodation. Some respondents reported that corrupt authorities withhold reparations that should be going to survivors. x | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV Based on these findings, NORC recommends the following: Development of C-TIP Approaches that Account for Geographic Differences in TIP: ● Empower local leaders, civil society, and service providers in the identification of context￾specific forms of TIP ● Engage state and local governments in C-TIP efforts and work with all relevant partners at the national, regional and community levels across the country, as well as with international organizations, CSO/NGOs, and the media ● Continue to develop the national database, which will help to identify new and emerging patterns and risk factors for TIP Improvements to GDRC/APLTP’s Collection of TIP Data ● Support the implementation of the National Strategic Plan (NSP) against TIP ● Monitor and evaluate implementation. Consider assessing the implementation of the NSP, to evaluate the progress of implementation, including the protection of TIP victims, and for better policy and further strategy development ● Ensure the systematic collection of victim-centered data and set up a system for systematic data collection across all relevant agencies, consular officials, judiciary, police, prosecutors ● Establish an alert mechanism with extensive contact points throughout the country ● Participate in Interpol operations and contribute to Interpol database GDRC C-TIP Coordination and Response ● Provide adequate capacity of and financial support to the workings of the APLTP and its technical commissions/committees, including transparent communication and regular meetings to coordinate and jointly plan action/interventions, as well as regular (at least annual) reporting ● Further strengthen collaboration with all relevant partners and the IOM within the referral mechanisms for TIP victims, in accordance with the roles and responsibilities of each participant in the chain of care ● Ensure that all necessary SOPs are coordinated and implemented properly (e.g., ensuring SOPs are implemented in all provinces/territories and include all relevant NGOs and service providers) ● Set up a code of conduct for the appropriate assistance and referral of victims, for adequate witness protection, and to ensure that bribing is forbidden USAID Integration of C-TIP Approaches for Cross-Sectoral Programming ● Leverage existing gender-based violence (GBV) prevention and response programs ● Integrate C-TIP into existing rule of law, humanitarian assistance, justice reform initiatives and other relevant programming (such as humanitarian assistance and programming done in mining areas) to help ensure a cross-sectoral approach ● Support training and capacity building across government ministries, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender, and SEASSCAM and Ministry of Mines, for a whole-of-government approach USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 1 INTRODUCTION In March 2021, under the Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance Learning, Evaluation, and Research (DRG-LER) II Activity, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) requested NORC conduct a situational analysis on trafficking in persons (TIP) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to assess the prevalence and forms of TIP, regional trends, knowledge of TIP by government officials, and local capabilities to address TIP in the DRC. Although previous studies have been conducted on human trafficking, particularly forced labor in the mining areas in the DRC, there has not been a systematic TIP study to examine the frequency, types, and regional differences, which would support the development of a comprehensive strategy to tackle TIP and prioritize interventions. In pursuit of this goal, the DRC C-TIP Assessment had four interrelated objectives: 1. Provide a comprehensive understanding of the relative frequency and types of human trafficking across different regions in the DRC. 2. Provide a network map of current TIP programming in the DRC and the main stakeholders— non-governmental organizations (NGOs), intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), Government of the DRC (GDRC)—involved in confronting the issue. 3. Conduct key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with key stakeholders to assess the knowledge and capacity of institutions within each region to confront TIP. 4. Provide TIP-related policy recommendations for possible USAID and GDRC implementation in the DRC coming from a solid evidence base. These recommendations include: ● How geographic differences can be taken into consideration when developing C-TIP approaches; ● How GDRC, specifically the Agency for the Prevention and the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons (APLTP), can improve its data collection on TIP to inform C-TIP policies and programming; ● The opportunities and challenges for GDRC C-TIP coordination and response, particularly for the protection of survivors; and ● How USAID can integrate C-TIP approaches into its programming across sectors. NORC focused on these objectives while conducting an in-depth desk review, network mapping activities, KIIs, and FGDs. This information was then used to create this final assessment report describing the TIP landscape in DRC and providing policy and programming recommendations for tackling this important issue. BACKGROUND In central Africa, the DRC is a source, transit, and destination country for various forms of human trafficking, for both Congolese nationals and migrants (Migrants and Refugees Section, 2021). As of 2022, the country was designated to the Tier 2 Watchlist on the State Department’s annual C-TIP report for the third year in a row. The GDRC is also on the 2022 State Department Child Soldiers Prevention Act list, meaning the government was identified as having armed forces that recruit or use child soldiers (Congressional Research Service, 2022). Provinces throughout the Eastern Region of the DRC are 2 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV currently the focus of countering trafficking-in-persons efforts, particularly in mining regions and along the border. Evidence shows that armed groups that operate in mines across the Eastern Region of the DRC target civilians, including children, for labor trafficking at various stages of the supply chain, subjecting forced recruits to work in conditions analogous to slavery through debt bondage (Warpinski, 2013). Previous studies, specifically in North and South Kivu and Katanga, indicate that forced labor is the most common form of trafficking in the Eastern region (Kelly, J. and Greenberg, N., 2014). Women who migrate to mining regions for employment are vulnerable to sexual exploitation in addition to forced labor (Laudati, A. and Mertengs, C., 2019). Data from IOM, collected between 2002-2018, suggests that Congolese women and girls make up roughly 68% of trafficking survivors in the DRC, and children 61% (Migrants and Refugees Section, 2021). Women are especially at risk for sex trafficking and other forms of commercial sexual exploitation, often by members of armed groups or in mining sites across the Eastern region. Children are vulnerable to forced begging in major cities, forced labor in mining sites, and forced conscription to armed groups (Faber, B., Krause, B., & Sánchez de la Sierra, R., 2017). Additionally, the estimated 500,000 refugees and five million internally displaced people (IDPs) are at an increased risk for trafficking, as economic instability and exclusion from the justice system heightens vulnerability for exploitation (U.S Department of State, 2021). Migrant laborers, particularly from surrounding Angola, Burundi, the Central African Republic, and Rwanda, are one of the at-risk populations for forced labor and labor exploitation. A core component of the national C-TIP efforts was the establishment of the Agency for the Prevention and the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons (APLTP) in 2019, which serves as the DRC’s primary coordinating body to combat trafficking in persons under the Office of the Presidency. The APLTP drafted and launched the government’s first national anti-trafficking action plan in 2019, which will guide anti-trafficking efforts through 2024. Additionally, the GDRC established a formal anti-trafficking inter￾ministerial committee to coordinate with relevant ministries and international organizations to identify and protect survivors. RESEARCH QUESTIONS NORC’s DRC C-TIP Assessment focused on the seven learning questions laid out in the tasking request. These questions include: 1. What are the types and prevalence of human trafficking? 2. What are the drivers and conditions that enable human trafficking? 3. What are the vulnerabilities of survivors and recruitment patterns? 4. To what extent are authorities and stakeholders (i.e., government authorities, private businesses, civil society organizations, and public service delivery providers) aware of trafficking in persons? 5. To what extent are there existing activities to address human trafficking, including the protection of survivors? 6. To what extent are institutions, or other actors, capable of collecting data on trafficking in persons? USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 3 7. To what extent are there institutions and organizations that can provide support to survivors of trafficking? METHODS RESEARCH DESIGN NORC’s research was conducted in three stages, including: ● Stage 1: Project Design Activities o In-depth desk review o Preliminary network map o Draft sampling design for KIIs, FGDs, and surveys o Draft KII and FGD guides and KAP survey protocols ● Stage 2: Data Collection and Analysis o Finalize KII, FGD, and KAP survey instruments o Complete KIIs and FGDs with stakeholders identified in Stage 1 o Begin preliminary analysis and share preliminary findings with USAID ● Stage 3: Final Analysis and Report o Update analysis plan based on feedback from USAID o Finalize analysis o Report writing and finalization The desk review (stage 1) constituted a critical data source for our work and included two pieces. First, building on our strong understanding of the complexities of human trafficking, we conducted a targeted search to explore the specific drivers and conditions that enable human trafficking, vulnerabilities of survivors, and recruitment patterns in the DRC. We considered forced labor risk factors associated with pre-migration, migration, and post-migration. We also considered individual risk factors for other types of trafficking (e.g., forced combat, forced marriage, and domestic servitude) and for child labor (particularly in the mining industry). In addition to risks associated with specific types of trafficking and phases of migration, we considered macro factors shaping trafficking trends, such as climate change, trade, immigration and border regulations, regional conflict, regional customs/attitudes toward women and children, and global public health crises, such as COVID-19. This portion of the desk review: (1) supported the development of TIP-related recommendations for GDRC and USAID; (2) informed the targeted regions for primary data collection; and (3) fed into the creation of our data collection instruments to ensure we included questions on the issues most salient in the DRC. Second, we reviewed the literature on trafficking in the DRC and conducted additional internet searches to identify experts on TIP in the DRC, as well as organizations working to address TIP in the country, including government authorities, private businesses, civil society organizations (CSOs), and public service providers. This list was added to IOM, USAID, and the project team’s list of contacts in each region, to begin mapping the network of existing services for survivors of trafficking. 4 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV DATA SOURCES AND DATA COLLECTION QUALITATIVE DATA SOURCES AND COLLECTION NORC collected qualitative data via key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). For this, NORC created KII and FGD guides that were tailored to each stakeholder group, including separate KII guides for (1) NGOs and (2) APLTP staff and separate FGD guides for (1) youth formerly associated with an armed group; (2) survivors of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC); and (3) survivors of forced labor (including individuals forced into mining, domestic service, or other forced labor). All instruments were translated to French using a double-draft and reconciliation method to ensure accuracy. All FGDs and most interviews were conducted in French. Enumerators were trained on the French instrument and the meaning and intent of each question was clarified during training. All instruments are included as an annex in this final report. NORC worked with our local research partner, Research Initiatives for Social Development (RISD), an organization with extensive experience supporting quantitative and qualitative studies in the DRC, to collect all KII and FGD data. NORC conducted a two-day training with RISD staff on the FGD guides and a one-day training on the KII guides, discussing recruitment, informed consent, confidentiality, trauma-informed FGD practices, COVID-19 precautions, data collection best practices, the intent for each question, and data security among others. In total, 110 KIIs were conducted and 14 FGDs (including 124 participants) were completed. All KII and FGD participants were individuals who were 18 years or older. ETHICS AND COVID-19 PRECAUTIONS NORC and RISD ensured that all information shared by respondents was confidential. Personal identifying information was removed from all data before analysis. All data were shared using a Secure File Transfer Protocol system which encrypts and protects the security of files. NORC also received approval from the NORC Institutional Review Board to conduct this research. Importantly, throughout the study, the team used a trauma-informed approach to conducting research. Our team has previously completed professional trauma-informed training and conducted trauma￾informed field research, addressing the risks and ethical and safety considerations related to trafficking, which informed the training we conducted with RISD. These techniques were consistently incorporated into our data collection approaches, instruments, and protocols. A key component of our process was building the capacity of interviewers and team facilitators to ensure respondents felt safe, respected, and empowered throughout data collection and that interviewers felt well-supported. We also worked with local partners to ensure appropriate referrals were in place to meet participants’ and research staff needs, including shelter or counseling, e.g., post-trauma distress or secondary trauma. All work under this evaluation was conducted following health protocols consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and GDRC guidelines. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 5 QUALITATIVE SAMPLE NORC’s list of individuals for KIIs was developed based on the findings of our desk review, the team’s own list of contacts in each region, and the suggestions of USAID and IOM. This included KIIs with (1) NGOs and (2) GDRC staff. The distribution of KIIs by type and province can be seen in Table 1 below. Table 1: KIIs Completed by Respondent Type and Province Province Type of KII KII with NGO KII with GDRC Total Haut-Katanga 14 1 15 Haut-Uele 9 1 10 Kasai 14 1 15 Kinshasa 9 15 24 Kongo Central 13 1 14 Lualaba 4 1 5 Mongala 11 0 11 North Kivu 5 2 7 South Kivu 9 0 9 Total 88 22 110 NORC developed FGD guides based on the main types of trafficking identified through our desk research. These included FGDs with (1) youth associated with an armed group; (2) survivors of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC); and (3) survivors of forced labor (including individuals forced into mining, domestic service, or other forced labor. All FGD participants were 18 years old or older. FGDs included 6-10 people each. For the "survivors of CSEC" focus groups, we spoke to young adults (about 18-21 years) who exchanged sex for money or things worth money, like a place to stay or food, when they were below the age of 18 years. For the "youth associated with an armed group" focus groups, we spoke to individuals who are or who have been recruited or used by an armed group in any capacity while under 18. This could include children who were abducted by armed groups, children who joined armed groups voluntarily, and children who did tasks for armed groups, including cooks, porters, messengers, spies or for sexual purposes. This definition included both boys and girls who may have been associated with armed groups. For the "survivors of forced labor" focus groups, we spoke to adults (of any age) who were previously exploited in a forced labor situation. "Forced labor can be understood as work that is performed involuntarily and under the menace of any penalty. It refers to situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as manipulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities” (International Labour Organization, n.d.). In North and South Kivu and Haut-Katanga, the forced labor FGD focused solely on mining workers. In Mongala, we conducted one forced labor FGD solely with people who were previously exploited in domestic service. 6 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV FGD participants included individuals of any nationality, as long as they met the other inclusion criteria. A total of 124 survivors participated in the various discussions. RISD liaised with leaders of civil society organizations to identify individuals with the required profiles. A summary of FGDs completed per province can be seen in Table 2 below. All groups were mixed gender unless otherwise noted: Table 2: FGDs Completed by Participant Type and Province Province Forced Labor CSEC (Females Only) Forced Association with an Armed Group Total Haut-Katanga 1 (Mining Only) -- -- 1 Haut-Uele 1 1 -- 2 Kasai 1 1 -- 2 Kinshasa 1 1 -- 2 Kongo Central 1 1 -- 2 Mongala 2 (Domestic Service Only) -- -- 2 North Kivu -- -- 1 (Females Only) 1 (Males Only) 2 South Kivu 1 (Mining Only) -- -- 1 Total 8 4 2 14 DATA ANALYSIS: QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS NORC triangulated data across sources – desk research, interviews, and group discussions – to prepare answers to the learning questions and relationships between findings; triangulation increases the credibility and validity of the final report, providing stakeholders with the most comprehensive, accurate, and policy-focused results possible. To ensure genuine data integration, NORC’s data analysts first developed a code frame for KIIs and for FGDs. NORC’s analysts then used Dedoose, a qualitative coding software, to code all interview and FGD transcripts. NORC then reviewed all coded excerpts and produced summaries of key findings for each code. The findings from this analysis, triangulated with the desk review, are presented below. LIMITATIONS Given the large volume of data collected and significant participation rates among individuals targeted for interviews, NORC does not find any significant limitations to the findings presented. NORC was able to complete all FGDs as planned for this work. However, there were a few minor limitations. First, NORC was unable to gather the perspectives of male CSEC survivors. To help participants feel more comfortable discussing sensitive topics, NORC decided to have all the FGDs with CSEC survivors be gender-specific. Due to the limited number of FGDs conducted in each region, we planned to USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 7 conduct only one male-specific CSEC survivor FGD in one region. Although we worked with NGOs in this region to recruit participants, we were unable to identify enough male CSEC survivors within a reasonable traveling distance of one another to fill that FGD. Given the constraints of this assessment, we decided to conduct a female-specific CSEC survivor FGD in that region instead. Second, for KIIs, some targeted individuals, including both NGO stakeholders and GDRC staff, were either not available or declined to participate in interviews. However, these nonresponses did not follow any clear patterns, so NORC could not identify any clear gaps in the findings. FINDINGS In this section NORC presents the findings of the study, organizing them around the evaluation questions. TYPES OF TRAFFICKING IN DRC In interviews with FGD and KII participants, NORC gathered data on the most frequent types of trafficking in the DRC. One APLTP respondent described the state of TIP in the country: “The prevalence of trafficking in the DRC is very high. Ignorance makes us believe that there is no trafficking, yet there is trafficking, and it is pronounced according to my experience, according to what I have seen and from the moment I understood what trafficking is.” FORCED LABOR Forced labor occurs in all provinces of the DRC. Examples of sectors where forced labor is prevalent include mining, domestic servitude, commercial businesses, and manufacturing. Table 3 provides a breakdown of the number of stakeholders that mentioned each sector as having prevalent forced labor. Survivors of forced labor face both indicators of menace of penalty and involuntariness such as sexual, physical, and verbal abuse, retention of documents, restriction of movement, debt bondage, and deception about work conditions. For example, survivors of forced labor may receive advanced payment in exchange for documents, which they are unable to leave without. Perpetrators may promise payment when survivors have completed a job but receive little to no payment because of deductions for housing, food, and quality of work. Work conditions may not start as exploitative but become so over time. An FGD respondent who is a survivor of forced labor in the mining sector noted that in the first month of employment, he worked what he believed to be reasonable hours and received meals from his employer. However, as time went on, he was made to work 16-hour days and no longer received food. He was forced to beg on the side of the road for food as a result, since he did not receive enough payment to buy his own. Regions with high unemployment, such as North and South Kivu, have higher rates of forced labor. People from all backgrounds in these regions are vulnerable to forced labor because there are limited job opportunities and as a result, people are more willing to take on exploitative work. Other vulnerabilities include migration status, poverty, and level of education. NGO informants noted that migrants from countries such as Uganda, Sudan, and Rwanda are known to be willing to accept less payment compared to others, and migrants and those with lower levels of education may be unaware of their rights. 8 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV Table 3: Economic Sectors in which Forced Labor Occurs by Number of Mentions by Stakeholders Economic Sector Number of Mentions by Stakeholders Mining 46 Agriculture 17 Commercial Sector 17 Domestic Servitude 7 Construction 6 Hospitality 5 Brick Making 5 Transport 3 Fishing 1 MINING INDUSTRY Within the mining industry, children were frequently mentioned as being the most susceptible to trafficking. Some reported that companies did not intentionally hire children. Rather, parents engaged in mining would put their children to work out of economic need. However, other stakeholders likened the mining industry to armed groups, saying that both intentionally put children in roles involving the highest risk because children were less expensive, did not understand the risks, and/or did not have the power to refuse those roles. Stakeholders also reported that both men and women were trafficked within the mining industry. Men were used to carry heavy loads within the mines, while women tended to have jobs sifting and preparing meals. It was reported that women and girls were also often sexually exploited within the mines. Lack of alternate forms of work and the immediate need for money or food were mentioned as the primary vulnerabilities that led people to be exploited in mines. Whereas with farming, it could take months to earn money, in mining, people can get paid daily. The temporariness of the mining industry, in which mines spring up, are mined until the minerals are gone, and then abandoned, also put workers at risk. Often, they would travel to a mining site for work, experience poor working conditions for minimal pay, and then not have enough money to return to their home villages when the mine closed. As a result, they were forced to move with the company to the next mine. Furthermore, at least two cases were described in which mining workers, who attempted to exert their workers’ rights by demanding pay or requesting time off when they were sick or injured, were summarily dismissed. Stakeholders discussed trafficking specifically with the mining of diamonds, gold, cobalt, copper, and construction materials (e.g., sand, gravel). Trafficking within the mining sector was reported to occur in Haut-Katanga (specifically, Kambove, Kipushi, and Likasi), Haut-Uele (specifically, Bolebole, Mesu, Moku, and Wamba), Ituri (specifically, Mambasa), Kasai (specifically, Kamonia and Tshikapa), the former province of Katanga, Lualaba, North Kivu, and South Kivu. The border areas of Angola were also mentioned, as traffickers from Angola enter the DRC and recruit young people into the mines of Angola. Mining areas in which there was civil unrest, where armed groups or the military were present, were also noted as being particularly vulnerable to trafficking. One stakeholder said, “Where there is war, there is any form of violence.” USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 9 AGRICULTURE Within the agriculture sector, women, children, internally displaced people, and Angolan immigrants were reported as being most at risk of trafficking. Children are often prevented from attending school to work in the fields, or they are required to work in the fields after school. One stakeholder reported that if women refused to work in the fields, they could be divorced. Internally displaced people were at risk of being forced to work gardens or farms while traveling in rural areas. One stakeholder reported that outsiders, including internally displaced people and Angolan immigrants, were often forced to pay double the usual amount to find a space, simply because they are not native and therefore more vulnerable to exploitation. Stakeholders reported that Haut-Katanga (specifically, the outskirts of Lubumbashi), Kasai, Kongo Central (specifically, Nkolo Fuma, Boma Bungu, Kwilu Ngongo, Lukula, Mbanza-Ngungu, Moanda, and Tshela), and North Kivu (specifically, Kibumba, Masisi, and Rutshuru) were hot spots for trafficking within the agriculture sector. One sugar company, Sogenac, was specifically called out by multiple stakeholders as being a perpetrator of trafficking within the agriculture sector. Others noted that some companies will continue to hire and work people, even after they have gone bankrupt and know they will not be able to pay them. One stakeholder noted that, in Masisi, even politicians trafficked people on their farms. However, another stakeholder noted that the full extent of trafficking within the agriculture sector is unknown because there has not been enough data collected on the industry. COMMERCIAL SECTOR Within the commercial sector, small businesses/trade, including those selling things on the street, bakeries, and porters, were specifically mentioned as businesses in which trafficking occurs. As with the mining and agriculture sectors, children were most frequently mentioned as being vulnerable to trafficking in the commercial sector. People reported that children often had to transport heavy goods, work in small shops all day, and sell things on the street to help support their families. Some stakeholders also noted that women were vulnerable within the commercial sector, though it was unclear if these were examples of trafficking or other types of abuses. One stakeholder noted that young girls, recently graduated from school, are sometimes forced to have sex with employers to get a job. Another stakeholder noted that women may end up marrying their employers and then be 10 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV forced to continue working for their husband. Economic need was noted as the primary vulnerability for trafficking in the commercial sector, particularly for children. When families are in financial distress, they may force their children to work, instead of attending school, to help provide for the family. People who experienced trafficking within the commercial sector were reported to experience significant overwork (for up to 24 hours at a time), receive little to no pay, and may experience sexual violence. DOMESTIC SERVITUDE Survivors of forced domestic servitude exist both in cities and villages across the DRC. In general, perpetrators recruit women and girls from their village of origin to come work for them in the city they live in or recruit from nearby villages. When initially recruited, work conditions may not be exploitative but become so after time has passed with the employer. For example, an NGO informant shared their knowledge of a domestic worker who received payment on a monthly basis. In the first month, the individual received the agreed upon amount but as time passed, she received less and less payment until she was forced to work for free. The perpetrator claimed that the decrease in payment was due to the individual’s housing and food costs. The individual found themself in debt bondage with their employer and left when they realized they could not get out from under this debt that they had accumulated. Survivors of domestic servitude work without a contract, resulting in longer working hours than agreed upon, increased responsibilities such as childcare, and decreased or no payment. OTHER SECTORS Stakeholders also reported that trafficking occurs in the field of education. However, it was unclear from their description of the problem whether the problems they were describing would be legally classified as trafficking or as other types of abuse/exploitation. For example, sexual abuse and physical beating of students were mentioned as problems in schools. Gender discrimination was also described, with girls being forced to do classroom chores, such as sweeping and fetching water, while boys were not. Other problems seemed to have more of a component of economic exploitation. One stakeholder reported that some schools forced children to sew the school uniforms that the school sold to their parents. Another stakeholder reported that students had to work for their teachers and prefects outside of school hours, though the type of work required was not specified. CHILD LABOR Sectors where child labor is present in the DRC include mining, agriculture, construction, and domestic servitude. In the mining sector, children are likely to be involved in the cleaning and sifting of minerals, rather than extraction. Other examples of child labor include harvesting and extracting sugar cane, packing bricks into brick kilns, and producing cement in cement factories. The primary driver of child labor is the need to economically support the child’s family. Children from ethnic minorities, migrant children, and orphaned children are also particularly vulnerable to child labor given the overlapping and multiplicative vulnerabilities they experience. Some children are recruited with the belief that perpetrators are helping them access schooling in another location, typically Kinshasa, USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 11 only to become survivors of child labor. Once recruited, children face physical, sexual, and verbal abuse from their perpetrators. Child laborers typically keep none of the money earned from their services. Earnings are collected by perpetrators and some of the earnings may be shared with the family of the victim. If families receive payment, it is less than what the employer would pay for an adult laborer. However, some survivors’ families see no benefit from their children’s victimization. Debt bondage is commonly used in cases of child labor and parents have reported not having enough money to “buy out” their children. A respondent from the NGO WEC Congo in South Kivu said that the biggest hotspot for child labor was in that region: “We consider that South Kivu comes in 1st position for the worst forms of child labor in almost all areas.” FORCED BEGGING Forced begging survivors in the DRC are mainly children, who are forced to beg by their families or third parties, such as criminal gangs. Concentrated in cities, survivors of forced begging are seen on the streets for long hours and may sell goods such as water or nuts provided by their perpetrators. Children are supervised to ensure that they are earning money and are made to hand over most or all of their earnings to their perpetrators. Housing or food may be dependent on the amount a child earns every day and perpetrators may deny survivors a place to stay if they deem the amount earned to be less than adequate. Children are trained on how to respond to people that offer help to them and are threatened with physical or sexual abuse if they accept it. Children that are forced to beg by their families either work for a third party or beg alongside members of their family. For example, a mother may beg on the street with her young children to gain sympathy from passersby and earn more than she would begging alone. For children that work for a third party, their families may “rent” them out to perpetrators and collect money at the end of the day. COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION Commercial sexual exploitation, or CSE, is a pervasive form of TIP present across the DRC. Survivors of CSE are concentrated in cities such as Goma and Kinshasa and are recruited from poor and war-torn communities. Traffickers target eastern provinces of the DRC for recruitment, given these vulnerabilities. Border regions also have a high concentration of CSE, as survivors and perpetrators can cross borders with little to no friction. In addition to cities, CSE is witnessed in mines and quarries in eastern DRC, as well as within armed groups in the east. Survivors of CSE and CSEC are brought from neighboring countries such as Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi. Congolese survivors are also taken to these same countries. An NGO informant claims that non-Congolese survivors of CSE such as Burundians offer sexual services at a lower cost. Migration status, as well age and lack of social network, makes it particularly difficult for non-Congolese survivors to leave their exploitative situation. The vast majority of CSE survivors are recruited as children; FGD respondents assume the age of recruitment of CSE survivors is between 9-16 years of age. In addition to age, survivors are typically from impoverished families with limited access to education or social support. Families may pimp out 12 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV their own children or connect them with a pimp or madam because they are unable to care for their child and need the income generated by their exploitation. CSE occurs mainly through pimps or madams. One FGD respondent shared their personal experience of victimization. When she was a young girl, the respondent’s aunt recruited her and other girls from Kinshasa and took them to Brazzaville. The respondent claims she did not know why she was going to Brazzaville initially, only that her family told her she would be living with her aunt. In Brazzaville, the respondent was forced into commercial sexual exploitation and her aunt would collect payment for her and other children’s services. FORCED MARRIAGE Forced marriage is common in rural villages and in all provinces in the DRC. Young girls are married off to older men and the practice is condoned by important stakeholders such as parents and village leaders. Forced marriage is ingrained in tradition and is driven by economic conditions, as families receive payment for the marriage and become no longer financially responsible for their child. Marriages within ethnic groups are especially promoted to ensure the continuation of the group. Among well-off families, forced marriage is used as a mechanism of maintaining social status and wealth. Forced marriage is pervasive with little oversight from the government. Currently, government authorities are not prioritizing or investigating suspected cases. Additionally, monitoring of cases of forced marriage is challenging because marriages are not registered with state authorities and access to communities where suspected cases of forced marriage occur may be hard to access. Furthermore, officials may perceive the practice as “normal” and do not see a need to intervene. FORCED COMBAT Instances of forced combat, as well as forced labor and CSE associated with armed groups, occur in war-torn provinces in eastern DRC such as North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri. Survivors are recruited into armed groups under false pretenses or through threats of violence. Survivors of forced combat are typically boys and those who have been displaced by war or have been a victim of violence caused by armed groups are particularly vulnerable. Girls recruited into armed groups may also be survivors of commercial sexual exploitation, perpetrated by members of the group. An NGO informant highlighted the experience of a victim of forced combat where a child and their family were told that they could be taken to another country like Saudi Arabia or Kenya by the child’s aunt’s husband for schooling. The husband took the child to another place, unknown to the family, and lost contact with the child for two years. After two years, it was discovered that the child was a soldier in an armed group ADF NALU. It was only after he was demobilized that he could share this experience. OTHER FORMS OF TIP Other forms of TIP noted by our informants include forced criminal activity such as theft, kidnapping for ransom, and organ harvesting. Children are used by third parties to sneak onto property and give the bounty to their perpetrators. For example, one NGO informant notes a duo of an adult and child who would steal goats for consumption and the child would receive a small amount of meat as payment in USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 13 South Kivu. Informants also noted cases of kidnapping for ransom committed by criminal gangs. Survivors are typically children, and their families are extorted for money. If the gangs do not receive payment, the children are killed and may have their organs harvested for sale. Reports have been seen on television claiming that dead bodies have been found with large openings and missing organs. However, there have been limited investigations into these claims. Informants also believe that Chinese people in the DRC are among the perpetrators of organ harvesting. There is no concrete evidence to back up this claim, however. RISK FACTORS AND VULNERABILITIES There are myriad risk factors that render individuals susceptible to human trafficking in the DRC. The majority of these are interrelated and overlapping, and include combinations of socioeconomic conditions, ethnic conflicts, and demographic factors such as gender and age, religion, and migration status: SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS Families and individuals in dire levels of poverty have a higher propensity to be trafficked than those in more stable socioeconomic conditions. Families may feel it necessary to send their children to work in hazardous environments such as mines, forced begging in bigger cities, or even sexual exploitation, in order to economically support their household. According to one NGO respondent, unemployment also contributes to forced labor conditions especially for young men, as a scarcity in jobs leads to acceptance of illegitimate opportunities. Another respondent mentioned that girls who work abroad as domestic help in order to send their families their salaries are particularly at risk of labor trafficking due to their vulnerability in these situations. “We had to write an article on "the effects of social inequalities" and we noticed that one of the effects of social inequalities is human trafficking. That means that the more you reduce social inequality, the more you reduce human trafficking. And anyone, no matter what your gender, age... could be trafficked if you don't have economic means.” (KII with NGO) ETHNICITY According to FGD respondents, particular ethnic groups such as the Bayakhas, the Pygmies in Katanga, and the Bakete in Kasaï are some of the most affected by TIP. The Chokwe community in the Idjwi and Kabare territories are notable for the worst forms of child labor, child marriage, and heightened 14 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV vulnerability to hazardous work conditions. Frequent ethnic conflicts between communities in the DRC “create lots of vulnerable women, children, and elderly victims” according to one NGO respondent, and IDPs who have to move due to ethnic conflict become particularly vulnerable. In case of forced migration, rivalries between certain ethnic groups continued even after finding refuge in a new territory, causing boys to be indoctrinated into armed groups due to their ethnic affiliations. GENDER The consensus across interviewees is that women are overall more at risk of trafficking and exploitation, with widows, women in poverty, and young girls being the sub-groups that are specifically vulnerable. One NGO respondent notes that girls who are not in school are often forced to work are also at high risk of sexual exploitation in order to continue to support their families. Men frequently encounter forced labor situations in sectors such as construction, mining, or agriculture. “The categories most vulnerable to trafficking are women and children because they are the most vulnerable. Easily a woman can be deceived, a man can ask questions but for a woman if there is an opportunity, especially today where we have a work problem, many young girls, if they are offered work, they do not think twice. Directly they start and especially with social networks, they see the online stuff that says you have to pay a small amount and get there but in the end it’s not the studies or the work but rather for something else.” RELIGION Multiple respondents report that religion is not as powerful a risk factor as ethnicity, socioeconomic background, age, or gender, as all major religions tend to be equally susceptible to trafficking. AGE Age is a strong determinant of trafficking – one respondent reported that the distribution of survivors that their NGO assisted was 70% minor and 30% adults. Children, in particular, are highly susceptible to manipulation due to economic needs of their household as well as potential traffickers posing as employers. Armed groups and pimps/club owners tend to exploit orphans and children in poverty the most, according to one NGO respondent, making these amongst the most vulnerable subgroups, with survivors ranging in age from 4 to 17 years old. MIGRATION STATUS Migration status is closely interlinked with conflict, as migrants are frequently driven by external violent conflicts into other regions. Migrants traveling for economic opportunities from rural to urban locations are also at risk due to unfamiliarity with new environments and are more readily accepting of jobs that might lead to forced labor situations. Migrant workers are disconnected from social supports such as their tribal community and are often paid less than local workers. NGO respondents report that child refugees and children who are forced into armed conflict require specialized rehabilitation for successful reintegration into society. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 15 MODUS OPERANDI OF TRAFFICKERS IN DRC AND RECRUITMENT PATTERNS There are multiple ways in which survivors of TIP are recruited. However, there are some general trends seen across cases. In the DRC, recruiters seek individuals in vulnerable situations to recruit for forced labor, commercial sexual exploitation, and other forms of TIP. Sometimes recruiters perpetrate the individual’s exploitation. For example, a madam may recruit individuals into CSE, and then arrange clients and monitor recruited individuals. Other times, third party recruiters receive payment for their services from firms and other perpetrators. Third party intermediaries are typically involved in the abduction and transport of TIP survivors and intermediaries are almost always used in conflict areas. Trafficking typically does not occur in the survivor’s place of origin; however, this is not consistent across regions. In Kinshasa, some survivors of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation may be from the city or surrounding region. Traffickers generally target people in peripheral communities around larger cities for recruitment. Firms benefit from forced labor as they save on labor costs. Within firms, managers and supervisors perpetrate TIP. According to some FGD informants, foreign managers in mines from China and South Asia recruit and perpetrate TIP, recreating a colonial model in the modern age. Families sometimes send their children into TIP situations due to economic conditions and societal norms. For example, families may offer their children for early marriage because they are expected to marry young, and parents receive payment for the marriage. Families offer their children to criminal gangs to beg on the street and “rent” out their children to households for domestic servitude, many times unaware of the risks their children face. For children that are trafficked through organized recruiters, the perpetrators have the means to transport people within their network and across borders. Children are typically trafficked to other regions in the DRC or to other countries like Angola or Burundi. Children from Burundi and other neighboring countries are also brought to the DRC for forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Congolese children are often recruited from rural regions and are brought to cities for forced begging or domestic servitude. They are also taken to work in quarries or mines, largely in the eastern part of the country. NGOs report that Chinese managers of mines are involved in recruitment of forced and child labor in mines. Once trafficked, children are monitored to ensure they are not attempting to leave their situation or report the operation to authorities. For example, informants shared that forced begging survivors are trained by their traffickers on how to respond to social workers and others offering help, stating that they are treated well and would like to be left alone. Deception plays a large role in recruitment of persons in vulnerable situations. Recruiters may tell a victim that they are going to help them access schooling in Kinshasa, for example, but once in the city, the child is forced into begging. Recruiters may also lie about work conditions, destination location, and wages to attract persons in vulnerable situations. Survivors of TIP come from all regions of the DRC, as well as from neighboring countries such as Uganda, Angola, Rwanda, and Burundi. Survivors are also brought to these same locations. While survivors come from all provinces in the DRC, traffickers are known to target conflict-stricken areas such as North and South Kivu. Additionally, Kasai is a transit province where people are moved to and from other countries and is a source of forced labor in the 16 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV mining sector, as well as in commercial businesses in cities. Limited presence of state authorities and access to state services in these regions contributes to the incidence of TIP. Once trafficked, perpetrators use various methods to continue exploiting survivors. Perpetrators threaten violence, withhold documents, place survivors into debt, and restrict movement. Perpetrators of TIP in the DRC are also well-connected to government officials and law enforcement and rely on corruption to continue their operations. Multiple NGO informants explained that traffickers pay border officials to ignore the movement of people in and out of the DRC for the purpose of CSE or forced labor. For example, an informant stated: “The traffickers in the field of trafficking are people who possess great means. We want to be helped to protect people. The control mechanisms--even at the level of our borders, at the crossing points, even on the other side where the victims are brought--what can they do when [the traffickers] have more means than us?” In addition to families, firms, armed groups, and pimps/madams, criminal gangs are also known to perpetrate TIP. Criminal gangs recruit vulnerable individuals to work for them as forced beggars through deception and require survivors of forced begging to earn a certain amount per day. If they are unable to earn that amount, they may be denied a place to stay for the night or face violence. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 17 PROFILE OF NATIONAL C-TIP ACTION LEGAL FRAMEWORK There is not a comprehensive legal framework for addressing TIP within the DRC. However, there are some laws in place related to TIP and TIP prosecution. In 2006, the GDRC amended the Congolese Criminal Code to include laws penalizing various forms of sexual violence with Article 174, including pimping, forced prostitution, sexual slavery, forced marriage, and the trafficking and exploitation of children for sexual purposes. If convicted of any of these forms of TIP, perpetrators face imprisonment ranging from three months to 20 years, as well as a fine 100,000 to 200,000 constant Congolese francs. The 2009 Child Protection Law 09/001 prohibited the enlistment of children into armed groups and established the State’s responsibility to reintegrate children once rescued from forced combat. Reintegration includes education, as well as other services such as protection. Penalties for recruiting a child into an armed group were set at 10 to 20 years of imprisonment. Additionally, the law criminalized recruitment of children for sexual exploitation with a penalty of 10 to 20 years of imprisonment and a fine of up to 1 million Congolese francs. Perpetrators of child labor also face imprisonment from one to three years and a fine of 100,000 to 200,000 Congolese francs. Article 215 of the Constitution states that international treaties should be followed and are superior to national legislation, including legislation related to TIP. For example, the government follows international legal frameworks, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Children and Women, and Convention on Transnational Organized Crime. As a result, perpetrators of TIP are prosecuted according to the guidelines set by international agreements, which may be more stringent than national guidelines. In addition to legislation directly related to TIP, government officials use more general legal frameworks, including the constitution, the family code, and the law on the protection of the child, to guide their actions. Additionally, survivors of TIP may face legal repercussions. In November 2021, two people from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) were convicted of sex trafficking. One trafficker was sentenced to three months and the other received a sentence of 10 years. An associate of theirs, a government official who forged legal documents in order to allow migrant victims of TIP to remain in the DRC, also received a 10-year sentence. However, eight victims of TIP associated with the traffickers also received fines of 1.99 million Congolese francs ($1000) for not having the correct documentation to stay in the DRC (US Department of State, 2022). In March 2022, the GDRC passed and scheduled parliamentary debate and adoption for a draft of comprehensive C-TIP legislation, which was developed with the support of USAID, through its implementing partner IOM. However, the legislation has yet to be signed into law and is still being reviewed. The APLTP has also been collaborating with other African nations, such as Morocco, that are more advanced in the process of putting C-TIP laws, institutions, and structures in place to understand the next steps the GDRC needs to take to address TIP. The APLTP has met with some neighboring countries to discuss exchanging information and experiences and to put Memorandums of Understanding (MoU) in place to foster collaboration. There is a MoU in place with Morocco and the APLTP was discussing a MoU with Niger as of February 2022. 18 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV INSTITUTIONAL ROLES IDENTIFICATION NGOs involved in the identification process often work directly with the populations at risk such as ORPER who works with street children. On the APLTP side, the Commission of Inquiry and Investigation carries out the identification of child trafficking survivors. According to a respondent from Observatoire Congolais pour la Promotion et la Défense des Droits de l'Homme (OCPDH), the first step of the identification process is monitoring, which is followed by analysis of the information, then pleas or denunciations. The international process for this, however, looks a bit different. INTERPOL supports investigative training in member states, which includes police exchanging info between countries to identify cross border smuggling and trafficking. INTERPOL provides tools on a larger scale to counter sexual exploitation and labor trafficking. On the international level, strong border control and intelligence coordination through the Border Police Division and Directorate General of Migration is crucial in combating international trafficking. Identification for forced child labor frequently begins with monitoring places of detention such as dance bars and illegal clubs. Often, it is cause for investigation when children are missing from the places they usually frequent such as school or church. Investigation can be pre-emptive (in at-risk communities) or based on tips to the police according to the organization Voice of the Oppressed. Preemptive investigation can start on the ground, with research on which areas, or mines for example, are controlled by traffickers. NGOs also conduct outreach with families in vulnerable situations in communities, such as families in poverty or families with members who have migrated. Advocacy, awareness raising campaigns, and data collection also serve as aids to investigation and identification. For this reason, organizations establish early warning mechanisms, flagging potential cases of trafficking to partner NGOs, in communities at risk and along the supply chain. Identification activities require appropriate resource planning and collaboration with the relevant authorities and service providers. Capacity building is essential to investigation, especially for social workers and police, “since we are sometimes accomplices without knowing it, we let pass cases that we should stop but out of ignorance, we let the abducted children pass through without knowing it,” said a respondent from CTR with the ATLTP in Kinshasa. PREVENTION Awareness raising was the most cited prevention activity by NGOs across provinces. Frequent target populations included children, schools, particular communities (such as those living along the Congo River), customs authorities, opinion leaders, other actors in C-TIP, and the public. The APLTP specifically cited that they are focusing efforts on raising awareness about human trafficking to the general public. Other NGOs with specific missions or areas of focus employed a variety of activities to raise awareness among different target groups. These awareness raising activities consisted of on-the￾ground workshops, seminars, magazines, leaflets, and radio programs. One common example of an existing awareness raising effort was preventing recruitment by educating children on their rights or preventing gender-based violence/ trafficking by educating groups on women’s rights. Certain geographic areas were targeted depending on context, such as riparian communities where cases of early or forced marriage were more frequent. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 19 Similarly, there were several mentions of advocacy as a form of prevention. Advocacy focus varied from against slavery (by the Coalition of Anti-Slavery Civil Society Organizations), for women’s rights, for human trafficking legislation, against adoption practices or for child protection. Additionally, NGOs often conduct advocacy to recruit more people to work on C-TIP and get authorities involved. Other prevention activities included stakeholder mapping, hotlines, monitoring, and economic support such as trade skills training or investment in alternative economic activities to mining. The APLTP coordinates prevention activities and has commissions in charge of training interorganizational relations, and awareness raising. NGOs responded that awareness and training were two areas that the APLTP should improve upon. NGOs also cited a lack of partnerships and support as a weakness of their prevention activities. Respondents widely expressed that information sharing was at the heart of conducting prevention activities. For example, one respondent who was a police officer from CTR stated that if NGOs shared information on identifying cases of trafficking, they could more easily spot and prevent cases that pass under their watch. The respondent added that it was useful to receive training on data collection with UNODC. PROTECTION CSOs and NGOs handle a variety of issues related to protection such as violence against women, and reintegration of trafficking survivors. Among these organizations working in protection are Action of Christian Human Rights Activists in Shabunda (ACADHOSHA), Actions Concrètes pour l'Assistence aux Vulnérables et Enfants (ACAVE), Alpha Congo, Association pour l'Encadrement des Filles-mères Désoeuvrées (AEFID), Association de Femmes Dynamiques pour le Développement du Kasaï (AFDDK), DR Congo Bridges to Justice, InterActions, KARWA Institute, the Organization for the Protection and Development of Children and Women (OPDEF), ORPER, Planette Jr., the Provincial Division of Social Affairs and Solidarity Réseau Femme et Développement (REFED), Sofepadi, Solidarité pour l'Emergence de la Famille (SEFA), and Voice of the Oppressed. Sometimes, UNICEF and World Vision are also a part of these processes. Government bodies involved in protection are the Ministry of Social Affairs, Division of Social Affairs (DIVAS), Directorate of Social Interventions for the Protection of the Child (DISPE), Observations of Women’s Rights (ODF), the Police for the Protection of Children and the Fight against Sexual Violence (PELVS), and local police bodies. NGO respondents claim that bribes often speed up processes in collaborating with these government bodies. Many NGOs collaborate with the Ministry of Social Affairs (MSA) and IOM to share processes and information as well as coordinate housing and victim care. Processes usually move from documentation to referencing to reunification (or placement) to accommodation. Most organizations provide either social aid (for reunification or reintegration) or legal aid. Other organizations, who conduct monitoring of at-risk families and orphans, coordinate with organizations involved in protection as a part of their processes to get survivors comprehensive services for their cases. DRC Bridges has a four-pronged approach to the protection process that they developed with UNICEF. Coordination leads to community networks to social workers, to technical aides helping social workers. Regarding the types of protection services offered, legal aid is often offered to men in forced labor and mining situations and women facing exploitation. Children require more specific protections than other groups due to their age and vulnerability to forced labor. Education is often disrupted in cases of child TIP, so advocacy for these children is an important protection measure. Protection can be difficult when a child has to be protected from their family such as in a case of CSEC. A CTR APLTP respondent from 20 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV Kinshasa elaborated, “sometimes we understood that if it is family members who are involved, these people do not dare to speak, we find ourselves facing a wall.” Accompaniment to legal proceedings, mental health service provision, and community mediation for survivors (especially child soldiers and CSEC survivors) is important to ensure they do not return. TIP INVESTIGATION EVIDENCE As reported by APLTP respondents, including those from DIVAS and CTR, in their TIP investigations, evidence is needed to confirm victim status and other essential details of the TIP case. The primary source for evidence is victim testimonies, which are documented by social workers. Therefore, it is crucial for these social workers to be adequately trained on TIP documentation and on how to escalate the case for prosecutors. Other forms of evidence gathered in TIP investigations include evidence of migration activities such as passports and tickets for travel on boats, buses, or planes, which are obtained by migration services. Additionally, money transfers or pictures are commonly used as evidence to prove trafficking activities. Investigators of TIP cases look into the victim’s relationship to the trafficker as well as their contact with friends and family for further evidence to support TIP cases. PROSECUTION Being an investigator comes with a number of challenges. Currently, there is an absence of TIP legislation in the DRC which makes it difficult to prosecute. The APLTP is currently advocating for legislation that incriminates traffickers to address this, yet there is still progress that needs to be made for this to become official. Sometimes, investigators simply lack the means to conduct a robust investigation. Moreover, investigators of human trafficking often receive threats and perpetrators know how to use the gaps in the system to their favor to avoid prosecution. One respondent from RODHECIC in Kinshasa shared the difficulties in investigating one particular child TIP case: “By doing research we started to receive threats. We even went to Interpol, but we had to give money everywhere even to deposit a letter or see any authority.” This demonstrates the widely cited lack of institutional support for TIP investigators as well. Victim protection during the TIP investigation process needs to be strengthened. Judges and police can play a role in protecting survivors by ensuring they have access to victim services through DIVAS or other NGOs during the investigation, however that role is inconsistent due to a lack of formalized policy. Police on the ground are not always informed or trained on TIP procedures and laws, and they often lack the proper resources to carry out proper TIP investigations. Another complicating factor is the widespread lack of trust in police from both survivors and NGOs. Grievances included police not showing up for scheduled court hearings or conducting the proper follow up on TIP cases. APLTP respondents indicated that it is difficult to assign police to protect a victim, and that a directive from the commissaire general should be instituted that applies to all provinces in the DRC. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 21 TIP INFO SOURCE KII respondents, which included NGO and APLTP staff, reported receiving their information on TIP cases from six main sources: 1. Directly from TIP survivors 2. Monitoring activities and intra-organizational channels 3. Community sources such as via word of mouth or radio 4. Partner organizations/NGOs, including in trainings 5. National government agencies 6. International Organizations such as Interpol, or the UN REPORTING MECHANISMS There are two main ways TIP cases are reported. Social workers are often the front line who are first informed about trafficking and report these cases to authorities such as the police or judiciary. Otherwise, there exist “green line” hotlines and toll-free numbers run by NGOs through which people can report abuses to authorities, including the APLTP. One APLTP member shared the caveat that a lack of knowledge and means limits what happens with these reported TIP cases: “There are toll-free numbers that are made available. We raise awareness at all levels, but [telephone operators] are not trained, do not have enough information on human trafficking. Nor are there substantial means of conducting investigations.” Interviewees recommended establishing an alert mechanism with extensive networks of contacts throughout the country to improve reporting. Data collection and challenges There is limited data on TIP in the DRC. APLTP has a database of information on TIP, such as sector information and suspected cases, but it is only shared with certain government ministries such as the Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Employment, Labor, and Social Welfare, and Ministry of Health through an annual report. The information is also shared with institutions such as the UN and African Union. Crucially, this database is not available to the general public or NGOs interested in addressing TIP. There is no public government data on the prevalence of TIP in the DRC, which informants claim contributes to the lack of awareness of TIP among the population, as well as distrust in the government and its efforts to combat trafficking. Data collection is also irregular, conducted in one-off surveys. In the absence of a public portal to access data on TIP, NGOs have tried to collect their own data. However, there have been challenges. For example, there is a lack of awareness of TIP by members of the populace. People distrust enumerators and important stakeholders, such as community leaders, may block access to survivors or victim-adjacent members of the community. In regions where there is violent conflict, it may be too dangerous for enumerators to visit communities. NGOs have to rely on alternative methods to collect data, such as setting up toll-free numbers for people to call with information on TIP. Whilst this effort is more cost-effective and safer than sending enumerators out to interview people, NGOs have noted that there are few calls made. NGOs also lack staff to answer calls and have less capacity to respond to information provided. Overall, there is a lack of infrastructure and resources to collect, use, and disseminate data on TIP. As a result of limited data collection capacity, suspected cases of TIP are not investigated, and criminal cases are not built. Additionally, corruption of officials and law enforcement may influence the types of data 22 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV collected and how the data is used. Perpetrators are known to pay police and politicians to turn a blind eye to their abuses or to protect their operations. FUTURE MONITORING AND DATA COLLECTION NGOs would like to increase monitoring of TIP but lack the resources to do so. NGO informants suggest greater buy in and collaboration with the State and institutions such as the police. This could include providing resources for surveillance such as vehicles and phones, as well as personnel. The government could also provide transparent data on TIP, which can help NGOs target their anti-TIP activities. However, the police may not be the best partners for NGOs to work with because people do not trust law enforcement and are unlikely to share information with officers that might help future monitoring. Collaboration with law enforcement should be informed by this perception and partners should work on building trust between communities and the police The infrastructure of TIP action is largely focused on responding to cases of TIP, instead of prevention. If the State and other actors plan on taking action before TIP occurs rather than after, there needs to be more accurate data and more data disseminated among various stakeholders to develop prevention strategies. IDENTIFICATION BARRIERS The DRC lacks legislation and policies around identification and trafficking, making it difficult to take action. On top of this, there is a general lack of TIP knowledge among survivors, police, collaborating organizations, and the public alike. A major barrier to efficient or comprehensive identification work is the fact that all involved institutions have very limited resources and competing priorities. Multiple NGOs noted they felt the government neglected their responsibilities in following up on trafficking cases. APLTP officials expressed the difficulty of follow up, because it can be time consuming and having to apply pressure to receive information. Overall, capacity-building and collaboration need major improvement. To this end, multiple respondents noted needing expanding awareness raising activities and training. Specifically, it was suggested to educate officials such as police or judicial authorities on trafficking to avoid confusion between trafficking and other forms of offenses. When it comes to protecting information, an APLTP respondent noted that the complex procedures made identification more challenging. VICTIM REFERRAL PARTIES RESPONSIBLE The major parties responsible for victim referral are the APLTP, Division of Social Affairs (DIVAS), social workers, and NGO partners. VICTIM SERVICES Survivors are referred to services by the APLTP, including the Division of Social Affairs (DIVAS), or NGO partners, who may be direct service providers themselves or refer them to others who can provide services. DIVAS provides victim services and conducts identification/documentation and referrals. They accompany survivors until they are reunited with their families, helping with USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 23 accommodation and other services. Referrals and follow up are coordinated with other actors. Common services survivors are referred to include healthcare, psychological support, legal support, and social and economic reintegration, as well as accompaniment through these and all other services. Many NGOs conduct awareness raising campaigns in addition to offering or coordinating victim services. APLTP respondents cited a need for housing for TIP survivors because, as one respondent from Kinshasa put it, “Without specific housing arrangements, survivors end up in general housing that are open access and where traffickers can easily access them to recruit them again.” The government of the DRC and UNICEF developed the common protective approach which consists of the Community Network for the Protection of the Child, coordination, social work, and referrals. When the APLTP has a case, they call the police, legal, and social services as well as The Ministry of Social Affairs and IOM. According to respondents from the APLTP, there are not many official SOPs in place yet. However, a SOP on identification, referral and assistance for victims of trafficking was finalized in December 2021. “The APLTP has established a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) that determines the role of each of the actors in the fight against trafficking in persons. As an intelligence service, we work with the Agency and Social Affairs. As soon as there are cases, we identify the survivors and entrust them to social services. We are also involved in tracking down the executioners and working with all the services to bring them to justice.” – APLTP, CTR, Kinshasa SERVICE ACCESS Access is facilitated through referrals. Survivors sign consent forms for IOM and APLTP cases beforehand so organizations can do identification work and bring survivors to the appropriate providers. VICTIM FOLLOW-UP An APLTP respondent in Kinshasa had the following to say about victim follow-up: “The follow-up of trafficking cases is not well done because there is a lack of social workers in many settings and sometimes information is not shared in different services to better identify cases of trafficking.” Other APLTP respondents suggested that victim follow-up should be allocated to actors at the community level. It is unclear what, if any, risk assessment is currently done before actors allocate follow-up to community actors. Such risk assessments would ideally be done first to ensure that a victim does not face discrimination and stigma and that there is confidentiality regarding their case. INTERAGENCY COLLABORATION COLLABORATION FUNDING The majority of collaborations were self-funded or not funded at all. Major organizations like UNICEF and USAID offer funding opportunities to NGOs, however the process is usually competitive with other international NGOs. The APLTP is publicly funded. 24 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV INTERAGENCY COUNCIL Previously, the Ministry of the Interior, on which the General Directorate of Migration (DGM) depends, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Tourism and Non-Governmental Organizations worked in the child protection sector with Interpol and gathered together for meetings after having followed an IOM training on trafficking. However, since the advent of the APLTP, these meetings are no longer held. Everything is centralized at the APLTP level, according to one respondent. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN An APLTP member from Kinshasa shared, “The technical commission is like an assembly, everyone meets and brings what they have as information to the others, this technical commission is chaired by the coordination of the APLTP, the coordinator of the APLTP, in her absence it is his delegate who chairs the meeting. There is only the technical commission. The current national action plan, which covers the period from 2020 to 2024 had been drawn up, initiated by the coordination of the APLTP, the project was presented in a workshop of partners who intervene in the fight against human trafficking. people, the workshop was organized at the level of Sulutani and on this occasion where we signed, we had adopted, we validated the national plan to fight against human trafficking. All the players from private and public society, everyone, international organizations were there.” Another from Kongo Central described the collaboration involved in creating the National Action Plan further: “The national action plans are drawn up at the top which collect information from the bottom up; it is like at the community level where we have the municipalities, the territories and at the territorial level we have the second level which is the city or the former district and after the third level it is the province and the fourth level is the national level, the directorates and the general secretariat and then it is the ministry and after the ministry it is the inter-agency committee where we have the presence of the IOM with other United Nations structures such as UNICEF, International Labour Organization (ILO), etc.” COLLABORATION ORGANIZATIONS Organizations involved in TIP collaboration listed by respondents included UNICEF, Lawyers Without Borders, Caritas, ICCO, Groupe Jeremie, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNOCHA, World Vision, MONUSCO, Save the Children, UNFPA, DGM, KANAKO, Red Cross, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), American Jewish World Service, Rwandan League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights, UN WOMEN, Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme (CNDH), APEK, ORPER, TPO, Free the Slaves, Justicia ASBL, HDH, L'Association Congolaise pour l'Accès à la Justice (ACAJ), LIPRODOR, AMOR, National Intelligence Agency (ANR), and VSV. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 25 APLTP COLLABORATION Most NGO respondents indicated they had either never heard of or collaborated with APLTP. The IOM is a recognized partner of the GDRC, and the government is ultimately responsible for TIP cases. Local NGOs, though, report having a hard time getting their foot in the door when it comes to collaborating on the national level. INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION As noted above, the APLTP has met with some neighboring countries to discuss exchanging information and experiences and to put MoUs in place to foster collaboration. There is a MoU in place with Morocco and the APLTP was discussing a MoU with Niger as of February 2022. In addition, UNODC has strengthened their efforts to engage with DRC as part of their membership with SADC, specifically on trafficking in persons and migrant smuggling collaboration. INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES Most changes that respondents proposed for their organizations were to expand their services and capabilities somehow, whether that was securing more funding, diversifying sectors, extending geographic reach, creating more partnerships, building capacities, or improving victim services. Several times, respondents mentioned the importance of equipping and training a new generation of young people to take on C-TIP work. In addition, respondents expressed the desire to build on existing protocols or implement a new SOP in light of challenges and issues they have seen in their organization’s work. A respondent from JTP in Sud Kivu shared their perspective: “Regarding changes within the institution and internally, it is more about ethics, signing protocols. For example, when we go to the field, and we find a minor child we should not question him directly.” SCALABILITY Many respondents indicated that in order to scale up their work, they would need to establish more partnerships and collaboration with other organizations. Motivations for this were increasing financial support, training, capacity building, information sharing, referral networks, and interorganizational dialogue on C-TIP work. Desired partners were international organizations and institutions as well as specific domestic public actors such as the public prosecutor, justice division, General Commissariat of Human Rights, and human rights division. Respondents also added that passing legislation on trafficking, awareness raising, creating jobs, and building on SOPs would enhance their organization’s scalability and prevent TIP. Further, professional centers for survivors of TIP would aid both organizations and survivors significantly. SURVIVOR NEEDS Services frequently needed by survivors of TIP include access to legal support, mental health and psychosocial support, food and drink, housing, healthcare, income generating activities, transport or funds for transport to and from services, fees for services, family reunification, financial education, 26 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV judicial protection, protection from traffickers, socio-economic reintegration, and accompaniment. In the case of children, needs included school and vocational training, orphanages, and income generating activities for their parents. Ultimately, survivors need an informed and safe space to return to. Fearing the stigma of being a trafficking survivor can prevent them from fully reintegrating. A respondent from the NGO VS in Sud Kivu remarked, “The other need is community acceptance, after being trafficked, sometimes you are stigmatized when you come back, and you feel that the survivors need this community integration, that the community accepts them, that the community considers them as human beings, despite the fact that they have been trafficked.” Survivors especially need justice, which requires enforcing laws against trafficking by training justice officials, improving political will to enforce laws, and addressing corruption. Strengthening the capacities of stakeholders including state institutions, civil society, and private sector actors will aid this effort. Improving the justice process for survivors could bring forward new formerly undocumented cases of TIP. If a victim of TIP sees others seek justice and fail, they are less likely to come forward themselves. Moreover, trafficking survivors need reparations. They need to be compensated for the acts of trafficking they have been survivors of. This can be done by replacing what they owned before they were trafficked, because often their belongings are sold for ransom or otherwise lost or damaged. BARRIERS People that have been trafficked first need to know that they were trafficked and then need to know where to access services. Survivors who are actively being trafficked may not know who to ask or how to get out. In one conversation it was explained, “What prevents them is the surveillance they are undergoing. They are not in contact with the outside world.” To decrease the likelihood of TIP, vulnerable populations need to receive education on the law and their rights. In an interview with an NGO representative in Kinshasa, they articulated this issue, “What prevents survivors from having access to the resources they need is the lack of information that makes them not know what service they need to go through to facilitate their repatriation.” Many others added that sometimes services are not available in a survivor’s area, or at all, considering the limitations of both the governments and NGOs/CSOs. Funding limitations prevent organizations from being able to provide more services to survivors. NGOs and CSOs are limited with what they can do to ensure justice for survivors and to investigate networks of traffickers since these are within the purview of the state. On top of this, a lack of networks and collaboration further inhibits wider access to services for survivors. A large number of interviewees included that even when they are aware of available services, they lack the money to access these services because of transportation costs or real cost of legal aid. Even more, there is widespread corruption among the service providers and authorities involved: “As in Congo everything revolves around money. Even the service that must be done free of charge, it always needs means that are requested, and this is what prevents survivors from accessing resources.” Additional barriers exist for vulnerable groups of survivors. One respondent spoke to the struggles of women who want to access victim services: “There is no equality of rights of men and women, which is why because of this lack, women are always abused.” In cases of forced marriage, often society does not see this as trafficking, making it difficult to prevent. Another respondent spoke to the issue of being undocumented and explained that justice cannot be sought for many children under the age of 15 who have no identity with the state. Socioeconomic status generally inhibits many survivors from getting comprehensive services. Illiteracy serves as another obstacle for many of these survivors as well. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 27 What blocks progress on these barriers for survivors of TIP is a lack of political will and policy. As one interviewee put it, “What is preventing is the system of governance. The rulers do not protect the population, and when you bring the report, they pretend to listen but do not act positively.” APLTP CAPACITY In April 2019, President Tshisekedi established the Agency for the Prevention and the Fight Against Trafficking in Persons (APLTP) --a national coordinating body embedded in the Office of the Presidency. In its first nine months of operation, the APLTP focused on setting up its operations, including hiring and training core leaders, preparing operational documents, and establishing office space. Most importantly, during that time, the agency developed a five-year national strategy and action plan to fight trafficking, which will guide anti-trafficking efforts through 2024. During its first year of operation, the APLTP also evaluated the country’s prior efforts to address TIP and represented the DRC in Geneva. In 2021, the APLTP hired additional staff. In addition to developing and implementing the national anti-trafficking action plan, the APLTP leads the DRC’s inter-ministerial committee on anti-trafficking. This committee aims to support coordination between relevant ministries and international organizations to identify and protect survivors. It is comprised of representatives from 15 other government agencies and international organizations, including: ● Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) ● Public Prosecutor's Office at the Court of Appeals ● General Secretariat of the Interior ● Interpol ● Military Auditor ● Ministry of Foreign Affairs ● Ministry of Human Rights ● Ministry of Justice ● Ministry of Social Affairs ● National Congolese Police (PNC) ● National Intelligence Agency (ANR) ● National Security Council ● Special Advisor Office VS ● United Nations Joint Human Rights Office (UNJHRO) ● Urban Division of Social Affairs APLTP STRENGTHS An APLTP respondent in Kinshasa shared that they thought a strength of the APLTP was the persistence and resilience of the staff. For a while, the staff did not have offices and worked at home on their own equipment. They added, “The second strength is the quality of the people in charge of the commissions. They were selected because they can produce high quality work. Another strength is the implication of the government, which fights to provide the means (although still insufficient) that allow work to be done. For example, they funded a toll-free number to report TIP, and to co-fund the creation of 28 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV the database (along with USAID funding). Each month, APLTP needs to update the government on progress, they're very involved and interested.” Despite these strengths, other respondents mostly spoke of weaknesses. For example, the APLTP relies on its partners for technical and financial support. Public funding has been insufficient to carry out needed activities and the national action plan. A respondent from Coalition des Organisations de la Société Civile Anti Esclavagiste (COSCAE) in Nord Kivu explained, “The government was supposed to strengthen the organizations, but it itself is waiting for the funds of the organizations. The Social Affairs Division is supported by WAR CHILD for the issue of children, so how will the one waiting for funding still finance another? There is a serious problem with this. Recently I was sent by IOM to verify a RUBAYA case with a Social Affairs Officer, taken by IOM himself. Even the APLTP is supported by either USAID or IOM. The government's support is only this facilitation, this notoriety that we have through it. But we cannot expect finances from him since he himself is looking for them.” Another major obstacle for the APLTP has been the lack of legislation and policy around trafficking, which makes it hard to work with the police. Suggestions from respondents to further strengthen the APLTP included creating a victim care center, which would bring victim services closer to the standards of other countries that do have these specific dedicated centers. This would especially aid the work of DIVAS. Furthermore, the APLTP would benefit from establishing more collaboration with other organizations. ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES Many organizations struggle with a lack of financing for TIP related work, which makes it especially difficult for services to reach remote areas in the DRC. The APLTP and DIVAS already rely on external financial sources themselves, and DIVAS, for example, still has been unable to dedicate a department to managing human trafficking issues. A respondent from DIVAS pleaded: “For me it's a plea through this interview and that we can set up a Task Force, a working group on the fight against human trafficking in our province to be effective because today we are alone. We can work but we don't have work tools, we don't even know how to draw up a report. We work in very difficult conditions, and everything becomes difficult, yet we must give an answer to a question. The NGOs that have to work with us have never been supported mainly with this Covid-19 crisis, they have each stayed in their own” More respondents asserted that foreign institutions usually contract with other foreign (and often Western) organizations, which takes away their opportunities for funding. A respondent from Groupe d’Appui à la Traçabilité et la Transparence dans la Gestion des Ressources Naturelles (GATT) in Nord Kivu explained that foreign organizations see the world through their own context, not the DRC context, and complained that organizations are getting funding for work that is outside their field of intervention or expertise. These organizations have less capability on the ground than Congolese organizations. They added that these foreign organizations are often self-financed unlike local Congolese organizations who struggle to pay rent. A major issue that arises from the lack of financing is that only work that can get funding is prioritized, which means often the funder’s priorities are the only areas receiving attention. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 29 Furthermore, a major challenge organizations face is the lack of government framework for working with civil society on trafficking. There is a lack of partnerships between the government, local, and international organizations, and the APLTP makes it difficult for outside organizations to collaborate or work within the bureaucracy. A number of respondents cited poor government follow-up and a lack of information networks further constrain organizations from carrying out their activities and services. There is an absence of supervision policies that provide survivors with accompaniment, so even as they access services or wait to reintegrate with their families, they face the danger of being re-trafficked by their traffickers. Additionally, there is a lack of national legislation on human trafficking, a weak justice system, and low political support for countering trafficking. Several respondents from NGOs even reported feeling that the government does not trust them to do their work: ● “The government or the state can help us first by considering us as a partner and not as an enemy.” – OCDHS Haut Katanga ● “The state does not accompany us because sometimes it opposes identification” – OCDHS ● “Speaking of constraints, it is often the government that is supposed to protect us but at times it considers us as opponents. You can bring a folder or write, and it will never respond […] There is negligence on the part of the government that these constraints are not addressed. You even see in the constitution, Article 37 which talks about collaboration, we do not feel this collaboration.” – Association pour la Justice Communautaire aux Droits de l'Homme (AJCDH) Haut Katanga Further, some respondents cited corruption as a challenge for their organization’s work. When authorities such as law enforcement or magistrates are unwilling to help, NGOs may resort to a bribe. There are also invisible criminal networks and corrupt lawyers who threaten progress on C-TIP. This closely relates to the widespread lack of protection for activists and C-TIP actors. One respondent from the APLTP detailed this phenomenon: “Many of the structures to which we turn do not know the subject of trafficking, the information is not easily provided, we come up against the security services who say that such information is a state secret, sometimes the registers are poorly kept or there are none, and there are also operational areas where there are cases, and we have difficulty accessing them…. Sometimes when we meet people who can give us information, they demand that we give them money, which means that sometimes we need financial means that we do not have.” Moreover, some investigators face kidnappings because of the information they are gathering against TIP perpetrators, and depending on the context, the areas that need investigating are highly militarized. These safety and accessibility challenges further illuminate why there is widespread unavailability of information or reliable data on human trafficking in the DRC. Low levels of TIP knowledge and poor training of border security, law enforcement, and social workers make essential collaboration more difficult for NGOs. Low levels of literacy make it even harder to disseminate TIP information. Nationwide, several NGOs are limited in their logistical capabilities due to poor roads and weak telephone and internet networks. 30 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV CONCLUSIONS The study collected information on seven major forms of trafficking prevalent in the DRC: Forced Labor (specifically in mining, agriculture, the commercial sector, and a few other sectors), Domestic Servitude, Child Labor, Forced Begging, Commercial Sexual Exploitation, Forced Marriage, and Forced Combat. Supplemental information was gathered about other forms of TIP including forced criminal activity such as theft, kidnapping for ransom, and organ harvesting. The major risk factors and vulnerabilities to TIP are socioeconomic conditions, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, and migration status, which recruiters intentionally prey on, misleading them about the work they will do. Traffickers then threaten violence, withhold documents, force debt, and restrict movement to trap survivors. The national landscape of C-TIP action is limited. There is no local or comprehensive national legal framework addressing TIP in the DRC. Institutions, including the APLTP and NGOs, conduct activities in one or more of the following areas: Identification, Prevention, or Protection. When investigating cases of TIP, evidence gathering and documentation are crucial to being able to prosecute traffickers, which is already difficult because of the aforementioned lack of formalized TIP policy. TIP cases are reported via social workers or hotlines, and most institutions get their TIP information from survivors, monitoring activities, community sources, partner organizations, national government agencies, and international organizations. Survivors are referred to services by the APLTP, including the Division of Social Affairs (DIVAS), or NGO partners. These services often include healthcare, psychological support, legal aid, social and economic reintegration, as well as accompaniment as they access these services. Survivor needs beyond these services include housing, food, transportation funds, and fees for services. While a SOP on identification, referral and assistance was implemented for victims of trafficking in December 2021, respondents were not aware of it and expressed more SOPs needed to be put in place. A major area of improvement related to service access is victim follow-up, which respondents suggested be improved by allocating this responsibility to community-level actors. Barriers for survivors include awareness of rights, service access, and cost of services. A need for awareness raising, financial aid, collaboration, and political support were commonly cited in reference to improving various TIP-related stakeholders and processes. A lack of knowledge, limited resources, and government neglect were also all barriers to progress listed by respondents working on identification work. Data collection is inhibited by a lack of information sharing and infrastructure. Moreover, corruption influences what kind and if data is collected or who takes action on which cases. More resources and collaboration with authorities would improve future monitoring and data collection. In regards to the APLTP, respondents also said that the institution is too reliant on outside sources for technical and financial support and does not collaborate adequately with other stakeholders. When it comes to interagency collaboration, most partnerships are either self-funded or not at all. Most responsibilities are centralized to the APLTP level, which is publicly funded, but most NGO interviewees indicated they had either never heard of or collaborated with the APLTP or IOM. Generally, respondents suggested that expanding their institution’s reach through more funding, adding sectors, widening geographically, creating more partnerships, building capacities, or improving victim services, would be necessary for the survivability of their work. Additionally, respondents emphasized the need to establish both legislation and standard operating procedures to support C-TIP action. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 31 RECOMMENDATIONS In light of the findings from this study, the project team makes the following recommendations for GDRC and USAID’s future efforts to fight TIP in the DRC. Development of C-TIP Approaches that Account for Geographic Regional Differences in TIP: All provinces are affected by TIP, but different forms of trafficking may differ by province. While types of trafficking may vary by geography, there are common risk factors that underlie vulnerability to exploitation and abuse. These include economic vulnerability, younger age, being a migrant and living in a war-affected area, among other risk factors. Participants also seemed to agree that women and girls were at higher risk of trafficking, though boys and men can also be targeted. Given DRC’s vast size and the notable variation between provinces, it is important for both funders and government entities to acknowledge regional differences in TIP. Conflict-affected provinces are especially vulnerable to all types of TIP, but particularly to conflict-specific forms of TIP such as recruitment of children into armed groups. Empowering local leaders, civil society, and service providers in the identification of context-specific forms of TIP will be a key step in beginning to create effective local approaches. Similarly, engaging state and local governments in C-TIP efforts will be key. The creation of a national database, which will help continue to identify patterns, risk factors, and changes in TIP will be a critical component of strengthening regional approaches to C-TIP. IMPROVEMENTS TO GDRC/APLTP’S COLLECTION OF TIP DATA DATA COLLECTION CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES As outlined in the Data collection and challenges section, the APLTP has a database of information on TIP. The UNODC southern African office supported the creation of the DRC national database and facilitated the adhesion of the APLTP to the Southern African Development Community (SADC) database system, through regional programming based on DRC’s membership in the SADC. The police received training on data collection with the UNODC/Bureau International de Lutte contre les Crimes Transnationaux for the first time in February 2021 for data collection. The APLTP collects information on: 1) victims of human trafficking; 2) trafficking networks; 3) legal action against traffickers; 4) service providers; 5) APLTIP actions and partnerships; 6) at-risk groups; and 7) the DRC normative TIP framework. However, it currently lacks the capacity, infrastructure, and financial and human resources to collect, analyze, use, and disseminate data on TIP, including beyond the key national ministries. In addition, though NGOs would like to do more monitoring and data collection beyond the toll-free green line “hotlines,” they lack the resources to train staff/volunteers and have argued that there should be some publicly available data to better prevent and combat TIP. The APLTP is committed to the implementation of the National Strategic Plan (NSP) against TIP in DRC (2020-2024). The GDRC’s relevant goals are to promote research on TIP, to collect up to date and detailed data (judicial, legal and security data, information on operating methods and trends), to create 32 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV and implement mechanisms for the exchange of information essential to understand the modus operandi of traffickers, to produce risk-threat assessments, and to formulate flexible adapted responses to the prevention and repression of TIP. The APLTP has established a research commission responsible for listing the types of trafficking that can be found in the DRC. DATA COLLECTION RECOMMENDATIONS ● Support the implementation of the NSP. Establish the baseline database that the NSP envisions, along with measures to analyze data and build evidence-based measures and policies to implement more effective and targeted TIP responses. ● Ensure the systematic collection of victim-centered data. These data should include victim characteristics (age, gender, economic, education, family), victim experience (form of TIP, economic sector and site of exploitation, how trafficked, how migrated, what transportation was used, information on traffickers/perpetrators), community and victim needs (such as needs for reintegration), assistance needs, victim access to protection services, satisfaction with victim services, barriers to cooperating with law enforcement, barriers to and participation in prosecution, and victim outcomes. Data should be collected using a trauma-informed approach and ideally by someone the victims knows/trusts and avoiding re-interviewing victims. Data should be non-identifying. ● Conduct a feasibility study on the strengthening of the nascent data collection system on TIP (in addition to the current data currently collected via hotlines and APLTP missions to provinces), needed to develop strategies to prevent TIP, to protect victims and to prosecute perpetrators. Develop a research strategy to study TIP trends in the country, especially in the regions, on forms of TIP, on at risk-groups and risk factors. A baseline study could be conducted on understanding of TIP, and what measures might be most effective in addressing root causes and behavior changes needed to prevent TIP. This could be done in coordination with academia and NGOs in DRC as feasible. ● Set up a system for systematic data collection across all relevant agencies, consular officials, judiciary, police, prosecutors ● Develop training manuals provide capacity building/technical assistance to all the stakeholders who play a role in collecting, analyzing, using and disseminating data. ● Ensure the proper administration of the database. Adequately support the core technical team under the APLTP who implement protocols to coordinate systematic data collection (to document cases from point of identification to legal/judicial proceedings and protection/social reintegration), to ensure quality control and compliance with security of data as well as privacy/confidentiality of information. ● Develop M&E frameworks for evaluation of effectiveness and quality of implementation (delineate roles and responsibilities for who collects and analyzes which data) feedback mechanisms (including from survivors on their lived experience to inform policy) to update policy and implementation, and ongoing capacity building ● Explain transparently which data would be accessible to whom (to partners and to the public), and why (the APLTP will maintain both a confidential database, access to which is only for those who need information or who contribute to data collection). Share non-identifying data with NGO partners to allow them to better prevent and combat TIP. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 33 ● Publish annual/regular reports, including on promising practices and results of actions taken. Demonstrate how data can assist with evidence-based decision-making and coordination of the strategy throughout the large country. ● Consider establishing a National Rapporteur or equivalent mechanism (OSCE). ● Establish an alert mechanism with extensive contact points throughout the country. ● Create and fund a National Missing Persons Investigation Support Center and a national website for centralizing human trafficking data to assist law enforcement agencies and justice system stakeholders meet the needs of victims (IOM, 2022). ● Support the implementation of the Ministry of Labor’s database on children who have dropped out of school and who are exploited in the informal sector of cobalt mining. ● Partner with the Interpol, ILO, IOM, OHCHR and UNODC on data collection efforts. ● Partner with the Alliance 8.7 awardees (DRC as a Pathfinder Country) who are implementing to following solutions: 1) Ulula AI tracker for child labor, forced labor and human trafficking prediction; 2) Initiative des Femmes Entrepreneurs pour le Développement Durable (IFEDD) DataStake System to identify and mitigate risks of child and forced labor and human trafficking. ● Collaborate with IOM and contribute to IOM’s global data hub on TIP. ● Participate in Interpol operations and contribute to Interpol database, including its analytical files, which the DRC is invited to participate in. GDRC C-TIP COORDINATION AND RESPONSE INTERAGENCY COLLABORATION As outlined above, the APLTP is responsible for the coordination of efforts in the prevention and the fight against human trafficking throughout the Democratic Republic of the Congo. While the state has the primary responsibility to combat and prevent TIP, it is critical to work with all relevant partners at the national, regional and community levels across the country, as well as with international organizations, CSO/NGOs and the media. Coordination and response are vital to creating a holistic prevention and response strategy, especially for the protection of trafficked persons. COORDINATION Since the establishment of the APLTP, through the 2019 Presidential decree, coordination is managed through the technical commission and the working committees which have been set up on such issues as awareness-raising, data collection and training, as well as the commissions in charge of relations with the institutions, on inquiry and investigation, as well as that in charge of victims. COORDINATION RECOMMENDATIONS, PARTICULARLY FOR THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS ● Provide adequate capacity of and financial support to the workings of the APLTP and its technical commissions/committees, including transparent communication and regular meetings to coordinate and jointly plan action/interventions, as well as regular (at least annual) reporting. ● Set up regional/local commissions (mirroring the national level commissions) over time as feasible, such as at sub-national (provincial/regional) and local (city/territory) administrative levels. 34 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ● Continue to implement the NSP 2020-2024 and ensure that all actors/partners know their roles, responsibilities in meeting the objectives by 2024. ● Monitor and evaluate implementation. Consider assessing the implementation of the NSP, to evaluate the progress of implementation, including the protection of TIP victims, and for better policy and further strategy development. ● Further strengthen collaboration with all relevant partners and the IOM within the referral mechanisms for TIP victims, in accordance with the roles and responsibilities of each participant in the chain of care. ● Ensure that the referral mechanism is properly implemented for the appropriate identification, referral and protection of TIP victims/survivors (IOM, 2022). ● Ensure that all necessary SOPs are implemented properly. For example, ensuring SOPs are implemented in all provinces/territories and include all relevant NGOs and service providers. ● Set up provincial/local referral mechanisms as feasible/needed over time. ● Support the adequate financial and human resources to follow up on TIP cases and to better identify, assist and protect trafficking victims/survivors, including with social workers. ● Set up a specialized center to provide direct assistance to victims, under the Ministry of Social Affairs MSA). ● Implement the (government and UNICEF) common protective approach, consisting of the Community Network for the Protection of the Child, coordination, social work, and referrals. ● Build the capacity of all relevant front-line actors involved in C-TIP (child protection, judiciary, labor inspectors, migration authorities, police, social workers, etc.), as well as other actors who may come into contact with potential TIP victims: health care professionals, local authorities, NGOs, pro-bono lawyers, psychologists, etc. ● Train and adequately staff the hotline (greenline) on TIP. Improve TIP incident reporting and referrals to the appropriate authorities, including APLTP, social workers and police ● Strengthen coordination of efforts between the APLTP, state and non-state partners. Institutionalize partnerships as needed/feasible through MOUs and service provision contracts. ● Improve the capacity of and collaboration with CSO/NGOs (with the MSA/DIVAS and IOM) on the provision of victim services and reintegration and include relevant CSO legal aid/social service providers in the referral mechanism as feasible. ● Set up a code of conduct for the appropriate assistance and referral of victims, for adequate witness protection, and to ensure that bribing is forbidden. ● Ensure the respect for the confidentiality of the information received from victims. ● Conduct monitoring (and assessment) of the current referral system, including the current practice of victims signing consent forms, ability to receive victim status and services, and to collect feedback from victims/survivors. ● Further strengthen collaboration of relevant government agencies (including DIVAS) and NGOs with IOM (in particular on victim protection, support and repatriation) and the UN country team members, such as with UNODC (criminal justice, in particular law enforcement investigations, prosecution, etc.) and to ratify the Palermo Protocol. ● Consider how to provide financial support to the law enforcement including and beyond the National Central Bureau (of Interpol) (NCB) to prevent and combat TIP in DRC as a large country. Interpol is there to support them in any way they can within current capabilities. Victim support can be allocated through IOM. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 35 ● Develop bi-lateral agreements with countries of destination and origin, and cooperate on transnational referrals of TIP cases, voluntary return (with IOM), operations and prosecutions (the latter with Interpol/UNODC). ● Organize international conferences, training workshops, and international study visits, to promote capacity building, partnerships and exchange of information/practices. ● Establish a TIP knowledge portal to share lessons learned, promising practices, and to promote collaboration, partnerships, and sustainable practices. USAID INTEGRATION OF C-TIP APPROACHES FOR CROSS-SECTORAL PROGRAMMING As highlighted in the previous recommendation, coordination and response is vital to creating a holistic prevention and response strategy to trafficking in DRC. A number of existing and potential programs provide the opportunity to bolster USAID’s C-TIP approach in DRC. LEVERAGE EXISTING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) PREVENTION AND RESPONSE PROGRAMS Existing USAID GBV programming provides promising opportunities to recognize and respond to human trafficking, particularly in the east. The USAID-IMA World Health Counter-Gender Based Violence Program, Tushinde Ujeuri, provides a number of avenues for integrating trafficking programming into existing efforts. Each of the Tushinde’s pillar areas provides avenues for integration of C-TIP work. GBV health service strengthening undertaken to improve identification and response to GBV can be further supported to integrate identification of human trafficking victims, with potential for screening of human trafficking among women presenting for services. The network of community-level GBV services supported by Tushinde could be leveraged to help identify and address TIP concerns. Finally, the work done to reduce stigma surrounding GBV survivors can also be built out and adapted to address victims and survivors of TIP. INTEGRATE C-TIP INTO EXISTING RULE OF LAW AND JUSTICE REFORM INITIATIVES The ABA Rule of Law Initiative (ABA ROLI) is currently implementing a case law database program in three provinces in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in conjunction with the country’s Ministry of Justice. The database provides statistical information on sexual and gender-based violence cases filed with the courts as well as legal analyses of key cases. ABA ROLI trains court clerks, magistrates and law students to operate these databases independently and is planning on connecting the databases to enable courts to share information regionally. It is vital that a focus on prosecution of TIP crimes does not overshadow victim and survivor needs for social protection, psychological and medical care, and rehabilitation of victims. A singular focus on prosecution of traffickers could hinder effective disclosure of trafficking concerns. Providing effective and compassionate victim support is a critical pillar of strengthening the judicial response to TIP. Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) has worked in DRC and beyond to ensure better coordination between medical and legal service providers to improve the reporting and prosecution of GBV cases, while centering victim concerns. A similar model could be adapted to focus on TIP specifically, including creation of task forces that combine expertise from medical providers, civil society and police to create a coordinated response that holistically supports victims and improves disclosure of trafficking situations. 36 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV IDENTIFY SYNERGIES WITH ONGOING PROGRAMMING, INCLUDING HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND ECONOMIC PROGRAMMING The 2020-2025 CDCS highlights humanitarian programming in key provinces that not only have high population density, but also some of the highest poverty rates and conflict-related instability. These provinces include South Kivu, North Kivu, Haute Uele, Tanganyika, Maniema, Haute- Katanga and Ituri and the Kasais. Since these characteristics are also risk factors for human trafficking, integrating C-TIP awareness, identification and programming into humanitarian assistance programming promises to be an effective approach. Given the role of the mining sector in human trafficking, engagement of the private sector will also be vital for sustainable economic development that reduces vulnerability to TIP. Engaging local governance programs in identifying and addressing TIP at the community level can also be a sustainable way to improve local capacity to respond to TIP. SUPPORT TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING ACROSS GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES FOR A WHOLE-OF-GOVERNMENT APPROACH Coordination between government and non-government agencies leads to more effective prosecution, prevention, and protection against human trafficking (Foot, K., 2016). USAID could play a key role in supporting funding and capacity building for government ministries that are central to coordinating an effective C-TIP response, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Gender, and Service d'Assistance et d'Encadrement du Small Scale Mining (SEASSCAM) and Ministry of Mines to work together to identify and address risk hotspots for trafficking. The GDRC inter-ministerial committee provides an avenue for coordination of these efforts, as noted in USAID’s 2020-2025 Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS). Programming with government entities could involve workshops and engagement to help key ministries identify risk factors and vulnerabilities within their remits that might contribute to exploitation of women and girls. Leveraging relationships with individual ministries, as well as across ministries can be an effective model. A whole-of-government approach could ensure that government officials at both the national and regional level are trained on: anti-trafficking law, types of services available, how to contribute to reporting to support M&E efforts, knowledge of referral pathways, and identification of risk factors within their remit. Education Education is a critical part of TIP prevention. Consider integrating C-TIP into school curricula (though TIP modules) to raise awareness of the dangers/risks, including of child labor for children whose parents may ask them to drop out of school to work. Train school administrators and teachers on TIP and their role in preventing/recognizing it. Consider peer-to-peer and parent teacher discussions on the prevention of TIP, as well as recognizing TIP. Provide life skills to older children/youth, especially those in institutions, or living without adequate parental care, such as in families where a parent is a migrant worker, a soldier, etc. Skills/vocational training and job placement for at-risk youth and TIP survivors, is critical to the prevention of TIP and of re-trafficking. Health Health care/medical professionals can identify and refer victims of trafficking, as well as provide them with emergency and long-term mental health/medical care. Integrate TIP into Health programming and USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 37 systems as feasible. Train all (and include in continuing education) health care personnel on how to identify/screen for TIP and provide victim services in accordance with the referral mechanism and existing (or development of) SOPs for medical staff, including hospital admissions personnel, nurses, and psychiatrists, etc.), treat victims in a sensitized manner, to maintain confidentiality (develop protocols) and safety, and refer them to other services as needed. Disability Disabled persons may be at special risk to TIP depending on the country/region, due to discrimination/stigma, lack of freedom of movement, rights and access to education and jobs, etc. For example, some may be trafficked for forced begging. TIP can be integrated into work with disability rights groups/service providers can be trained to assist/provide targeted services for disabled TIP victims (similar to health care providers above). 38 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV REFERENCES Congressional Research Service. (2022, May 23). Child Soldiers Prevention Act: Security Assistance Restrictions. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/IF10901.pdf Faber, B., Krause, B., & Sánchez de la Sierra, R. (2017, May 8). Artisanal mining, livelihoods, and child labor in the Cobalt Supply Chain of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. University of California Berkeley. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/17m9g4wm Foot, K. (2016). Collaborating Against Human Trafficking: Cross-Sector Challenges and Practices. Lanham. Lanham Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://search￾ebscohost-com.liverpool.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1056484&site=eds￾live&scope=site. International Labour Organization. (n.d.). What is forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking . International Labour Organization. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/definition/lang--en/index.htm Kelly, J., & Greenberg, N. (2014). Assessment of Human Trafficking in Artisanal Mining Towns in Eastern Democratic Republic of The Congo. USAID . Retrieved July 2022, from https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00K5R1.pdf Laudati, A., & Mertens, C. (2019). Resources and rape: Congo’s (toxic) discursive complex. African Studies Review, 62(4), 57–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2018.126 Migrants & Refugees Section. (2021, June 25). Democratic Republic of the Congo. Migrants & Refugees Section. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://migrants-refugees.va/country-profile/democratic￾republic-of-congo/. Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe. (n.d.). The role of independent national rapporteurs or equivalent ... - OSCE. OSCE. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/8/9/503920.pdf Thelot , F.-L. E., Misengabu, L. M., & Ntumba, S. D. (2022). MECANISMES DE REFERENCEMENT DES VICTIMES DE LA TRAITE DES PERSONNES EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO Le rôle des acteurs de première ligne. IOM. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://drcongo.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1301/files/sop-traite-rdc-document-version-finale-mars￾2022.pdf U.S. Department of State. (2022, July). 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved August 10, 2022, from https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/22-00757-TIP￾REPORT_072822-inaccessible.pdf Warpinkski, S. K. (2013). Protecting Women and Girls from Human Trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Toward Justice for Victims of Gender-Based Violence. Michigan State University College of Law International Law Review, 21(1), 155–204. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 39 ANNEX 1: APLTP KII GUIDE IN ENGLISH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT APLTP Key Informant Interview Protocol Respondent name: Respondent title: Affiliation: Interviewer name: Date of interview: [READ CONSENT SCRIPT] Hello and thank you for taking the time to speak with me today. My name is [name] and I am a [position] with RISD, an independent research firm in the DRC. We are working with NORC at the University of Chicago, in partnership with the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), to document current programming and institutional knowledge, attitudes, and practices around human trafficking. This project is intended to supplement USAID/DRC’s and IOM’s “Countering Trafficking in Persons” activity. That activity provides support to the national Agency for the Prevention and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons (APLTP) in order to increase investigation and prosecution of traffickers; increase protection for victims of trafficking; and increase the APLTP’s capacity to collect human trafficking data and set effective counter-trafficking policies. This interview will take about an hour. Your decision to take part in this interview is voluntary. You are welcome to skip any questions or stop the interview at any time. However, your responses are important to this study, and we hope you will be able and willing to participate fully. All of your responses will be kept confidential and shared only with the research team. Therefore, we will never attribute any responses to you personally although we may report on the institution you represent. Do you have any questions about this interview? Do you consent to participate? If you allow us to, we would like to record this interview to ensure accuracy. However, your name will not appear on the recording, or on the corresponding transcript. Do you consent to be recorded? 40 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV Consent obtained to conduct interview Consent obtained to audio record interview NOTE: All top/parent questions must be asked; sub-questions highlighted in yellow must be asked directly if not fully answered under the parent question. R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 1. Please tell me about the work of your institution as it relates to human trafficking issues. a. What forms of human trafficking are you focused on? This question should be asked of APLTP committee members only (not staff). Ask about their primary organization, not APLTP. 5 7 2. Please tell me about your role within this institution. a. How long have you been working in this institution? b. How long have you been in your current role? If the respondent is not involved in any human trafficking related work, ask them if there is someone in their organization who is better suited to answer the questions and end the interview. Human Trafficking Knowledge, Trainings, and Resources Now we are going to discuss your knowledge around human trafficking. When we discuss human trafficking, please note that we are referring to all forms of human trafficking. 4 3. How would you define human trafficking? a. What would you consider to be some different forms of human trafficking? High priority USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 41 1 2 3 4 To ensure consistency, I am now going to provide an international definition of trafficking in persons which I would like us to use for the remainder of the interview. We understand there are local differences in definitions and laws regarding human trafficking but would like to use the following definition at first: Trafficking in persons includes sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age. It also includes the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Notably, a victim need not be physically transported from one location to another for a crime to be considered TIP. 4. To the best of your knowledge, how common is human trafficking in the DRC? a. What are some common forms of human trafficking in the DRC? b. How does the prevalence of human trafficking vary by region? c. Are there any areas that you consider to be “hotspots” for human trafficking? What is it about these areas that makes them hotspots? d. Do trafficking victims typically come from locations (sources) other than where they are being exploited (destinations)? If so, where do they come from? i. Are there third parties facilitating victim recruitment and transport? If so, please describe. e. Which populations are most at risk of human trafficking? f. What are some of the common or shared characteristics of trafficking victims or survivors? For example, age, gender identity, ethnicity, or religious affiliation? ii. Do these characteristics vary by region or hotspot? In what ways? High priority "Region" may refer to provinces, cities, towns or any other geographic area where they know of differences in prevalence of human trafficking. 42 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes iii. Do these characteristics vary by the form of trafficking? In what ways? g. Which economic sectors are most affected by forced labor and labor trafficking? 4 5. Are you familiar with the International Labour Organization’s forced labor indicators? a. If so, which indicators are you most familiar with? High priority for APLTP staff. 4 6. Please tell me about any meetings or trainings you have attended in the last 12 months that addressed issues related to human trafficking. (Probe: Was human trafficking the focus of the meetings?) a. How often do you attend such meetings or trainings? b. What were the themes/topics discussed at these meetings or trainings? c. Which meetings/trainings did you find most helpful? How did these meetings/trainings improve your knowledge of human trafficking issues? d. Did your institution require you to attend any of these meetings/trainings? i. [If yes] Which ones? Why? ii. [If no] Why not? Probes are low priority. Skip if time is short. 4 7. Where do you, or others in your institution find information about human trafficking? Low priority Human Trafficking Practices/Challenges 5 6 7 I would like to know more about how your institution identifies and addresses cases of human trafficking. 8. In your opinion, what is your institution’s role or responsibility in identifying, addressing, and preventing cases of human trafficking? High priority Practices/Challenges Related to Monitoring and Data Collection USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 43 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 6 7 9. Does your institution have a dedicated department or effort that monitors for human trafficking of any kind? [If yes, ask following probes] a. When was this established? b. What forms of human trafficking are monitored? (Forced labor/labor trafficking of adults or children, commercial sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, forced combat, forced marriage, the worst forms of child labor) i. Does your organization have or have access to a system that alerts you or helps you identify instances of human trafficking? ii. Are there mechanisms in place to encourage/facilitate the reporting of cases by trafficking victims, themselves, or by their relatives or others? If so, what are they? c. What regions (provinces, territories, cities, etc.) are covered by the data collected? d. How are these monitoring activities funded? e. How is this information collected and documented? (Field visits, surveys) f. How frequently is this information collected? (Daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, etc.) g. Which legal frameworks, or other guiding principles, inform human trafficking monitoring practices at your organization? h. How is this data analyzed and used? i. How is this data disseminated? To whom? (Report, aggregated data, meeting). High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in monitoring for human trafficking. 44 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 6 10. What types of challenges do you encounter when collecting data on human trafficking issues in general? a. How do these challenges differ by the form of human trafficking (forced labor/labor trafficking, domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, forced combat, forced marriage, and the worst forms of child labor, etc.)? b. Thinking specifically about collecting data on forced labor/labor trafficking issues, how do these challenges differ by different labor sectors? (Mining, agriculture, domestic work, construction, energy, fishing, hospitality, manufacturing, etc.) c. Do these challenges differ in monitoring forced labor and labor trafficking issues? How? d. What types of human trafficking monitoring activities would you like to implement, but are unable to? High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in collecting data on human trafficking. Practices Related to Identifying/Investigating, and Providing Social Services to Cases of Human Trafficking USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 45 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 6 7 11. Please describe the course of action at your organization following discovery of a potential human trafficking case. a. What policies/protocols/standard operating procedures are in place to guide activities? b. Who are you required to inform? Who else is informed? c. What type of documentation is required for each case? d. What types of data are collected for each case? How is this data collected and recorded? e. Who is responsible for follow-up with the parties involved? (APLTP staff, victims, other partners, etc.) f. How are victims positively identified? That is, after a person is identified as a possible victim, how is their victimization status confirmed or denied? i. Who can officially identify victims? ii. Is it necessary for a victim to cooperate with law enforcement to receive official victim status? g. What is your policy on source, witness, victim and data protection? High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in investigating cases of human trafficking or to staff involved in referring or providing victims with social services. 46 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 12. How are cases of human trafficking investigated? a. What types of evidence do you look for to determine who, if anyone, should be charged with human trafficking violations? b. After you complete an investigation, how does your organization collaborate with prosecutors to try cases of human trafficking? i. Is the victim supported in taking legal action in both civil and criminal courts to obtain payment of back wages or compensation and damages from the perpetrator(s) or criminal conviction? c. At what point is an investigation considered closed? High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in investigating cases of human trafficking. 13. When a person is identified as a victim, what is the process for referring them to services? a. Is there national referral mechanism? b. Are there any SOPs (standard operating procedures) in place? c. Who is responsible for making referrals? d. What types of services (social, legal, medical, psychological) are victims referred to? e. Does that vary based on the form of trafficking or individual case? f. Can suspected victims access any services if they are not yet identified (or if they do not cooperate with law enforcement if that is a requirement)? g. To which organizations are referrals made? h. Does your organization follow up with victims to see if they’ve accessed services or need help accessing services?) High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in referring or providing victims with social services. Interagency Collaborations USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 47 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 14. What collaborations, if any, do you have with other institutions to identify, address, and prevent cases of human trafficking? a. How were these collaborations established? b. How is this collaboration funded? How are responsibilities divided? c. Is there an inter-agency council against TIP? d. How are national action plans developed? General Challenges 15. What do you think are some of the APLTP’s greatest strengths? High priority 5 6 7 16. All institutions have limited resources and competing priorities. What are some of the constraints or barriers to identifying, addressing, and preventing human trafficking in the DRC? a. To what extent can these constraints be addressed by other institutions to mitigate these challenges? High priority 5 6 7 17. Ideally, how would your institution identify, address, and prevent human trafficking? a. How would staff time be allocated for training? b. Who would be responsible for collecting data on human trafficking? c. How would follow up on human trafficking cases be conducted? d. How would individuals or organizations be held accountable for human trafficking? 48 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 6 7 18. Thinking of the future, how likely is it that your institution will be able to scale current work on identifying, addressing, and preventing human trafficking? a. How would your institution revise or improve upon current polices, protocols, and standard operating procedures? b. What types of changes within your institution would be necessary to achieve this? c. What types of collaboration would be necessary to achieve this? Closing 19. Beyond what has already been discussed, is there anything else we should consider as we assess TIP in the DRC? High priority 20. Based on the questions I have asked you, are there any other persons or entities you suggest I talk to that can help inform this research? Are you able to share contact information or facilitate introductions to these organizations? Low Priority Thank you for taking the time to speak with me, I have learned a lot from our conversation and your inputs will be extremely valuable for our research. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 49 ANNEX 2: APLTP KII GUIDE IN FRENCH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT Entretien avec informateur clé de l'APLTP Nom de l’interviewé : Titre de l’interviewé : Affiliation : Nom de l'enquêteur : Date de l'entretien : [LIRE LE SCRIPT DE CONSENTEMENT] Bonjour et merci de prendre le temps de me parler aujourd'hui. Je m'appelle [nom] et je travaille [poste] chez RISD, une organisation indépendante de recherche en RDC. Nous travaillons avec NORC à l'Université de Chicago, en partenariat avec l'Agence des États-Unis pour le développement international (USAID) et de l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), pour documenter les programmes actuels, les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des institutions en matière de traite des êtres humains. Ce projet est destiné à compléter l'activité " Countering Trafficking in Persons " de l'USAID/RDC et de l'OIM. Cette activité fournit un soutien à l’Agence nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Traite des Personnes (APLTP) afin d'augmenter les enquêtes et les poursuites contre les trafiquants, d'accroître la protection des victimes de la traite et d'augmenter la capacité de l'APLTP à collecter des données sur la traite des personnes et à établir des politiques efficaces de lutte contre la traite. Cet entretien durera environ une heure. Votre participation à cet entretien est volontaire. Vous êtes libre de sauter une ou plusieurs questions ou d’interrompre l'entretien à tout moment. Cependant, vos réponses sont très importantes pour cette étude et nous espérons que vous serez en mesure de participer pleinement. Toutes vos réponses resteront confidentielles et ne seront communiquées qu'à l'équipe de recherche. Par conséquent, nous n'attribuerons jamais de réponse à votre personne, même si nous pouvons mentionner l'institution que vous représentez. Avez-vous des questions sur cet entretien ? Consentez-vous à participer ? Si vous nous y autorisez, nous aimerions enregistrer cet entretien pour garantir l'exactitude de nos notes. Toutefois, votre nom n'apparaîtra pas sur l'enregistrement, ni sur la transcription correspondante. 50 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV Consentez-vous à être enregistré ? Consentement obtenu pour mener l'entretien Consentement obtenu pour l'enregistrement audio de l'entretien REMARQUE : Toutes les questions principales doivent être posées ; les sous-questions surlignées en jaune doivent être posées directement si la réponse à la question principale n'est pas complète. R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 5 7 1. Veuillez me parler du travail de votre institution en ce qui concerne les questions de traite des êtres humains. a. Sur quelles formes de traite des êtres humains vous concentrez-vous ? Cette question ne doit être posée qu'aux membres du comité de l'APLTP (pas au personnel). Posez des questions sur leur organisation principale, et non sur l'APLTP. 5 7 2. Veuillez me parler de votre rôle au sein de cette institution. a. Depuis combien de temps travaillez-vous pour cette institution ? b. Depuis combien de temps occupez-vous votre poste actuel ? Si la personne interrogée n'est pas impliquée dans un travail lié à la traite des êtres humains, demandez￾lui si quelqu'un dans son organisation est mieux placé pour répondre aux questions et mettez fin à l'entretien. Connaissances, formations et ressources sur la traite des êtres humains Nous allons maintenant discuter de vos observations sur la traite des êtres humains. Lorsque nous discutons de la traite des êtres humains, veuillez noter que nous faisons référence à toutes les formes de la traite des êtres humains. 4 Comment définiriez-vous la traite des êtres humains ? a. Quelles sont, selon vous, les différentes formes de la traite des êtres humains ? Haute priorité USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 51 1 2 3 4 Dans un souci de cohérence, je vais maintenant donner une définition internationale de la traite des personnes que j'aimerais que nous utilisions pour le reste de l'entretien. Nous comprenons qu'il existe des différences locales dans les définitions et les lois concernant la traite des personnes, mais nous aimerions utiliser la définition suivante dans un premier temps : La traite des personnes comprend le trafic sexuel dans lequel un acte sexuel commercial est induit par la force, la fraude ou la coercition, ou dans lequel la personne incitée à accomplir un tel acte n'a pas atteint l'âge de 18 ans. Il s'agit également du recrutement, de l'hébergement, du transport, de la fourniture ou de l'obtention d'une personne pour son travail ou ses services, par le recours à la force, à la fraude ou à la coercition dans le but de la soumettre à une servitude involontaire, à la servitude pour dettes ou à l'esclavage. Notamment, il n'est pas nécessaire qu'une victime soit physiquement transportée d'un endroit à un autre pour qu'un crime soit considéré comme de la traite. 3. A votre connaissance, quelle est la prévalence de la traite en RDC ? a. Quelles sont les formes courantes de la traite en RDC ? b. Comment la prévalence de la traite varie￾t-elle selon les régions ? c. Y a-t-il des zones que vous considérez comme des "points chauds" de la traite ? Qu'est-ce qui fait que ces zones sont des points chauds ? d. Les victimes de la traite proviennent-elles généralement de lieux (sources) autres que ceux où elles sont exploitées (destinations) ? Si oui, d'où viennent-elles ? i. Des tiers facilitent-ils le recrutement et le transport des victimes ? Si oui, veuillez les décrire. Haute priorité Le terme "région" peut désigner des provinces, des villes ou toute autre zone géographique où l'on sait qu'il existe des différences dans la prévalence de la traite des êtres humains. 52 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur e. Quelles sont les populations, ou les catégories de personnes, les plus à risque d’être exposées à la traite ? f. Quelles sont certaines des caractéristiques communes ou partagées par les victimes ou les survivants de la traite ? Par exemple, l'âge, l'identité sexuelle, l'origine ethnique ou l'appartenance religieuse ? i. Ces caractéristiques varient-elles selon les régions ou les points chauds ? De quelle manière ? ii. Ces caractéristiques varient-elles selon la forme de la traite ? De quelle manière ? g. Quels sont les secteurs (domaines) de l'emploi les plus touchés par le travail forcé et la traite ? 4 4. Connaissez-vous les indicateurs du travail forcé de l'Organisation Internationale du Travail ? a. Si oui, quels sont les indicateurs que vous connaissez le mieux ? Priorité haute pour le personnel de l'APLTP USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 53 R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 4 5. Veuillez me parler de toutes les réunions ou les formations auxquelles vous avez participé, au cours des 12 derniers mois, et qui abordaient des questions relatives à la traite des êtres humains. (Sondez : la traite des êtres humains était-elle le thème central de ces réunions ?) a. Quand cette réunion ou cette formation a-t-elle eu lieu ? b. Qui a organisé cette réunion ou cette formation ? c. Votre participation était-elle exigée par votre institution ? Pourquoi ou pourquoi pas ? d. Comment cette réunion a-t-elle amélioré votre connaissance des questions liées à la traite des êtres humains ? e. À quelle fréquence assistez-vous à de telles réunions ou formations ? f. Quels étaient les thèmes/sujets abordés lors de ces réunions ou formations ? Les sondes sont de faible priorité. A sauter si le temps est court. 4 6. Où est-ce que vous, ou d'autres personnes de votre institution, trouvez des informations sur la traite des êtres humains ? Faible priorité Pratiques/défis en matière de traite des êtres humains 5 6 7 Je souhaiterais en savoir plus sur la manière dont votre institution identifie et traite les cas de traite des êtres humains. 7. Selon vous, quel est le rôle ou la responsabilité de votre institution dans l'identification, le traitement et la prévention des cas de traite des êtres humains ? Haute priorité Pratiques/défis liés au suivi et à la collecte de données 54 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV 5 6 7 8. Votre institution dispose-t-elle d'un département ou d'un projet dédié à la surveillance de la traite des êtres humains sous toutes ses formes ? [Si oui, posez les questions suivantes] a. Quand cela a-t-il été mis en place ? b. Quelles sont les formes de traite des êtres humains qui sont surveillées ? (Travail forcé/trafic d'adultes ou d'enfants, exploitation sexuelle commerciale, servitude domestique, combat forcé, mariage forcé, les pires formes de travail des enfants) i. Votre organisation dispose-t-elle ou a-t-elle accès à un système qui vous alerte ou vous aide à identifier les cas de traite des êtres humains ? ii. Existe-t-il des mécanismes pour encourager/faciliter le signalement des cas par les victimes de la traite, elles-mêmes, ou par leurs proches ou d'autres personnes ? Si oui, lesquels ? c. Quelles sont les régions (provinces, territoires, villes, etc.) couvertes par les données collectées ? d. Comment ces activités de surveillance sont-elles financées ? e. Comment ces informations sont-elles collectées et documentées ? (Visites sur le terrain, enquêtes) f. A quelle fréquence ces informations sont￾elles recueillies ? (Journalièrement, Priorité haute pour certains membres du personnel Cette question doit être posée uniquement au personnel impliqué dans la surveillance de la traite des êtres humains. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 55 R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur hebdomadairement, mensuellement, trimestriellement, annuellement, etc.) g. Quels cadres juridiques, ou autres principes directeurs, informent les pratiques de la surveillance de la traite des êtres humains dans votre organisation ? h. Comment ces données sont-elles analysées et utilisées ? i. Comment ces données sont-elles diffusées ? Auprès de qui ? (Rapport, données agrégées, réunion). j. [Le cas échéant] Comment les réunions ou les formations sur la traite des êtres humains ont-elles influées (impactées) vos pratiques de suivi ? 56 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 6 9. Quels types de défis rencontrez-vous lors de la collecte de données sur les questions de traite des êtres humains en général ? a. Comment ces défis diffèrent-ils selon la forme de la traite des êtres humains (travail forcé/trafic de main-d'œuvre, servitude domestique, exploitation sexuelle commerciale, combat forcé, mariage forcé et les pires formes de travail des enfants, etc.) ? b. En ce qui concerne spécifiquement la collecte de données sur le travail forcé/le trafic de main-d'œuvre, comment ces défis diffèrent-ils selon les secteurs d’emploi ? (Mines, agriculture, travail domestique, construction, énergie, pêche, hôtellerie, fabrication, etc.) c. Ces défis diffèrent-ils dans le suivi des questions de travail forcé et de trafic de main-d'œuvre ? Comment ? d. Quels types d’activités de suivi de la traite des êtres humains souhaiteriez-vous mettre en œuvre, mais ne pouvez pas le faire ? Priorité haute pour certains membres du personnel Cette question doit être posée uniquement au personnel impliqué dans la collecte de données sur la traite des êtres humains. Pratiques liées à l'identification, à l'enquête et à la prestation de services sociaux dans les cas de traite des êtres humains USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 57 R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 5 6 7 10. Veuillez décrire la marche à suivre dans votre organisation après la découverte d’un cas potentiel de traite des êtres humains. a. Quelles sont les politiques/protocoles/procédures opérationnelles standards mis en place pour guider les activités ? b. Après avoir découvert un cas, qui devez￾vous informer ? Qui d’autre est informé ? c. Quel type de documentation est requis pour chaque cas ? d. Quels types de données sont collectés pour chaque cas ? Comment ces données sont-elles recueillies et enregistrées ? e. Qui est responsable du suivi auprès des parties concernées ? (Personnel de l'APLTP, victimes, les autres partenaires, etc.) f. Comment les potentielles victimes sont￾elles identifiées de manière positive ? Autrement dit, après qu'une personne a été identifiée comme une victime possible, comment son statut de victime est-il confirmé ou infirmé ? i. Qui peut identifier officiellement les victimes ? ii. Est-il nécessaire qu'une victime coopère avec les forces de l'ordre pour recevoir le statut officiel de victime (une certification d’état de victime) ? g. Quelle est votre politique de protection des sources, des témoins, des victimes et des données ? Priorité haute pour certains membres du personnel Cette question ne doit être posée qu'au personnel chargé d'enquêter sur les cas de traite des êtres humains ou au personnel chargé d'orienter les victimes ou de leur fournir des services sociaux. 58 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 11. Comment les cas de traite des êtres humains sont-ils étudiés ? a. Quels types de preuves recherchez-vous pour déterminer qui, le cas échéant, doit être accusé d'infractions liées à la traite des personnes (auteur) ? b. Une fois l'enquête terminée, comment votre institution collabore-t-elle avec la justice pour juger les affaires de traite des êtres humains ? i. La victime est-elle soutenue pour saisir la justice tant au civil qu’au pénal pour obtenir le paiement des arriérés de salaire ou leur compensation et des dommages et intérêts de la part de l'auteur/des auteurs ou sa condamnation pénale ? c. A quel moment une enquête est-elle considérée comme close ? Priorité haute pour certains membres du personnel Cette question ne doit être posée qu'au personnel impliqué dans les enquêtes sur les cas de traite des êtres humains. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 59 R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 12. Lorsqu'une personne est identifiée comme une victime, quel est le processus pour l'orienter vers des services ? a. Existe-t-il un mécanisme national d'orientation/de renvoi ? b. Existe-t-il des SOP (procédures opérationnelles standard) en place ? c. Qui est chargé d'effectuer ces renvois/référencements ? d. Vers quels types de services (sociaux, juridiques, médicaux, psychologiques) les victimes sont-elles orientées ? e. Cela varie-t-il en fonction de la forme de traite ou du cas individuel ? f. Les victimes présumées peuvent-elles avoir accès à des services (sociaux, juridiques, médicaux et psychologiques) si elles ne sont pas encore identifiées (ou si elles ne coopèrent pas avec les services de détection et/ou de maintien de l’ordre publique, si c'est une obligation) ? g. Vers quelles organisations les victimes sont-elles orientées ? h. Votre organisation assure-t-elle un suivi auprès des victimes pour savoir si elles ont eu accès aux services ou si elles ont besoin d'aide pour y accéder ? Priorité haute pour certains membres du personnel Cette question ne doit être posée qu'au personnel chargé d'orienter les victimes vers les services sociaux ou de leur fournir ces services. Collaborations inter-agences 60 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 5 13. Quelles collaborations, le cas échéant, avez￾vous avec d'autres institutions pour identifier, traiter et prévenir les cas de traite des êtres humains ? a. Comment ces collaborations ont-elles été établies ? b. Comment cette collaboration est-elle financée ? Comment les responsabilités sont-elles réparties ? c. Existe-t-il un conseil inter-agences contre la traite ? d. Comment les plans d'action nationaux sont-ils élaborés ? Défis généraux 5 6 7 14. Toutes les institutions ont des ressources limitées et des priorités concurrentes. Quelles sont les contraintes ou les obstacles à l'identification, au traitement et à la prévention de la traite des êtres humains en RDC ? a. Dans quelle mesure ces contraintes peuvent-elles être traitées par d'autres institutions pour atténuer ces défis ? Haute priorité USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 61 R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 5 6 7 15. Idéalement, comment votre institution identifierait-elle, traiterait-elle et préviendrait￾elle la traite des êtres humains ? a. Comment le temps du personnel devrait-il être alloué à la formation ? b. Qui devrait être responsable de la collecte de données sur la traite des êtres humains ? c. Comment le suivi des cas de traite des êtres humains devrait-il être effectué ? d. Comment les individus ou les organisations devrait-ils être tenus responsables de la traite des personnes ? Haute priorité 5 6 7 16. En pensant à l'avenir, quelle est la probabilité que votre institution soit en mesure d'étendre le travail actuel d'identification, à la lutte et à la prévention de la traite des êtres humains ? a. Comment votre institution réviserait-elle ou améliorerait-elle les politiques, protocoles et procédures opérationnelles standards actuels ? b. Quels types de changements au sein de votre institution seraient nécessaires pour y parvenir ? c. Quels types de collaboration seraient nécessaires pour y parvenir ? Fermeture 17. Au-delà de ce qui a déjà été discuté, y a-t-il autre chose (autres thématiques) que nous devrions prendre en compte dans notre étude de la traite en RDC ? Haute priorité 62 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 18. Sur la base des questions que je vous ai posées, y a-t-il d'autres personnes ou entités auxquelles vous me suggérez de m'adresser et qui pourraient contribuer à cette recherche ? Pouvez-vous me communiquer les coordonnées de ces organisations ou faciliter leur présentation ? Faible priorité Merci d'avoir pris le temps de me parler, j'ai beaucoup appris de notre conversation et vos contributions seront extrêmement précieuses pour notre recherche. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 63 ANNEX 3: FGD GUIDE FOR CSEC SURVIVORS IN ENGLISH Date: Location: Number of participants: Moderator: Notetaker: [READ CONSENT SCRIPT] Thank you for taking the time to participate in this Focus Group Discussion. We are grateful that you are giving us your time. First, let me introduce the team: [facilitator, notetaker, and others should introduce themselves]. The United States Agency for International Development and the International Organization for Migration have partnered with RISD and NORC at the University of Chicago to conduct a research study on the lives of vulnerable workers in the DRC, including youth in the commercial sex trade. The goal of this study is to understand what the lives of these youth are like, and what kinds of support they need. To this end, we will be asking you to draw on your knowledge of youth doing sex work in [province], including their characteristics, what led them to join the sex trade, what support or services they are receiving, and what additional help they might need. While we will be asking questions about youth in general, there is a risk that some of the questions may lead you to recall your own personal experiences and become emotional or upset as a result. Please know that your well-being is very important to us and if at any point you do not wish to answer a question or continue in the discussion, you are free to not participate, take a break, or leave all together and there will be no consequences. Your participation is entirely voluntary. Deciding not to answer a question or to leave the group won’t have any impact on our relationship or on getting any referrals or services. To help protect your privacy and confidentiality, the study team will not record your name or attribute any responses to you personally. This focus group discussion will take about 90 minutes. We will provide you with a meal at the end of the discussion and will also give you 10,000 CDF (5 USD) to compensate for your time and to facilitate transportation to your respective places of origin in a timely manner. We are taking extra precautions to adhere to current public health guidelines to minimize COVID-19 related risks. These include: face masks, hand sanitizer, and sitting the required distance apart. Again, if at any time you do not feel comfortable, you are welcome to excuse yourself without any questions or consequences. There are no direct benefits to you for participating in this study. However, in the future, this study may help social services organizations design projects that better meet the needs of youth in the sex trade. 64 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ● Do you have any questions? [Check with each respondent] ● Do you agree to participate? [Get verbal consent from each respondent] Consent obtained by all participants to conduct focus group We would like to audio record this discussion and take notes. The recordings and the notes will not be shared with anyone outside the research team and your names will not be recorded in any way. We hope this makes you feel comfortable to express your ideas freely. If anyone does not want to be audio recorded, there will be no audio recording for this focus group, and only field notes will be taken. Consent obtained by all participants to audio record focus group If you think of any additional questions later, you may contact [RISD team member] at [phone number and email address]. [Start recorder] Before we begin, I would like to go through some basic ground rules: ● First and most important, please be respectful of your fellow participants. This means not interrupting or talking over each other and respecting each other’s opinions or ideas, even when you disagree. This also means keeping everything said here today strictly confidential. Please do not tell anyone outside this room about others’ participation or about the things that they say. We have given each of you a number that we will use to refer to each of you so that your names are not captured by the audio recording or in our notes. We ask each of you to refer to each other by these numbers, as well. ● Second, we chose this focus group format because we want to hear a variety of views and perspectives. Please help me to create space for all people to speak and participate. You are also encouraged to react to and build upon what each other say. This should be an interactive discussion, not a group interview. ● Finally, we have a lot to cover today so it is important that the conversation remain focused on the specific questions and topics of discussion. Please try to keep on point and avoid unrelated tangents. ICE BREAKER IN PAIRS (5 minutes) Let us begin with an ice breaker. Please turn to the person next to you and take a few minutes to share with each other your favorite song or musical group. [Wait until volume in room is high] Does anyone want to share their partner’s response? DEFINITIONS (5 minutes) Let us begin by going over some definitions. Our discussion will focus on youth in commercial sex trade. This means we are only talking about youth who exchange sex for money or things worth money, like a place to USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 65 stay or food. Can someone tell me what we mean by “commercial” sex trade? [Check understanding with each participant] Next, I want to clarify what we mean by sex work or sexual transactions. This might be embarrassing to talk about, but it is important that we have a shared definition of sex work. By sex work, we mean actual sex acts like intercourse, oral sex, or genital or anal contact that takes place between a person and a paying customer. Some people may do things like dance erotically (to attract people), sing and flirt with customers at a bar, or have a sugar daddy/mommy relationship. But for the sake of this discussion today, we aren’t going to consider these activities alone to be sex work. Does anyone have any questions on what we mean by sex work or sexual transactions? Finally, let’s clarify what we mean by youth. There are people that do sex work that are many ages. Today, I would like us to focus the discussion on those who entered the sex trade when they were under 18 years of age. So we will be talking about people in the sex trade who are currently under 18 but also people in the sex trade who are now over 18, but started when they were under 18. During our conversation, I am going to use the term “youth” to describe these two groups. Can someone tell me what we mean by “youth” in this group discussion? [Check understanding with each participant] RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 1. What types of social services are available to youth in the sex trade in [province]? What are the names of some organizations and what do they do? [Probe on health/reproductive services, counseling or mental health services, shelters or housing, legal services, vocational training] a. Do you know youth in the sex trade that have used any of these services? i. [If yes to q1a] Which services have they used? ii. [If yes to q1a] Do you know if their experience was good or bad? Why was it [good/bad]? iii. [If no to q1a] Why do you think youth in the sex trade don’t use these services? [10:00 – 10 min] 66 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 2. What types of social services are most needed by youth in the sex trade in [province]? [Probe on health/reproductive services, counseling or mental health services, shelters or housing, legal services, vocational training] a. Do youth in the sex trade in [province] typically access these most needed social services? Why or why not? [20:00 – 6 min] 5 7 3. Does the government do anything to address the issue of youth in the sex trade in [province]? a. [If yes to q3] What do they do to address the issue of youth in the sex trade? i. How do these actions impact youth in the sex trade? b. [If no to q3] Why not? [26:00 – 10 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 67 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 1 4. At what age do you think most youth in the sex trade in [province] started exchanging sex for money or other goods? a. Do you think the age is different for boys vs. girls? a.[If yes in q4a] At what age do you think most boys in the sex trade in [province] started exchanging sex for money or other goods? b.[If yes in q4a] At what age do you think most girls in the sex trade in [province] started exchanging sex for money or other goods? c. Does anyone know any transgender youth in the sex trade in [province]? If so, at what age do you think most transgender youth in the sex trade in [province] started exchanging sex for money or other goods [36:00 – 7 min] By “transgender” youth, we are referring to any youth who self-identify or present themselves as being a different gender than they were assigned at birth. (For example, a person who was born with the anatomy of a male but identifies and/or dresses as a female.) The person does not need to have undergone surgery to be considered transgender. 2 3 5. Why do you think youth typically start exchanging sex for money in [province]? [Probe/ask for more thoughts/ideas on this to ensure comprehensive data; however, do NOT encourage respondents to tell their personal story] [43:00 – 8 min] 2 3 6. Are any persons or entities involved in initially recruiting youth to the sex trade? a. [If yes to q6] Can you describe such persons or entities? b. [If yes to q6] What do they do to initially recruit youth to the sex trade? [Probe for each person/entity mentioned in q8a] [51:00 – 8 min] 68 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 7. Can you tell me, do most youth make decisions freely to exchange sex for money the first time? Why or why not? [59:00 – 6 min] 1 2 3 8. Once youth enter the sex trade, do some of them work under a boss, pimp, or madam? a. [If yes to q8] How common do you think it is to work under a boss, versus doing this work on one’s own? b. [If yes to q8] What kind of youth are more or less likely to work under a boss, pimp, or madam? For example, are youth of a certain age or sex or youth from certain hometowns or family circumstances more or less likely to work under a boss, pimp, or madam? [65:00 – 7 min] Bosses, pimps, and madams often go by different names. Some common names in the DRC are “mamans” or “patronnes”. Whatever term is used, we are referring to the people who operate the houses of prostitution, set the prices, and often find “clients” and assign sex workers to the clients. 2 3 9. Now I would like to ask a few questions about younger children, meaning those under 13 years of age. What makes young children (under the age of 13) most vulnerable to entering the sex trade? [72:00 – 6 min] 2 3 10. What do you think can be done to prevent youth from entering the sex trade? [78:00 – 7 min] 11. Is there anything else anyone would like to share before we conclude our discussion today? [85:00 – 5 min] Thank you for taking the time to speak with me, I have learned a lot from our conversation and your inputs will be extremely valuable for our research. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 69 ANNEX 4: FGD GUIDE FOR CSEC SURVIVORS IN FRENCH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT Protocol de discussion en groupe pour les survivants de l’exploitation sexuelle à des fins commerciales Date : Emplacement : Nombre de participants : Modérateur : Preneur de notes : [LIRE LE SCRIPT DE CONSENTEMENT] Merci d'avoir pris le temps de participer à ce groupe de discussion. Nous sommes reconnaissants que vous nous accordiez votre temps. Tout d'abord, laissez-moi vous présenter l'équipe : [l'animateur, le preneur de notes et les autres personnes doivent se présenter]. L'Agence américaine pour le développement international (USAID) et l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) se sont associées à RISD et NORC de l'Université de Chicago pour mener une étude sur la vie des travailleurs vulnérables en RDC, notamment les jeunes dans l'industrie du sexe. L'objectif de cette étude est de comprendre à quoi ressemble la vie de ces jeunes, et quels types de soutien elles ont besoin. À cette fin, nous vous demanderons de faire appel à vos connaissances sur les jeunes qui travaillent dans l'industrie du sexe en [province], y compris leurs caractéristiques, ce qui les a amenés à rejoindre l'industrie du sexe, le soutien ou les services qu'ils reçoivent et l'aide supplémentaire dont ils pourraient avoir besoin. Bien que nous posions des questions sur les jeunes en général, il est possible que certaines questions vous amènent à vous souvenir d’expériences personnelles et que vous deveniez émotif ou bouleversé en conséquence. Sachez que votre bien-être est très important pour nous et que si, à un moment ou à un autre, vous ne souhaitez pas répondre à une question ou poursuivre la discussion, vous êtes libre de le faire sans aucune conséquence sur notre relation ou sur l'obtention de références ou de services. Votre participation est entièrement volontaire. Pour aider à protéger votre vie privée et votre confidentialité, l'équipe d'étude n'enregistrera pas votre nom et ne vous attribuera aucune réponse personnellement. Cette discussion de groupe durera environ 90 minutes. Nous vous fournirons un repas à la fin de la discussion et nous vous remettront également 10 000 CDF ($5 US) pour compenser votre temps et faciliter le transport vers vos lieux d'origine respectifs dans les meilleurs délais. Nous prenons des précautions supplémentaires pour respecter les directives de santé publique actuelles afin de minimiser les risques liés au COVID-19. Ces précautions comprennent : des masques faciaux, du 70 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV désinfectant pour les mains et le respect des gestes barrières. Encore une fois, si vous ne vous sentez pas à l'aise, vous pouvez vous excuser sans aucune question ni conséquence. La participation à cette étude ne présente aucun avantage direct pour vous. Cependant, à l'avenir, cette étude pourrait aider les organismes de services sociaux à concevoir des projets qui répondent mieux aux besoins des jeunes de l'industrie du sexe. ● Avez-vous des questions ? [Vérifiez auprès de chaque personne interrogée] ● Acceptez-vous de participer ? [Obtenir le consentement verbal de chaque personne interrogée] Consentement obtenu par tous les participants pour mener le groupe de discussion Nous aimerions enregistrer cette discussion et prendre des notes. Les enregistrements et les notes ne seront communiqués à personne en dehors de l'équipe de recherche et vos noms ne seront en aucun cas enregistrés. Nous espérons que cela vous permettra de vous sentir à l'aise pour exprimer vos idées librement. Si quelqu'un ne veut pas être enregistré, il n'y aura pas d'enregistrement audio pour ce groupe de discussion, et seules des notes de terrain seront prises. Consentement obtenu par tous les participants pour l'enregistrement audio du groupe de discussion Si vous pensez à d'autres questions par la suite, vous pouvez contacter [membre de l'équipe RISD] à [numéro de téléphone et adresse électronique]. [Avant de commencer, je voudrais rappeler quelques règles de base : ● Tout d'abord, et c'est le plus important, soyez respectueux des autres participants. Cela signifie qu'il ne faut pas interrompre, ne pas déranger ou avoir des autres conversations, et qu'il faut respecter les opinions ou les idées des autres, même si vous n'êtes pas d'accord. Cela signifie également que tout ce qui est dit ici aujourd'hui doit rester strictement confidentiel. Ne parlez à personne en dehors de cette salle de la participation des autres ou de ce qu'ils disent. Nous avons attribué à chacun de vous un numéro que nous utiliserons pour faire référence à chacun d'entre vous afin que vos noms ne soient pas mentionnés par l'enregistrement audio ou dans nos notes. Nous vous demandons également de vous référer les uns aux autres par ces numéros. ● Deuxièmement, nous avons choisi ce format de groupe de discussion parce que nous voulons entendre une variété de points de vue et de perspectives. Veuillez m'aider à créer un espace permettant à tous de s'exprimer et de participer. Vous êtes également encouragés à réagir aux propos des autres et à les développer. Il doit s'agir d'une discussion interactive, et non d'un entretien de groupe. ● Enfin, nous avons beaucoup de choses à couvrir aujourd'hui, il est donc important que la conversation reste centrée sur les questions et les sujets de discussion spécifiques. Essayez de ne pas vous écarter du sujet et d'éviter les tangentes sans rapport. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 71 ACTIVITÉ DE PREMIER CONTACT EN PAIRES (5 minutes) Commençons par une activité pour mieux se connaitre. Veuillez vous tourner vers la personne à côté de vous et prenez quelques minutes pour partager avec l'autre votre chanson ou groupe musical préféré. [Attendez que le volume de la pièce soit élevé. Quelqu'un veut-il partager la réponse de son partenaire ? DEFINITIONS (5 minutes) Commençons par passer en revue quelques définitions. Notre discussion se concentrera sur les jeunes de l'industrie du sexe. Cela signifie que nous ne parlerons que des jeunes qui échangent des rapports sexuels contre de l'argent ou des choses qui valent de l'argent, comme un endroit où loger ou de la nourriture. Quelqu'un peut-il me dire ce que nous entendons par industrie du sexe "commerciale" ? [Vérifiez la compréhension avec chaque participant] Ensuite, je voudrais préciser ce que nous entendons par commerce du sexe ou transactions sexuelles. Cela peut être embarrassant d'en parler, mais il est important que nous ayons une définition commune du commerce du sexe. Par commerce du sexe, nous entendons les actes sexuels réels, tels que les rapports sexuels, le sexe oral ou le contact génital ou anal, qui ont lieu entre une personne et un client payant. Certaines personnes peuvent faire des choses comme danser de manière érotique (pour attirer les gens), chanter et flirter avec les clients dans un bar, ou avoir une relation avec un « sugar daddy ». Mais pour les besoins de la discussion d'aujourd'hui, nous n'allons pas considérer uniquement ces activités comme étant du commerce du sexe. Quelqu'un a-t-il des questions sur ce que nous entendons par commerce du sexe ou transactions sexuelles ? Enfin, précisons ce que nous entendons par "jeunes". Les personnes qui travaillent dans l'industrie du sexe sont de tous âges. Aujourd'hui, j'aimerais que nous concentrions la discussion sur ceux qui sont entrés dans l'industrie du sexe alors qu'ils avaient moins de 18 ans. Nous allons donc parler des personnes qui travaillent dans l'industrie du sexe et qui ont actuellement moins de 18 ans, mais aussi de celles qui ont plus de 18 ans, mais qui ont commencé à travailler dans l'industrie du sexe alors qu'elles n'avaient pas encore 18 ans. Au cours de notre conversation, je vais utiliser le terme "jeunes" pour décrire ces deux groupes. Quelqu'un peut-il me dire ce que nous entendons par "jeunes" dans cette discussion de groupe ? [Vérifiez la compréhension de chaque participant] R Question Réponse Commentaires / Q Notes de l'enquêteur 5 12. Quels types de services sociaux sont [10:00 – 10 min] 7 disponibles pour les jeunes de l'industrie du sexe en [province] ? Quels sont les noms de certaines organisations et que font-elles ? [Posez des questions sur les services de santé/procréation, les services de conseil ou de santé mentale, les refuges ou le logement, les services juridiques, la formation professionnelle] 72 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur b. Connaissez-vous des jeunes de l'industrie du sexe qui ont utilisé l'un de ces services ? iv. [Si oui à 1a] Quels services ont-ils utilisés ? v. [Si oui à 1a] Savez-vous si leur expérience a été bonne ou mauvaise ? Pourquoi était-elle [bonne/mauvaise] ? vi. [Si non à 1a] Pourquoi pensez-vous que les jeunes de l'industrie du sexe n'utilisent pas ces services ? 5 7 13. Quels types de services sociaux sont les plus nécessaires aux jeunes de l'industrie du sexe en [province] ? [Sondez sur les services de santé/procréation, les services de conseil ou de santé mentale, les refuges ou le logement, les services juridiques, la formation professionnelle] b. Les jeunes de l'industrie du sexe en [province] accèdent-ils généralement à ces services sociaux les plus nécessaires ? Pourquoi ou pourquoi pas ? [20:00 – 6 min] 5 7 14. Le gouvernement fait-il quelque chose pour s'attaquer au problème des jeunes dans l'industrie du sexe en [province] ? c. [Si oui à 3] Que fait-il pour s'attaquer au problème des jeunes dans l'industrie du sexe ? i. Quel est l'impact de ces actions sur les jeunes dans l'industrie du sexe ? d. [Si oui à 3] Quels agences gouvernementales s’attaquent au problème des jeunes dans l'industrie du sexe en [province] ? e. [Si non à 3] Pourquoi pas ? [26:00 – 10 min] Par « gouvernement » et « agences gouvernementales », nous entendons la police, les services sociaux, certaines agences spécialisées, etc. mais aussi toutes activités des gouvernements locaux (provinciaux, communaux, etc.) 1 15. À quel âge pensez-vous que la plupart des jeunes dans le commerce du sexe de [36:00 – 7 min] Par jeune « transgenre », nous entendons tout USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 73 R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur [province] ont commencé à échanger des services sexuels contre de l'argent ou d'autres biens ? b. Pensez-vous que l'âge est différent pour les garçons et les filles ? i. [Si oui à q4a] À quel âge pensez-vous que la plupart des garçons dans le commerce du sexe en [province] ont commencé à échanger des services sexuels contre de l'argent ou d'autres biens ? ii. [Si oui à q4a] À quel âge pensez-vous que la plupart des filles dans le commerce du sexe en [province] ont commencé à échanger des services sexuels contre de l'argent ou d'autres biens ? iii. Quelqu'un connaît-il des jeunes transgenres dans le commerce du sexe à [province] ? Si oui, à quel âge pensez-vous que la plupart des jeunes transgenres dans le commerce du sexe en [province] ont commencé à échanger des services sexuels contre de l'argent ou d'autres biens ? jeune qui s'identifie ou se présente comme étant d'un sexe différent de celui qui lui a été attribué à la naissance. (Par exemple, une personne qui est née avec l'anatomie d'un homme mais qui s'identifie et/ou s'habille comme une femme.) La personne n'a pas besoin d'avoir subi une intervention chirurgicale pour être considérée comme transgenre. 2 3 16. Pourquoi pensez-vous que les jeunes commencent à échanger des services sexuels contre de l'argent en [province] ? [Sondez/demandez d'autres réflexions/idées sur ce sujet afin d'obtenir des données complètes ; cependant, n'encouragez PAS les répondants à raconter leur histoire personnelle] [43:00 – 8 min] 2 3 17. Des personnes ou des entités sont-elles impliquées dans le recrutement initial de jeunes dans l'industrie du sexe ? c. [Si oui à 6] Pouvez-vous décrire ces personnes ou entités ? d. [Si oui à 6] Que font-ils pour recruter initialement des jeunes dans l'industrie [51:00 – 8 min] 74 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur du sexe ? [Sondez pour chaque personne/entité mentionnée à q8a] 2 3 18. Pouvez-vous me dire si la plupart des jeunes décident librement d'échanger des services sexuels contre de l'argent la première fois qu’ils le font ? Pourquoi ou pourquoi pas ? [59:00 – 6 min] 1 2 3 19. Une fois que les jeunes entrent dans le commerce du sexe, certains d'entre eux travaillent-ils sous la direction d'un patron, d'un proxénète ou d'une madame ? c. [Si oui à 8] À votre avis, dans quelle mesure est-il courant de travailler sous la direction d'un patron plutôt que de faire ce travail à son propre compte ? d. [Si oui à 8] Quel type de jeunes sont plus ou moins susceptibles de travailler pour un patron, un proxénète ou une madame ? Par exemple, les jeunes d'un certain âge ou sexe ou de certaines villes natales ou circonstances familiales sont￾ils plus ou moins susceptibles de travailler pour un patron, un proxénète ou une madame ? [65:00 – 7 min] Les patrons, les proxénètes et les madames portent souvent des noms différents. Certains noms communs en RDC sont « mamans » ou « patronnes » qui gèrent les « maisons de tolérance ». Quel que soit le terme utilisé, nous faisons référence aux personnes qui gèrent les maisons de prostitution, fixent les prix et trouvent souvent des « clients » et assignent des travailleurs du sexe aux clients. 2 3 20. J'aimerais maintenant poser quelques questions sur les enfants plus jeunes, c'est-à￾dire ceux de moins de 13 ans. Qu'est-ce qui rend les jeunes enfants (moins de 13 ans) plus vulnérables à devenir impliqué dans l'industrie du sexe ? [72:00 – 6 min] 2 3 21. Selon vous, que peut-on faire pour empêcher les jeunes d'entrer dans l'industrie du sexe ? [78:00 – 7 min] 22. Y a-t-il autre chose que quelqu'un souhaite partager avant de conclure notre discussion d'aujourd'hui ? [85:00 – 5 min] Merci d'avoir pris le temps de me parler, j'ai beaucoup appris de notre conversation et vos contributions seront extrêmement précieuses pour notre recherche. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 75 ANNEX 5: FGD GUIDE FOR DOMESTIC WORKERS IN ENGLISH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT FGD Protocol for Domestic Workers Date: Location: Number of participants: Moderator: Notetaker: [READ CONSENT SCRIPT] Thank you for taking the time to participate in this Focus Group Discussion. We are grateful that you are giving us your time. First, let me introduce the team: [facilitator, notetaker, and others should introduce themselves]. The United States Agency for International Development and the International Organization for Migration have partnered with RISD and NORC at the University of Chicago to conduct a research study on the lives of vulnerable workers in the DRC. The goal of this study is to understand what the lives of these vulnerable persons are like, and what kinds of support they need. To this end, we will be asking you to draw on your knowledge of people who have worked in domestic service in [province], including their characteristics, their experiences in domestic service, what support or services they are receiving, and what additional help they might need. While we will be asking questions about people in general, who have worked in domestic service, there is a risk that some of the questions may lead you to recall your own personal experiences and become emotional or upset as a result. Please know that your well-being is very important to us and if at any point you do not wish to answer a question or continue in the discussion, you are free to not participate, take a break, or leave all together and there will be no consequences. Your participation is entirely voluntary. Deciding not to answer a question or to leave the group won’t have any impact on our relationship or on getting any referrals or services. To help protect your privacy and confidentiality, the study team will not record your name or attribute any responses to you personally. This focus group discussion will take about 90 minutes. We will provide you with a meal at the end of the discussion and will also give you 10,000 CDF (5 USD) to compensate for your time and to facilitate transportation to your respective places of origin in a timely manner. 76 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV We are taking extra precautions to adhere to current public health guidelines to minimize COVID-19 related risks. These include: face masks, hand sanitizer, and sitting the required distance apart. Again, if at any time you do not feel comfortable, you are welcome to excuse yourself without any questions or consequences. There are no direct benefits to you for participating in this study. However, in the future, this study may help social services organizations design projects that better meet the needs of people who have worked in domestic service in the DRC. ● Do you have any questions? [Check with each respondent] ● Do you agree to participate? [Get verbal consent from each respondent] Consent obtained by all participants to conduct focus group We would like to audio record this discussion and take notes. The recordings and the notes will not be shared with anyone outside the research team and your names will not be recorded in any way. We hope this makes you feel comfortable to express your ideas freely. If anyone does not want to be audio recorded, there will be no audio recording for this focus group, and only field notes will be taken. Consent obtained by all participants to audio record focus group If you think of any additional questions later, you may contact [RISD team member] at [phone number and email address]. [Start recorder] Before we begin, I would like to go through some basic ground rules: ● First and most important, please be respectful of your fellow participants. This means not interrupting or talking over each other and respecting each other’s opinions or ideas, even when you disagree. This also means keeping everything said here today strictly confidential. Please do not tell anyone outside this room about others’ participation or about the things that they say. We have given each of you a number that we will use to refer to each of you so that your names are not captured by the audio recording or in our notes. We ask each of you to refer to each other by these numbers, as well. ● Second, we chose this focus group format because we want to hear a variety of views and perspectives. Please help me to create space for all people to speak and participate. You are also encouraged to react to and build upon what each other say. This should be an interactive discussion, not a group interview. ● Finally, we have a lot to cover today so it is important that the conversation remain focused on the specific questions and topics of discussion. Please try to keep on point and avoid unrelated tangents. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 77 ICE BREAKER IN PAIRS (5 minutes) Let us begin with an ice breaker. Please turn to the person next to you and take a few minutes to share with each other your favorite song or musical group. [Wait until volume in room is high] Does anyone want to share their partner’s response? RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 1. How common is it for domestic workers in [province] to live in the home of their employer? [00:03 – 1 min] We are not asking participants to give exact numbers. The main idea is simply to determine how prevalent this situation is. Do they think it is rare or common? This does not have to be expressed in numbers. 2 3 2. Can you describe the typical living conditions of those that live in the home of their employer? [Probe on safety, sleeping arrangement, availability of space to store belongings, access to water and toilet, etc.] [00:04 – 3 min] 2 3 3. How common is it for employers in [province] to require domestic workers to live in the home of the employer? In other words, are some domestic workers not allowed to return to an outside residence during non-working hours? [00:07 – 2 min] We are not asking participants to give exact numbers. The main idea is simply to determine how prevalent this situation is. Do they think it is rare or common? This does not have to be expressed in numbers. 2 3 4. To your knowledge, do employers in [province] commonly restrict or control the movement of their domestic workers during non-working hours? If so, please describe. [00:09 – 3 min] 78 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 5. Now I would like to ask some questions about how employers pay domestic workers in [province]. Would you say domestic workers are paid in a manner that complies with labor laws? If not, please describe. [Probe on minimum wage (7,075 CFG/day), maximum hours (9 hours/day; 45 hours/week), overtime pay, breaks (at least 12 consecutive hours for women), etc.] a. [If no to q5] Do you believe the government is committed to making the employers of domestic workers comply with labor laws? Why or why not? b. Do employers ever withhold earned wages from their domestic workers? If so, why? c. Are domestic workers ever required to work off a debt owed to their employer? If so, please elaborate. i. [If yes to 5c] Do employers ever manipulate the debt owed to make the domestic worker do something s/he doesn’t want to do? [00:12 – 8 min] 2 3 6. Would you say that domestic workers in [province] are free to leave their job at any time? If not, why? [If respondents say they can’t leave because they need the money, ask if they would be free to leave if money was not a factor] [00:20 – 3 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 79 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 7. Do domestic workers in [province] often get recruited by a third party (i.e., someone other than their employer)? If so, please describe how this recruitment process works. a. [If yes to q7] Do these recruiters mislead or abuse the domestic workers in any way? If so, please describe. b. [If yes to q7] Do domestic workers ever have to work off a debt owed to the recruiter? If so, please describe. c. [If yes to q7] Would these domestic workers be punished by the recruiter if they refused the job opportunity? If so, please elaborate. [00:23 – 5 min] 1 2 3 8. I am now going to ask some questions about migrant domestic workers. Is it common for domestic workers in [province] to come from other parts of the DRC? If so, where do they come from? a. [If yes to q8] How do they learn about the job opportunity in [province]? b. [If yes to q8] Do these migrant domestic workers commonly share certain characteristics? By characteristics, I mean things like age, sex, hometown, education, or family circumstances. If so, please describe these common characteristics. [00:28 – 7 min] 80 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 1 2 3 9. I am now going to ask some questions about foreign domestic workers. Note that if you don’t have knowledge about foreign migrants, we can skip to the next section. Is it common for domestic workers in [province] to come from countries other than the DRC? If so, what countries do they come from? a. [If yes to q9] To your knowledge, do these foreign workers enter the DRC legally? i. [If no to q9a] Are they typically aware that they are entering the DRC illegally? In other words, are they misled by anyone about the legality of their migration? If so, please elaborate. ii. [If no to q9a] Do their employers ever threaten to denounce them to the authorities for any reason? If so, please describe. b. [If yes to 93] To your knowledge, do employers ever retain the identity documents of these foreign workers? [00:35 – 5 min] 2 3 10. Is it common for domestic workers in [province] to face working conditions different from what they were initially told? If so, please describe. [Probe on change in responsibilities, wages, hours, overtime pay, housing, and location] [00:40 – 5 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 81 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 11. I am now going to ask some questions about abuse and threats that domestic workers in [province] might face. As discussed before, these questions may lead you to recall your own personal experiences and you could become emotional or upset as a result. Please remember—this is a group interview, so we do not expect you to share your personal experiences here. Rather, we want you to draw on your general knowledge of work in [province] to describe some typical situations. How common is it for domestic workers to face physical or sexual abuse by their employer? a. Out of every 100 domestic workers in [province], about how many do you think face physical or sexual abuse by their employer? i. [If 6a > 0] Who is typically committing the abuse? ii. [If 6a > 0] Do these abuses usually get reported? If not, why? iii. [If 6a > 0] Do the police do anything in response to these abuses? If not, why? b. Is it common for employers to threaten domestic workers in order to manipulate their behavior? If so, what do these threats look like? [Probe on threats of: termination, violence/abuse, harm to the worker’s family, damaging worker’s reputation and future job prospects, withholding pay, charging fees, working extra hours, depriving of food/water, etc.] [00:45 – 8 min] If it is too difficult for participants to give exact numbers, the main idea is simply to determine how prevalent the participants think the problem is. Do they think that these kinds of things are rare or common? This does not have to be expressed in numbers. 82 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 12. To your knowledge, do any of the things we discussed so far differ for child (under 18) domestic workers? If so, how do they differ? [Probe on each item in the protocol, particularly those related to menace of penalty (q7 and 11a￾b)] a. How common is it for children (under 18) to do domestic work? b. At what age do you think most domestic workers start doing domestic work in [province]? [00:57 – 7 min] 13. Do children typically serve as domestic workers for a family member or someone else? Please elaborate. [00:64 – 2 min] 2 14. Do children earn any money as domestic workers? If so, who keeps the money? [00:66 – 2 min] 15. In what ways, if any, does performing domestic work interfere with a child’s education? [00:68 – 2 min] 5 7 16. What types of social services are available to domestic workers in [province]? What are the names of some organizations and what do they do? [Probe on health services, legal services, vocational training, labor rights advocacy, etc.] c. Do you know people that have used any of these services? vii.[If yes to 18a] Which services have they used? viii. [If yes to 18a Do you know if their experience was good or bad? Why was it [good/bad]? ix. [If no to 18a] Why do you think domestic workers don’t use these services? [00:71 – 5 min] 5 7 17. What types of social services are most needed by domestic workers in [province]? [Probe on health services, legal services, vocational training, labor rights advocacy, etc.] [00:76 – 5 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 83 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 18. To your knowledge, does the DRC Government do anything to address exploitation or forced labor in the domestic service industry in [province]? If so, what do they do? a. [If yes to 12] What impacts do the DRC Government’s actions have on domestic workers in [province]? Do the Government’s actions typically help or not help workers in [province]? Please explain. [00:81 – 5 min] 19. Is there anything else anyone would like to share before we conclude our discussion today? [00:86 – 4 min] Thank you for taking the time to speak with me, I have learned a lot from our conversation and your inputs will be extremely valuable for our research. 84 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ANNEX 6: FGD GUIDE FOR DOMESTIC WORKERS IN FRENCH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT Protocole de discussion en groupe pour les travailleurs domestiques Date : Emplacement : Nombre de participants : Modérateur : Preneur de notes : [LIRE LE SCRIPT DE CONSENTEMENT] Merci d'avoir pris le temps de participer à ce groupe de discussion. Nous sommes reconnaissants que vous nous accordiez votre temps. Tout d'abord, laissez-moi vous présenter l'équipe : [l'animateur, le preneur de notes et les autres personnes doivent se présenter]. L'Agence américaine pour le développement international (USAID) et l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) se sont associées à la RISD et au NORC de l'Université de Chicago pour mener une étude sur la vie des travailleurs vulnérables en RDC. L'objectif de cette étude est de comprendre à quoi ressemble la vie de ces personnes vulnérables, et de quels types de soutien elles ont besoin. À cette fin, nous vous demanderons de faire appel à vos connaissances sur des personnes impliquées dans le travail domestique en [province], y compris leurs caractéristiques, leurs expériences dans le service domestique, le soutien ou les services qu'elles reçoivent et l'aide supplémentaire dont elles pourraient avoir besoin. Bien que nous posions des questions sur les personnes en général qui ont travaillé dans le service domestique, il est possible que certaines questions vous amènent à vous souvenir d’expériences personnelles et que vous deveniez émotif ou bouleversé en conséquence. Sachez que votre bien-être est très important pour nous et que si, à un moment ou à un autre, vous ne souhaitez pas répondre à une question ou poursuivre la discussion, vous êtes libre de le faire sans aucune conséquence sur notre relation ou sur l'obtention de références ou de services. Votre participation est entièrement volontaire. Pour aider à protéger votre vie privée et votre confidentialité, l'équipe d'étude n'enregistrera pas votre nom et ne vous attribuera aucune réponse personnellement. Cette discussion de groupe durera environ 90 minutes. Nous vous fournirons un repas à la fin de la discussion et nous vous remettront également 10 000 CDF ($5 US) pour compenser votre temps et faciliter le transport vers vos lieux d'origine respectifs dans les meilleurs délais. Nous prenons des précautions supplémentaires pour respecter les directives de santé publique actuelles afin de minimiser les risques liés au COVID-19. Ces précautions comprennent : des masques faciaux, du USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 85 désinfectant pour les mains et le respect des gestes barrières. Encore une fois, si vous ne vous sentez pas à l'aise, vous pouvez vous excuser sans aucune question ni conséquence. La participation à cette étude ne présente aucun avantage direct pour vous. Cependant, à l'avenir, cette étude pourrait aider les organisations de services sociaux à concevoir des projets qui répondent mieux aux besoins des personnes qui ont travaillé dans le service domestique en RDC. ● Avez-vous des questions ? [Vérifiez auprès de chaque personne interrogée] ● Acceptez-vous de participer ? [Obtenir le consentement verbal de chaque personne interrogée] Consentement obtenu par tous les participants pour mener le groupe de discussion Nous aimerions enregistrer cette discussion et prendre des notes. Les enregistrements et les notes ne seront communiqués à personne en dehors de l'équipe de recherche et vos noms ne seront en aucun cas enregistrés. Nous espérons que cela vous permettra de vous sentir à l'aise pour exprimer vos idées librement. Si quelqu'un ne veut pas être enregistré, il n'y aura pas d'enregistrement audio pour ce groupe de discussion, et seules des notes de terrain seront prises. Consentement obtenu par tous les participants pour l'enregistrement audio du groupe de discussion Si vous pensez à d'autres questions par la suite, vous pouvez contacter [membre de l'équipe RISD] à [numéro de téléphone et adresse électronique]. [Avant de commencer, je voudrais rappeler quelques règles de base : ● Tout d'abord, et c'est le plus important, soyez respectueux des autres participants. Cela signifie qu'il ne faut pas interrompre, ne pas déranger ou avoir des autres conversations, et qu'il faut respecter les opinions ou les idées des autres, même si vous n'êtes pas d'accord. Cela signifie également que tout ce qui est dit ici aujourd'hui doit rester strictement confidentiel. Ne parlez à personne en dehors de cette salle de la participation des autres ou de ce qu'ils disent. Nous avons attribué à chacun de vous un numéro que nous utiliserons pour faire référence à chacun d'entre vous afin que vos noms ne soient pas mentionnés par l'enregistrement audio ou dans nos notes. Nous vous demandons également de vous référer les uns aux autres par ces numéros. ● Deuxièmement, nous avons choisi ce format de groupe de discussion parce que nous voulons entendre une variété de points de vue et de perspectives. Veuillez m'aider à créer un espace permettant à tous de s'exprimer et de participer. Vous êtes également encouragés à réagir aux propos des autres et à les développer. Il doit s'agir d'une discussion interactive, et non d'un entretien de groupe. ● Enfin, nous avons beaucoup de choses à couvrir aujourd'hui, il est donc important que la conversation reste centrée sur les questions et les sujets de discussion spécifiques. Essayez de ne pas vous écarter du sujet et d'éviter les tangentes sans rapport. 86 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ACTIVITÉ DE PREMIER CONTACT EN PAIRES (5 minutes) Commençons par une activité pour mieux se connaitre. Veuillez vous tourner vers la personne à côté de vous et prenez quelques minutes pour partager avec l'autre votre chanson ou groupe musical préféré. [Attendez que le volume de la pièce soit élevé. Quelqu'un veut-il partager la réponse de son partenaire ? RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 20. Dans quelle mesure est-il courant que les travailleurs domestiques de [province] vivent au domicile de leur employeur ? [00:05 – 1 min] Nous ne demandons pas aux participants de donner des chiffres exacts. L'idée principale est simplement de déterminer si cette situation est fréquente ou non. Pensent-ils qu'elle est rare ou courante ? Il n'est pas nécessaire de l'exprimer en chiffres. 2 3 21. Pouvez-vous décrire les conditions de vie typiques de ceux qui vivent au domicile de leur employeur ? [Sondez sur la sécurité, l’environnement de vie (ex. disponibilité et arrangement de l’espace pour dormir et ranger des affaires), l'accès à l'eau et aux toilettes, etc.] [00:06 – 3 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 87 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 22. Dans quelle mesure est-il courant que les employeurs de [province] exigent que les travailleurs domestiques vivent au domicile de l'employeur ? En d'autres termes, certains travailleurs domestiques ne sont-ils pas autorisés à retourner dans une résidence extérieure en dehors des heures de travail ? [00:09 – 2 min] Nous ne demandons pas aux participants de donner des chiffres exacts. L'idée principale est simplement de déterminer cette situation est fréquente ou non. Pensent-ils qu'elle est rare ou courante ? Il n'est pas nécessaire de l'exprimer en chiffres. 2 3 23. A votre connaissance, les employeurs de [province] ont-ils l'habitude de restreindre ou de contrôler les déplacements de leurs travailleurs domestiques en dehors des heures de travail ? Si oui, veuillez décrire. [00:11 – 3 min] 88 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 24. Je voudrais maintenant poser quelques questions sur la façon dont les employeurs paient les travailleurs domestiques en [province]. Diriez-vous que les travailleurs domestiques sont payés d'une manière qui respecte le droit du travail ? Si non, veuillez décrire. [Sondez sur le salaire minimum (7 075 CFG/jour), le nombre d'heures maximum (9 heures/jour ; 45 heures/semaine), la rémunération des heures supplémentaires, les pauses (au moins 12 heures consécutives de repot pour les femmes), etc.] d. [Si non à 5] Pensez-vous que le gouvernement s'engage à faire en sorte que les employeurs de travailleurs domestiques respectent la législation du travail ? Pourquoi ou pourquoi pas ? e. Les employeurs retiennent-ils parfois les salaires gagnés de leurs travailleurs domestiques ? Si oui, pourquoi ? f. Les travailleurs domestiques sont-ils parfois obligés de travailler pour rembourser une dette à leur employeur ? Si oui, veuillez préciser. i. [Si oui à 5c] Les employeurs manipulent-ils parfois la dette due pour obliger le travailleur domestique à faire quelque chose qu'il ne veut pas faire ? [00:14 – 8 min] 2 3 25. Diriez-vous que les travailleurs domestiques de [province] sont libres de quitter leur emploi à tout moment ? Si non, pourquoi ? [Si les personnes interrogées disent qu'elles ne peuvent pas partir parce qu'elles ont besoin d'argent, demandez-leur si elles seraient libres de partir si l'argent n'était pas un facteur]. [00:22 – 3 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 89 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 26. Les travailleurs domestiques de [province] sont-ils souvent recrutés par un tiers (c'est-à-dire quelqu'un d'autre que leur employeur) ? Si oui, veuillez décrire comment fonctionne ce processus de recrutement. d. [Si oui à 7] Ces recruteurs induisent-ils en erreur ou maltraitent-ils les travailleurs domestiques de quelque manière que ce soit ? Si oui, veuillez décrire. e. [Si oui à 7] Les travailleurs domestiques doivent-ils parfois rembourser une dette au recruteur ? Si oui, veuillez décrire. f. [Si oui à 7] Ces travailleurs domestiques seraient-ils punis par le recruteur s'ils refusaient l'offre d'emploi ? Si oui, veuillez préciser. [00:25 – 5 min] 1 2 3 27. Je vais maintenant poser quelques questions sur les travailleurs domestiques migrants. Est-il courant que les travailleurs domestiques de [province] viennent d'autres régions de la RDC ? Si oui, d'où viennent￾ils? c. [Si oui à 8] Comment se renseignent-ils sur les possibilités d'emploi en [province] ? d. [Si oui à 8] Ces travailleurs domestiques migrants partagent-ils généralement certaines caractéristiques ? Par caractéristiques, j'entends des choses comme l'âge, le sexe, le pays ou la ville d'origine, l'éducation ou la situation familiale. Si oui, veuillez décrire ces caractéristiques communes. [00:30 – 7 min] 90 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 1 2 3 28. Je vais maintenant vous poser quelques questions sur les travailleurs domestiques étrangers. Notez que si vous n'avez pas de connaissances sur les migrants étrangers, nous pouvons passer à la section suivante. Est-il courant que les travailleurs domestiques en [province] viennent de pays autres que la RDC ? Si oui, de quels pays viennent-ils ? c. [Si oui à 9] A votre connaissance, ces travailleurs étrangers entrent-ils légalement en RDC ? iii. [Si non à 9a] Sont-ils généralement conscients qu'ils entrent illégalement en RDC ? En d'autres termes, sont-ils trompés par quelqu'un sur la légalité de leur migration ? Si oui, veuillez préciser. iv. [Si non à 9a] Leurs employeurs ont-ils déjà menacé de les dénoncer aux autorités pour une raison quelconque ? Si oui, veuillez décrire. d. [Si oui à 9] A votre connaissance, les employeurs conservent-ils parfois les documents d'identité de ces travailleurs étrangers ? [35:00 – 5 min] 2 3 10. Est-il courant que les travailleurs domestiques de [province] soient confrontés à des conditions de travail différentes de celles qui leur avaient été annoncées au départ ? Si oui, veuillez décrire. [Sondez sur les changements de responsabilités, de salaires, d'heures, de rémunération des heures supplémentaires, de logement et de lieu de travail] [40:00 – 5 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 91 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 11. Je vais maintenant vous poser quelques questions sur les abus et les menaces auxquels les travailleurs domestiques de [province] peuvent être confrontés. Comme nous l'avons vu précédemment, ces questions peuvent vous amener à vous souvenir de vos propres expériences personnelles et vous pourriez devenir émotif ou bouleversé en conséquence. N'oubliez pas qu'il s'agit d'un entretien de groupe et que nous ne nous attendons pas à ce que vous fassiez part de vos expériences personnelles. Nous souhaitons plutôt que vous fassiez appel à votre connaissance générale du travail en [province] pour décrire certaines situations typiques. Dans quelle mesure est-il courant que des travailleurs domestiques soient victimes de violence physique ou sexuelle de la part de leur employeur ? c. Sur 100 travailleurs domestiques de [province], combien pensez-vous sont victimes d'abus physiques ou sexuels de la part de leur employeur ? iv. [Si 6a > 0] Qui commet généralement l'abus ? v. [Si 6a > 0] Ces abus sont-ils généralement signalés ? Si non, pourquoi ? vi. [Si 6a > 0] La police fait-elle quelque chose en réponse à ces abus ? Si non, pourquoi ? d. Est-il courant que les employeurs menacent les travailleurs domestiques afin de manipuler leur comportement ? Si oui, à quoi ressemblent ces menaces ? [Sondez sur les menaces de : licenciement, violence/abus, préjudice à la famille du travailleur, atteinte à la réputation du travailleur et à ses perspectives d'emploi, retenue du salaire, facturation de frais, heures supplémentaires, privation de nourriture/d'eau, etc.] [45:00 – 8 min] S'il est trop difficile pour les participants de donner des chiffres exacts, l'idée principale est simplement de déterminer dans quelle mesure les participants pensent que le problème est répandu. En tant que personnes ayant effectué du travail domestique, pensent-ils que ce genre de traitement est rare ou courante ? Dans quelle mesure le problème d’abus des travailleurs domestiques est￾il un problème dans leur province ? Cela n'a pas besoin d'être exprimé en chiffres. 92 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 12. A votre connaissance, est-ce que certaines des choses dont nous avons discuté jusqu'à présent diffèrent pour les mineurs (moins de 18 ans) impliqués dans le travail domestique ? Si oui, en quoi diffèrent-elles ? [Sondez sur chaque point du protocole, en particulier ceux liés à la menace de sanction (7 et 11a-b)] a. Dans quelle mesure est-il courant que des enfants (de moins de 18 ans) effectuent des travaux domestiques ? b. A quel âge pensez-vous que la plupart des travailleurs domestiques commencent à faire du travail domestique en [province] ? [57:00 – 7 min] 2 3 13. Les enfants servent-ils généralement de travailleurs domestiques pour un membre de la famille ou quelqu'un d'autre ? Veuillez préciser. [00:64 – 2 min] 2 14. Les enfants gagnent-ils de l'argent en tant que travailleurs domestiques ? Si oui, qui garde l'argent ? [66:00 – 2 min] 2 3 15. De quelles manières, le cas échéant, le fait d'effectuer des travaux domestiques interfère-t-il avec l'éducation d'un enfant ? [00:68 – 2 min] 5 7 16. Quels types de services sociaux sont disponibles pour les travailleurs domestiques en [province] ? Quels sont les noms de certaines organisations et que font-elles ? [Posez des questions sur les services de santé, les services juridiques, la formation professionnelle, la défense des droits des travailleurs, etc.] d. Connaissez-vous des personnes qui ont utilisé l'un de ces services ? x. [Si oui à 17a] Quels services ont-ils utilisés ? xi. [Si oui à 17a] Savez-vous si leur expérience avec ces services a été bonne ou mauvaise ? Pourquoi était-elle [bonne/mauvaise] ? xii.[Si non à 17a] Pourquoi pensez-vous que les travailleurs domestiques n'utilisent pas ces services ? [70:00 – 6 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 93 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 17. Quels sont les types de services sociaux dont ont le plus besoin les travailleurs domestiques en [province] ? [Sondez sur les services de santé, les services juridiques, la formation professionnelle, la défense des droits des travailleurs, etc.] [76:00 – 5 min] 5 7 18. A votre connaissance, le gouvernement de la RDC fait-il quelque chose pour lutter contre l'exploitation ou le travail forcé dans le secteur des services domestiques en [province] ? Si oui, que fait￾il ? a. [Si oui à 19] Quels impacts les actions du gouvernement de la RDC ont-elles sur les travailleurs domestiques de [province] ? Les actions du gouvernement aident-elles ou non les travailleurs de [province] ? Veuillez expliquer. [81:00 – 5 min] 19. Y a-t-il autre chose que quelqu'un souhaite partager avant de conclure notre discussion d'aujourd'hui ? [86:00 – 4 min] Merci d'avoir pris le temps de me parler, j'ai beaucoup appris de notre conversation et vos contributions seront extrêmement précieuses pour notre recherche. 94 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ANNEX 7: FGD GUIDE FOR FORCED LABOR IN ENGLISH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT FGD Protocol for Survivors of Forced Labor Date: Location: Number of participants: Moderator: Notetaker: [READ CONSENT SCRIPT] Thank you for taking the time to participate in this Focus Group Discussion. We are grateful that you are giving us your time. First, let me introduce the team: [facilitator, notetaker, and others should introduce themselves]. The United States Agency for International Development and the International Organization for Migration have partnered with RISD and NORC at the University of Chicago to conduct a research study on the lives of vulnerable workers in the DRC. The goal of this study is to understand what the lives of these vulnerable persons are like, and what kinds of support they need. To this end, we will be asking you to draw on your knowledge of people who have experienced forced labor in [province], including their characteristics, how they ended up in forced labor, what support or services they are receiving, and what additional help they might need. While we will be asking questions about people in general, who have experienced forced labor, there is a risk that some of the questions may lead you to recall your own personal experiences and become emotional or upset as a result. Please know that your well-being is very important to us and if at any point you do not wish to answer a question or continue in the discussion, you are free to not participate, take a break, or leave all together and there will be no consequences. Your participation is entirely voluntary. Deciding not to answer a question or to leave the group won’t have any impact on our relationship or on getting any referrals or services. To help protect your privacy and confidentiality, the study team will not record your name or attribute any responses to you personally. This focus group discussion will take about 90 minutes. We will provide you with a meal at the end of the discussion and will also give you 10,000 CDF (5 USD) to compensate for your time and to facilitate transportation to your respective places of origin in a timely manner. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 95 We are taking extra precautions to adhere to current public health guidelines to minimize COVID-19 related risks. These include: face masks, hand sanitizer, and sitting the required distance apart. Again, if at any time you do not feel comfortable, you are welcome to excuse yourself without any questions or consequences. There are no direct benefits to you for participating in this study. However, in the future, this study may help social services organizations design projects that better meet the needs of people who have experienced forced labor in the DRC. ● Do you have any questions? [Check with each respondent] ● Do you agree to participate? [Get verbal consent from each respondent] Consent obtained by all participants to conduct focus group We would like to audio record this discussion and take notes. The recordings and the notes will not be shared with anyone outside the research team and your names will not be recorded in any way. We hope this makes you feel comfortable to express your ideas freely. If anyone does not want to be audio recorded, there will be no audio recording for this focus group, and only field notes will be taken. Consent obtained by all participants to audio record focus group If you think of any additional questions later, you may contact [RISD team member] at [phone number and email address]. [Start recorder] Before we begin, I would like to go through some basic ground rules: ● First and most important, please be respectful of your fellow participants. This means not interrupting or talking over each other and respecting each other’s opinions or ideas, even when you disagree. This also means keeping everything said here today strictly confidential. Please do not tell anyone outside this room about others’ participation or about the things that they say. We have given each of you a number that we will use to refer to each of you so that your names are not captured by the audio recording or in our notes. We ask each of you to refer to each other by these numbers, as well. ● Second, we chose this focus group format because we want to hear a variety of views and perspectives. Please help me to create space for all people to speak and participate. You are also encouraged to react to and build upon what each other say. This should be an interactive discussion, not a group interview. ● Finally, we have a lot to cover today so it is important that the conversation remain focused on the specific questions and topics of discussion. Please try to keep on point and avoid unrelated tangents. 96 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ICE BREAKER IN PAIRS (5 minutes) Let us begin with an ice breaker. Please turn to the person next to you and take a few minutes to share with each other your favorite song or musical group. [Wait until volume in room is high] Does anyone want to share their partner’s response? DEFINITIONS (5 minutes) Let us begin by going over some definitions. Our discussion will focus on people who have experienced forced labor. By “forced labor”, we mean work that is performed involuntarily and under the menace of any penalty. It refers to situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as manipulated debt, retention of pay or identity papers, or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities. Forced labor can include work that was initially entered into by choice if at some point a recruiter, supervisor, or employer began forcing the employee to perform work, or if they changed the nature of the job without the employee’s consent and did not let the employee leave the job without penalty. Does anyone have any questions about what we mean by forced labor? [Check understanding with each participant] RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 1 2 3 1. First, I am going to ask some questions about the types of people who experience forced labor. To your knowledge, how common is it for people from [province] to experience forced labor? a. [If common] Where do they experience forced labor—within [province] or somewhere else? If somewhere else, where? b. [If common] Do people from [province] experience forced labor in some industries more than others? If so, in which industries is forced labor most common? c. Do people from [province] who experience forced labor commonly share certain characteristics? By characteristics, I mean things like age, sex, hometown, education, or family circumstances. If so, please describe these common characteristics. [00:10 – 7 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 97 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 1 2 3 2. Is it common for people who experience forced labor in [province] to come from other parts of the DRC? If so, where do they come from? a. [If yes to q2] How do they learn about the job opportunity in [province]? b. [If yes to q2] Do these migrant workers commonly share certain characteristics? By characteristics, I mean things like age, sex, hometown, education, or family circumstances. If so, please describe these common characteristics. [00:17 – 7 min] 1 2 3 3. I am now going to ask some questions about foreign migrant workers. Note that if you don’t have knowledge about foreign migrants, we can skip to the next section. Is it common for people who experience forced labor in [province] to come from countries other than the DRC? If so, what countries do they come from? e. [If yes to q3] To your knowledge, do these foreign workers enter the DRC legally? v. [If no to q3a] Are they typically aware that they are entering the DRC illegally? In other words, are they misled by anyone about the legality of their migration? If so, please elaborate. vi. [If no to q3a] Do their employers ever threaten to denounce them to the authorities for any reason? If so, please describe. f. [If yes to q3] To your knowledge, do employers ever retain the identity documents of these foreign workers? [00:24 – 7 min] 98 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 4. How do people who experience forced labor typically learn about the jobs that exploit them? g. Do they often get recruited by a third party (i.e., someone other than their employer)? If so, please describe how this recruitment process works. h. [If yes to q4a] Do these recruiters mislead or abuse the workers in any way? If so, please describe. i. [If yes to q4a] Do these workers ever have to work off a debt owed to the recruiter? If so, please describe. j. [If yes to q4a] Would these workers be punished by the recruiter if they refused the job opportunity? If so, please elaborate. [00:31 – 7 min] 2 3 5. Is it common for workers in [province] to face working conditions different from what they were initially told? If so, please describe. [Probe on change in responsibilities, wages, hours, overtime pay, housing, and location] [00:38 – 5 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 99 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 6. I am now going to ask some questions about abuse and threats that workers in [province] might face. As discussed before, these questions may lead you to recall your own personal experiences and you could become emotional or upset as a result. Please remember—this is a group interview, so we do not expect you to share your personal experiences here. Rather, we want you to draw on your general knowledge of work in [province] to describe some typical situations How common is it for workers in the sectors you have worked in to face physical or sexual abuse by their employer? [Probe on which sector(s) they are talking about when they answer these questions?] e. Out of every 100 workers in [province], about how many do you think face physical or sexual abuse by their recruiter, supervisor, or employer? vii. [If 6a > 0] Who is typically committing the abuse? viii. [If 6a > 0] Do these abuses usually get reported? If not, why? ix. [If 6a > 0] Do the police do anything in response to these abuses? If not, why? f. Is it common for employers to threaten workers in order to manipulate their behavior? If so, what do these threats look like? [Probe on threats of: termination, violence/abuse, harm to the worker’s family, damaging worker’s reputation and future job prospects, withholding pay, charging fees, working extra hours, depriving of food/water, etc.] [00:43 – 8 min] If it is too difficult for participants to give exact numbers, the main idea is simply to determine how prevalent the participants think the problem is. As forced labor survivors, do they think that the kinds of things that they experienced are rare or common? How common of a problem is forced labor in their province? This does not have to be expressed in numbers. Encourage participants to respond based on the sector(s) they have worked in, rather than trying to comment on all sectors. When they provide answers, be sure to note which sector they are talking about with each response. 100 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 7. So far, we have been talking about the forced labor experiences of workers in [province]. To your knowledge, do any of the things we discussed differ for workers in other parts of the country? If so, how do they differ? [00:51 – 5 min] 2 3 8. To your knowledge, do any of the things we discussed so far differ for child (under 18) laborers? If so, how do they differ? [Probe on each item in the protocol, particularly those related to menace of penalty (q4 and 8a-b)] [00:56 – 10 min] 2 9. Do children earn any money as workers? If so, who keeps the money? [00:66 – 5 min] 5 7 10. What types of social services are available to people who have experienced forced labor in [province]? What are the names of some organizations and what do they do? [Probe on health services, legal services, vocational training, labor rights advocacy, etc.] e. Do you know people that have used any of these services? xiii. [If yes to 18a] Which services have they used? xiv. [If yes to 18a Do you know if their experience was good or bad? Why was it [good/bad]? xv.[If no to 18a] Why do you think people don’t use these services? [00:71 – 10 min] 5 7 11. What types of social services are most needed by people who have experienced forced labor in [province]? [Probe on health services, legal services, vocational training, labor rights advocacy, etc.] [00:81 – 5 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 101 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 12. To your knowledge, does the DRC Government do anything to address forced labor in [province]? If so, what do they do? a. [If yes to 13] What impacts do the DRC Government’s actions have on workers in [province]? Do the Government’s actions typically help or not help workers in [province]? Please explain. [00:81 – 5 min] 13. Is there anything else anyone would like to share before we conclude our discussion today? [00:86 – 4 min] Thank you for taking the time to speak with me, I have learned a lot from our conversation and your inputs will be extremely valuable for our research. 102 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ANNEX 8: FGD GUIDE FOR FORCED LABOR IN FRENCH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT Protocole de discussion en groupe pour les survivants du travail forcé Date : Emplacement : Nombre de participants : Modérateur : Preneur de notes : [LIRE LE SCRIPT DE CONSENTEMENT] Merci d'avoir pris le temps de participer à ce groupe de discussion. Nous sommes reconnaissants que vous nous accordiez votre temps. Tout d'abord, laissez-moi vous présenter l'équipe : [l'animateur, le preneur de notes et les autres personnes doivent se présenter]. L'Agence américaine pour le développement international (USAID) et l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) se sont associées à la RISD et au NORC de l'Université de Chicago pour mener une étude sur la vie des travailleurs vulnérables en RDC. L'objectif de cette étude est de comprendre à quoi ressemble la vie de ces personnes vulnérables, et de quels types de soutien elles ont besoin. À cette fin, nous vous demanderons de faire appel à vos connaissances sur les personnes qui ont été victimes du travail forcé en [province], y compris leurs caractéristiques, la façon dont elles se sont retrouvées dans cette situation, le soutien ou les services qu'elles reçoivent et l'aide supplémentaire dont elles pourraient avoir besoin. Bien que nous posions des questions sur les personnes en général qui ont connu le travail forcé, il est possible que certaines questions vous amènent à vous souvenir d’expériences personnelles et que vous deveniez émotif ou bouleversé en conséquence. Sachez que votre bien-être est très important pour nous et que si, à un moment ou à un autre, vous ne souhaitez pas répondre à une question ou poursuivre la discussion, vous êtes libre de le faire sans aucune conséquence sur notre relation ou sur l'obtention de références ou de services. Votre participation est entièrement volontaire. Pour aider à protéger votre vie privée et votre confidentialité, l'équipe d'étude n'enregistrera pas votre nom et ne vous attribuera aucune réponse personnellement. Cette discussion de groupe durera environ 90 minutes. Nous vous fournirons un repas à la fin de la discussion et nous vous remettront également 10 000 CDF ($5 US) pour compenser votre temps et faciliter le transport vers vos lieux d'origine respectifs dans les meilleurs délais. Nous prenons des précautions supplémentaires pour respecter les directives de santé publique actuelles afin de minimiser les risques liés au COVID-19. Ces précautions comprennent : des masques faciaux, du USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 103 désinfectant pour les mains et le respect des gestes barrières. Encore une fois, si vous ne vous sentez pas à l'aise, vous pouvez vous excuser sans aucune question ni conséquence. La participation à cette étude ne présente aucun avantage direct pour vous. Cependant, à l'avenir, cette étude pourrait aider les organisations de services sociaux à concevoir des projets qui répondent mieux aux besoins des personnes qui ont connu le travail forcé en RDC. ● Avez-vous des questions ? [Vérifiez auprès de chaque personne interrogée] ● Acceptez-vous de participer ? [Obtenir le consentement verbal de chaque personne interrogée] Consentement obtenu par tous les participants pour mener le groupe de discussion Nous aimerions enregistrer cette discussion et prendre des notes. Les enregistrements et les notes ne seront communiqués à personne en dehors de l'équipe de recherche et vos noms ne seront en aucun cas enregistrés. Nous espérons que cela vous permettra de vous sentir à l'aise pour exprimer vos idées librement. Si quelqu'un ne veut pas être enregistré, il n'y aura pas d'enregistrement audio pour ce groupe de discussion, et seules des notes de terrain seront prises. Consentement obtenu par tous les participants pour l'enregistrement audio du groupe de discussion Si vous pensez à d'autres questions par la suite, vous pouvez contacter [membre de l'équipe RISD] à [numéro de téléphone et adresse électronique]. [Avant de commencer, je voudrais rappeler quelques règles de base : ● Tout d'abord, et c'est le plus important, soyez respectueux des autres participants. Cela signifie qu'il ne faut pas interrompre, ne pas déranger ou avoir des autres conversations, et qu'il faut respecter les opinions ou les idées des autres, même si vous n'êtes pas d'accord. Cela signifie également que tout ce qui est dit ici aujourd'hui doit rester strictement confidentiel. Ne parlez à personne en dehors de cette salle de la participation des autres ou de ce qu'ils disent. Nous avons attribué à chacun de vous un numéro que nous utiliserons pour faire référence à chacun d'entre vous afin que vos noms ne soient pas mentionnés par l'enregistrement audio ou dans nos notes. Nous vous demandons également de vous référer les uns aux autres par ces numéros. ● Deuxièmement, nous avons choisi ce format de groupe de discussion parce que nous voulons entendre une variété de points de vue et de perspectives. Veuillez m'aider à créer un espace permettant à tous de s'exprimer et de participer. Vous êtes également encouragés à réagir aux propos des autres et à les développer. Il doit s'agir d'une discussion interactive, et non d'un entretien de groupe. 104 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ● Enfin, nous avons beaucoup de choses à couvrir aujourd'hui, il est donc important que la conversation reste centrée sur les questions et les sujets de discussion spécifiques. Essayez de ne pas vous écarter du sujet et d'éviter les tangentes sans rapport. ACTIVITÉ DE PREMIER CONTACT EN PAIRES (5 minutes) Commençons par une activité pour mieux se connaitre. Veuillez vous tourner vers la personne à côté de vous et prenez quelques minutes pour partager avec l'autre votre chanson ou groupe musical préféré. [Attendez que le volume de la pièce soit élevé. Quelqu'un veut-il partager la réponse de son partenaire ? DEFINITIONS (5 minutes) Commençons par passer en revue quelques définitions. Notre discussion portera sur les personnes qui ont fait l'expérience du travail forcé. Par "travail forcé", nous entendons un travail effectué de manière involontaire et sous la menace d'une quelconque sanction. Il s'agit de situations dans lesquelles des personnes sont contraintes de travailler par le recours à la violence ou à l'intimidation, ou par des moyens plus subtils tels que la manipulation de dettes, la rétention de la paie ou des papiers d'identité, ou les menaces de dénonciation aux autorités d'immigration. Le travail forcé peut inclure un travail effectué initialement par choix si, à un moment donné, un recruteur, un superviseur ou un employeur a commencé à forcer l'employé à effectuer un travail, ou s'il a modifié la nature du travail sans le consentement de l'employé et ne l'a pas laissé quitter son emploi sans pénalité. Quelqu'un a-t-il des questions sur ce que nous entendons par travail forcé ? [Vérifiez la compréhension avec chaque participant] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 105 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 1 2 3 14. Tout d'abord, je vais vous poser quelques questions sur les types de personnes qui subissent le travail forcé. A votre connaissance, dans quelle mesure est-il courant que des personnes de [province] soient victimes du travail forcé ? a. [Si fréquent] Où font-ils l'expérience du travail forcé - dans la [province] ou ailleurs ? Si c'est ailleurs, où ? b. [Si fréquent] Les habitants de [province] subissent-ils le travail forcé dans certaines industries plus que d'autres ? Si oui, dans quelles industries le travail forcé est-il le plus courant ? c. Les personnes originaires de [province] qui ont connu le travail forcé partagent-elles certaines caractéristiques ? Par caractéristiques, j'entends des choses comme l'âge, le sexe, la ville natale, l'éducation ou la situation familiale. Si oui, veuillez décrire ces caractéristiques communes. [10:00 – 7 min] 1 2 3 15. Est-il courant que les personnes qui subissent le travail forcé en [province] viennent d'autres régions de la RDC ? Si oui, d'où viennent-elles ? c. [Si oui à 2] Comment se renseignent-ils sur les possibilités d'emploi en [province] ? d. [Si oui à 2] Ces travailleurs migrants partagent-ils généralement certaines caractéristiques ? Par caractéristiques, j'entends des choses comme l'âge, le sexe, la ville d'origine, l'éducation ou la situation familiale. Si oui, veuillez décrire ces caractéristiques communes. [17:00 – 7 min] 106 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 1 2 3 16. Je vais maintenant vous poser quelques questions sur les travailleurs migrants étrangers. Notez que si vous n'avez pas de connaissances sur les migrants étrangers, nous pouvons passer à la section suivante. Est-il courant que les personnes victimes de travail forcé en [province] viennent de pays autres que la RDC ? Si oui, de quels pays viennent-elles ? g. [Si oui à 3] A votre connaissance, ces travailleurs étrangers entrent-ils légalement en RDC ? vii. [Si non à q3a] Sont-ils généralement conscients qu'ils entrent illégalement en RDC ? En d'autres termes, sont-ils trompés par quelqu'un sur la légalité de leur migration ? Si oui, veuillez préciser. viii. [Si non à q3a] Leurs employeurs ont-ils déjà menacé de les dénoncer aux autorités pour une raison quelconque ? Si oui, veuillez décrire. h. [Si oui à 3] A votre connaissance, les employeurs conservent-ils parfois les documents d'identité de ces travailleurs étrangers ? [24:00 – 7 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 107 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 17. Comment les personnes qui subissent le travail forcé apprennent-elles généralement à connaître les emplois qui les exploitent ? k. Sont-ils souvent recrutés par un tiers (c'est￾à-dire quelqu'un d'autre que leur employeur) ? Si oui, veuillez décrire comment fonctionne ce processus de recrutement. l. [Si oui à 4a] Ces recruteurs induisent-ils les travailleurs en erreur ou les maltraitent-ils de quelque manière que ce soit ? Si oui, veuillez les décrire. m. [Si oui à 4a] Ces travailleurs ont-ils déjà dû rembourser une dette au recruteur ? Si oui, veuillez décrire. n. [Si oui à 4a] Ces travailleurs seraient-ils punis par le recruteur s'ils refusaient l'offre d'emploi ? Si oui, veuillez préciser. [31:00 – 7 min] 2 3 18. Est-il courant que les travailleurs de [province] soient confrontés à des conditions de travail différentes de celles qui leur avaient été annoncées au départ ? Si oui, veuillez décrire. [Sondez sur les changements de responsabilités, de salaires, d'heures, de rémunération des heures supplémentaires, de logement et de lieu de travail] [38:00 – 5 min] 108 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV 2 3 19. Je vais maintenant vous poser quelques questions sur les abus et les menaces auxquels les travailleurs de [province] peuvent être confrontés. Comme nous l'avons vu précédemment, ces questions peuvent vous amener à vous souvenir de vos propres expériences personnelles et vous pourriez devenir émotif ou bouleversé en conséquence. N'oubliez pas qu'il s'agit d'un entretien de groupe et que nous ne nous attendons pas à ce que vous fassiez part de vos expériences personnelles. Nous souhaitons plutôt que vous fassiez appel à votre connaissance générale du travail en [province] pour décrire certaines situations typiques Dans quelle mesure est-il courant que des travailleurs des secteurs dans lesquels vous avez été impliqués soient victimes de violence physique ou sexuelle de la part de leur employeur ? [Sondez de quel(s) secteur(s) ils parlent lorsqu'ils répondent à ces questions ?] g. Sur 100 travailleurs de [province], combien pensez-vous sont victimes d'abus physiques ou sexuels de la part de leur recruteur, superviseur ou employeur ? x. [Si 6a > 0] Qui commet généralement l'abus ? xi. [Si 6a > 0] Ces abus sont-ils généralement signalés ? Si non, pourquoi ? xii. [Si 6a > 0] La police fait-elle quelque chose en réponse à ces abus ? Si non, pourquoi ? h. Est-il courant que les employeurs menacent les travailleurs afin de manipuler leur comportement ? Si oui, à quoi ressemblent ces menaces ? [Sondez sur les menaces de : licenciement, violence/abus, préjudice à la famille du travailleur, atteinte à la réputation du travailleur et à ses perspectives d'emploi, retenue du salaire, facturation de frais, heures supplémentaires, privation de nourriture/d'eau, etc.] [43:00 – 8 min] S'il est trop difficile pour les participants de donner des chiffres exacts, l'idée principale est simplement de déterminer dans quelle mesure les participants pensent que le problème est répandu. En tant que survivants du travail forcé, pensent-ils que le genre de choses qu'ils ont vécues sont rares ou courantes ? Dans quelle mesure le problème du travail forcé est￾il un problème dans leur province ? Cela n'a pas besoin d'être exprimé en chiffres. Encouragez les participants à répondre en fonction du ou des secteurs dans lesquels ils ont travaillé, plutôt que d'essayer de commenter sur tous les secteurs. Lorsqu'ils USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 109 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes fournissent des réponses, assurez-vous de noter de quel secteur ils parlent avec chaque réponse. 2 3 20. Jusqu'à présent, nous avons parlé des expériences de travail forcé des travailleurs de [province]. À votre connaissance, est-ce que certaines des choses dont nous avons discuté diffèrent pour les travailleurs d'autres régions du pays ? Si oui, en quoi diffèrent-elles ? [51:00 – 5 min] 2 3 21. A votre connaissance, est-ce que certaines des choses dont nous avons discuté jusqu'à présent diffèrent pour les enfants (moins de 18 ans) qui travaillent ? Si oui, en quoi diffèrent-elles ? [Sondez sur chaque point du protocole, en particulier ceux liés à la menace de sanction (q4 et 8a-b)] [56:00 – 10 min] 2 22. Les enfants gagnent-ils de l'argent en tant que travailleurs ? Si oui, qui garde l'argent ? [66:00 – 5 min] 5 7 23. Quels types de services sociaux sont disponibles pour les personnes qui ont connu le travail forcé en [province] ? Quels sont les noms de certaines organisations et que font-elles ? [Posez des questions sur les services de santé, les services juridiques, la formation professionnelle, la défense des droits des travailleurs, etc.] f. Connaissez-vous des personnes qui ont utilisé l'un de ces services ? xvi. [Si oui à 10a] Quels services ont-ils utilisés ? [Si oui à 10a] Savez-vous si leur expérience avec ces services a été bonne ou mauvaise ? Pourquoi était-elle [bonne/mauvaise] ? xvii. [Si non à 10a] Pourquoi pensez-vous que les gens n'utilisent pas ces services ? [71:00 – 10 min] 110 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 24. Quels sont les types de services sociaux dont ont le plus besoin les personnes qui ont connu le travail forcé en [province] ? [Sondez sur les services de santé, les services juridiques, la formation professionnelle, la défense des droits des travailleurs, etc.] [81:00 – 5 min] 5 7 25. A votre connaissance, le gouvernement de la RDC fait-il quelque chose pour lutter contre le travail forcé en [province] ? Si oui, que fait-il ? a. [Si oui à 12] Quels impacts les actions du gouvernement de la RDC ont-elles sur les travailleurs de [province] ? Les actions du gouvernement aident-elles ou non les travailleurs de [province] ? Veuillez expliquer. [86:00 – 5 min] 26. Y a-t-il autre chose que quelqu'un souhaite partager avant de conclure notre discussion d'aujourd'hui ? [91:00 – 4 min] Merci d'avoir pris le temps de me parler, j'ai beaucoup appris de notre conversation et vos contributions seront extrêmement précieuses pour notre recherche. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 111 ANNEX 9: FGD GUIDE FOR FORCED COMBAT SURVIVORS IN ENGLISH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT FGD Protocol for Forced Combat Survivors Date: Location: Number of participants: Moderator: Notetaker: [READ CONSENT SCRIPT] Thank you for taking the time to participate in this Focus Group Discussion. We are grateful that you are giving us your time. First, let me introduce the team: [facilitator, notetaker, and others should introduce themselves]. The United States Agency for International Development and the International Organization for Migration have partnered with RISD and NORC at the University of Chicago to conduct a research study on the lives of vulnerable workers in the DRC, including youth associated with armed groups. The goal of this study is to understand what the lives of these youth are like, and what kinds of support they need. To this end, we will be asking you to draw on your knowledge of youth associated with armed groups in [province], including their characteristics, how they were recruited into the armed group, what support or services they are receiving, and what additional help they might need. While we will be asking questions about youth in general, there is a risk that some of the questions may lead you to recall your own personal experiences and become emotional or upset as a result. Please know that your well-being is very important to us and if at any point you do not wish to answer a question or continue in the discussion, you are free to not participate, take a break, or leave all together and there will be no consequences. Your participation is entirely voluntary. Deciding not to answer a question or to leave the group won’t have any impact on our relationship or on getting any referrals or services. To help protect your privacy and confidentiality, the study team will not record your name or attribute any responses to you personally. This focus group discussion will take about 90 minutes. We will provide you with a meal at the end of the discussion and will also give you 10,000 CDF (5 USD) to compensate for your time and to facilitate transportation to your respective places of origin in a timely manner. 112 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV We are taking extra precautions to adhere to current public health guidelines to minimize COVID-19 related risks. These include: face masks, hand sanitizer, and sitting the required distance apart. Again, if at any time you do not feel comfortable, you are welcome to excuse yourself without any questions or consequences. There are no direct benefits to you for participating in this study. However in the future, this study may help social services organizations design projects that better meet the needs of youth who have been associated with an armed group. ● Do you have any questions? [Check with each respondent] ● Do you agree to participate? [Get verbal consent from each respondent] We would like to audio record this discussion and take notes. The recordings and the notes will not be shared with anyone outside the research team and your names will not be recorded in any way. We hope this makes you feel comfortable to express your ideas freely. If anyone does not want to be audio recorded, there will be no audio recording for this focus group, and only field notes will be taken. ● Will you allow us to record this discussion? [Check with each respondent] Consent obtained by all participants to conduct interview Consent obtained by all participants to audio record interview [Start recorder] Before we begin, I would like to go through some basic ground rules: ● First and most important, please be respectful of your fellow participants. This means not interrupting or talking over each other and respecting each other’s opinions or ideas, even when you disagree. This also means keeping everything said here today strictly confidential. Please do not tell anyone outside this room about others’ participation or about the things that they say. We have given each of you a number that we will use to refer to each of you so that your names are not captured by the audio recording or in our notes. We ask each of you to refer to each other by these numbers, as well. ● Second, we chose this focus group format because we want to hear a variety of views and perspectives. Please help me to create space for all people to speak and participate. You are also encouraged to react to and build upon what each other say. This should be an interactive discussion, not a group interview. ● Finally, we have a lot to cover today so it is important that the conversation remain focused on the specific questions and topics of discussion. Please try to keep on point and avoid unrelated tangents. ICE BREAKER IN PAIRS (5 minutes) Let us begin with an ice breaker. Please turn to the person next to you and take a few minutes to share with each other your favorite song or musical group. [Wait until volume in room is high] Does anyone want to share their partner’s response? USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 113 DEFINITIONS (5 minutes) Let us begin by going over some definitions. A youth associated with an armed group refers to any person below 18 years of age who is or who has been recruited or used by an armed group in any capacity. This can include children who were abducted by armed groups, children who joined armed groups voluntarily, and children who do tasks for armed groups, including cooks, porters, messengers, spies or for sexual purposes. This definition includes both boys and girls who may be associated with armed groups. Does anyone have any questions on what we mean by “youth associated with an armed group”? Can someone tell me in their own words what we mean by “youth associated with an armed group” in this group discussion? [Check understanding with each participant R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes a. 7 23. What types of services are available [in province] to help youth leave an armed group if they want to? g. [If any services mentioned to q1] Do you know youth who have been associated with an armed group that have used any of these services? xviii. [If yes to q1a] Which services have they used? xix. [If yes to q1a] Do you know if their experience with these services was good or bad? Why was it [good/bad]? xx. [If no to q1a] Why do you think youth associated with armed groups don’t use these services? [10:00 – 10 min] 114 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 7 24. What types of social services are available to youth in [province] who have left an armed group? What are the names of some organizations and what do they do? [Probe on health/reproductive services, counseling or mental health services, shelters or housing, legal services, education or vocational training, economic support] a. Do you know youth who have left an armed group that have used any of these services? i. [If yes to q2a] Which services have they used? ii. [If yes to q2a] Do you know if their experience with these services was good or bad? Why was it [good/bad]? iii. [If no to q2a] Why do you think youth who have left an armed group don’t use these services? [20:00 – 10 min] 9 25. What types of social services are most needed by youth in [province] who have been associated with an armed group? [Probe on health/reproductive services, counseling or mental health services, shelters or housing, legal services, vocational training] c. Do youth in [province] who have been associated with an armed group typically access these most needed social services? Why or why not? [30:00 – 8 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 115 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 26. Does the government do anything to address the issue of youth associated with armed groups in [province]? f. [If yes to q4] What do they do to address the issue of youth associated with armed groups? i. How do these actions impact youth associated with armed groups? g. [If no to q4] Why not? [38:00 – 10 min] 2 3 27. Are any persons or entities involved in initially recruiting youth into armed groups? e. [If yes to q58] Can you describe the types of persons or entities involved in recruiting youth into an armed group? f. [If yes to q5] What do they do to initially recruit youth into armed groups? [Probe for each person/entity mentioned in q8a] g. [If yes to q5] Do the people or methods used to recruit youth into armed groups differ depending on the role they are recruiting for (e.g., fighters vs. sexual roles vs. support roles, like messengers, porters, or cooks)? i. [If yes to q5c] Who is involved in recruiting youth for each of these roles (fighters; sexual roles; support roles, like messengers, porters, or cooks)? ii. [If yes to q5c] What do they do to recruit youth for each of these roles (fighters; sexual roles; support roles, like messengers, porters, or cooks)? [48:00 – 10 min] When asking participants to describe the people or entities involved in recruiting youth, focus the discussion on the TYPES of people/entities involved rather than on the specific names. For example, is there a particular role/title within the armed group that tends to be in charge of recruiting? 116 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 28. What other factors (other than the recruiter) might contribute to youth in [province] becoming associated with an armed group? [Probe/ask for more thoughts/ideas on this to ensure comprehensive data; however, do NOT encourage respondents to tell their personal story] a. Remember there are many ways children can be associated with an armed group. What factors might contribute to youth/children becoming fighters in an armed group? b. What factors might contribute to youth/children becoming associated with an armed group in roles like messengers, porters, and cooks? c. What factors might contribute to young women and girls becoming associated with an armed group as “wives” or in sexual roles? [58:00 – 10 min] The “factors” we are interested in here are the contextual factors or other things happening in the youth’s life that may increase their likelihood of joining an armed group, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Possible contextual factors could include: relationship with family; family’s access to basic necessities; education/employmen t status (in/out of school, working/not working); where they’re living (urban/rural); and more. The underlying assumption is that there may be other drivers, beyond the recruiters themselves, that lead children to become associated with armed groups. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 117 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 1 29. At what age do you think most youth are recruited into an armed group in [province]? c. Do you think the age is different for boys vs. girls? a.[If yes in q7a] At what age do you think most boys are recruited into an armed group? b.[If yes in q7a] At what age do you think most girls are recruited into an armed group? [68:00 – 7 min] 9 30. What do you think can be done to prevent youth from being forced to associate with armed groups? a. Do you think different methods of preventing children from being forced to associate with armed groups are needed for different roles (fighters; sexual roles; support roles, like messengers, porters, or cooks)? i. [If yes to q8a] What do you think can be done to prevent children from being forced to become fighters in armed groups? ii. [If yes to q8a] What do you think can be done to prevent children from being forced into sexual roles in armed groups? iii. [If yes to q8a] What do you think can be done to prevent children from being forced to into support roles in armed groups? [75:00 – 10 min] Responses may be related to things by the government, NGOs, families, communities, or any other entities respondents think could influence youth. 31. Is there anything else anyone would like to share before we conclude our discussion today? [85:00 – 5 min] Thank you for taking the time to speak with me, I have learned a lot from our conversation and your inputs will be extremely valuable for our research. 118 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ANNEX 10: FGD GUIDE FOR FORCED COMBAT SURVIVORS IN FRENCH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT Protocole de discussion en groupe pour les survivants du combat forcé Date : Emplacement : Nombre de participants : Modérateur : Preneur de notes : [LIRE LE SCRIPT DE CONSENTEMENT] Merci d'avoir pris le temps de participer à ce groupe de discussion. Nous sommes reconnaissants que vous nous accordiez votre temps. Tout d'abord, laissez-moi vous présenter l'équipe : [l'animateur, le preneur de notes et les autres personnes doivent se présenter]. L'Agence américaine pour le développement international (USAID) et l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) se sont associées à la RISD et au NORC de l'Université de Chicago pour mener une étude sur la vie des travailleurs vulnérables en RDC, notamment les jeunes associés avec les groupes armés. L'objectif de cette étude est de comprendre à quoi ressemble la vie de ces jeunes, et de quels types de soutien elles ont besoin. À cette fin, nous vous demanderons de faire appel à vos connaissances sur les jeunes associés avec les groupes armés en [province], y compris leurs caractéristiques, la façon dont ils ont été recrutés dans les groupes armés, le soutien ou les services qu'ils reçoivent et l'aide supplémentaire dont ils pourraient avoir besoin. Bien que nous posions des questions sur les jeunes en général, il est possible que certaines questions vous amènent à vous souvenir d’expériences personnelles et que vous deveniez émotif ou bouleversé en conséquence. Sachez que votre bien-être est très important pour nous et que si, à un moment ou à un autre, vous ne souhaitez pas répondre à une question ou poursuivre la discussion, vous êtes libre de le faire sans aucune conséquence sur notre relation ou sur l'obtention de références ou de services. Votre participation est entièrement volontaire. Pour aider à protéger votre vie privée et votre confidentialité, l'équipe d'étude n'enregistrera pas votre nom et ne vous attribuera aucune réponse personnellement. Cette discussion de groupe durera environ 90 minutes. Nous vous fournirons un repas à la fin de la discussion et nous vous remettront également 10 000 CDF ($5 US) pour compenser votre temps et faciliter le transport vers vos lieux d'origine respectifs dans les meilleurs délais. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 119 Nous prenons des précautions supplémentaires pour respecter les directives de santé publique actuelles afin de minimiser les risques liés au COVID-19. Ces précautions comprennent : des masques faciaux, du désinfectant pour les mains et le respect des gestes barrières. Encore une fois, si vous ne vous sentez pas à l'aise, vous pouvez vous excuser sans aucune question ni conséquence. La participation à cette étude ne présente aucun avantage direct pour vous. Cependant, à l'avenir, cette étude pourrait aider les organisations de services sociaux à concevoir des projets qui répondent mieux aux besoins des jeunes qui ont été associés avec un groupe armé. ● Avez-vous des questions ? [Vérifiez auprès de chaque personne interrogée] ● Acceptez-vous de participer ? [Obtenir le consentement verbal de chaque personne interrogée] Consentement obtenu par tous les participants pour mener le groupe de discussion Nous aimerions enregistrer cette discussion et prendre des notes. Les enregistrements et les notes ne seront communiqués à personne en dehors de l'équipe de recherche et vos noms ne seront en aucun cas enregistrés. Nous espérons que cela vous permettra de vous sentir à l'aise pour exprimer vos idées librement. Si quelqu'un ne veut pas être enregistré, il n'y aura pas d'enregistrement audio pour ce groupe de discussion, et seules des notes de terrain seront prises. Consentement obtenu par tous les participants pour l'enregistrement audio du groupe de discussion Si vous pensez à d'autres questions par la suite, vous pouvez contacter [membre de l'équipe RISD] à [numéro de téléphone et adresse électronique]. [Avant de commencer, je voudrais rappeler quelques règles de base : ● Tout d'abord, et c'est le plus important, soyez respectueux des autres participants. Cela signifie qu'il ne faut pas interrompre, ne pas déranger ou avoir des autres conversations, et qu'il faut respecter les opinions ou les idées des autres, même si vous n'êtes pas d'accord. Cela signifie également que tout ce qui est dit ici aujourd'hui doit rester strictement confidentiel. Ne parlez à personne en dehors de cette salle de la participation des autres ou de ce qu'ils disent. Nous avons attribué à chacun de vous un numéro que nous utiliserons pour faire référence à chacun d'entre vous afin que vos noms ne soient pas mentionnés par l'enregistrement audio ou dans nos notes. Nous vous demandons également de vous référer les uns aux autres par ces numéros. ● Deuxièmement, nous avons choisi ce format de groupe de discussion parce que nous voulons entendre une variété de points de vue et de perspectives. Veuillez m'aider à créer un espace permettant à tous de s'exprimer et de participer. Vous êtes également encouragés à réagir aux propos des autres et à les développer. Il doit s'agir d'une discussion interactive, et non d'un entretien de groupe. 120 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ● Enfin, nous avons beaucoup de choses à couvrir aujourd'hui, il est donc important que la conversation reste centrée sur les questions et les sujets de discussion spécifiques. Essayez de ne pas vous écarter du sujet et d'éviter les tangentes sans rapport. ACTIVITÉ DE PREMIER CONTACT EN PAIRES (5 minutes) Commençons par une activité pour mieux se connaitre. Veuillez vous tourner vers la personne à côté de vous et prenez quelques minutes pour partager avec l'autre votre chanson ou groupe musical préféré. [Attendez que le volume de la pièce soit élevé. Quelqu'un veut-il partager la réponse de son partenaire ? DEFINITIONS (5 minutes) Examinons maintenant quelques définitions importantes pour la discussion. Un jeune associé à un groupe armé désigne toute personne âgée de moins de 18 ans qui est ou qui a été recrutée ou utilisée par un groupe armé à quelque titre que ce soit. Cela peut inclure des enfants qui ont été enlevés par des groupes armés, des enfants qui ont rejoint volontairement des groupes armés et des enfants qui effectuent des tâches pour des groupes armés, notamment des cuisiniers, des porteurs, des messagers, des espions ou à des fins sexuelles. Cette définition inclut à la fois les garçons et les filles qui peuvent être associés à des groupes armés. Quelqu'un a-t-il des questions sur ce que nous entendons par « jeunes associés à un groupe armé » ? Quelqu'un peut-il me dire dans ses propres mots ce que nous entendons par « jeunes associés à un groupe armé » dans cette discussion de groupe ? [Vérifier la compréhension avec chaque participant] R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 7 32. Quels types de services sont disponibles [dans la province] pour aider les jeunes à quitter un groupe armé s'ils le souhaitent? h. [Si des services sont mentionnés en 1] Connaissez-vous des jeunes ayant été associés à un groupe armé qui ont utilisé l'un de ces services ? xxi. [Si oui à 1a] Quels services ont-ils utilisés ? xxii. [Si oui à 1a] Savez-vous si leur expérience avec ces services a été bonne ou mauvaise ? Pourquoi était-elle [bonne/mauvaise] ? xxiii. [Si non à 1a] Pourquoi pensez￾vous que les jeunes associés aux groupes armés n'utilisent pas ces services ? [10:00 – 10 min] USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 121 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 33. Quels types de services sociaux sont disponibles pour les jeunes de [province] qui ont quitté un groupe armé ? Quels sont les noms de certaines organisations et que font-elles ? [Sondez sur les services de santé et de santé reproductive, les services de conseil ou de santé mentale, les abris ou le logement, les services juridiques, l’éducation ou la formation professionnelle, le soutient économique] a. Connaissez-vous des jeunes ayant quitté un groupe armé qui ont utilisé l'un de ces services ? xxiv. [Si oui à 2a] Quels services ont-ils utilisés ? xxv. [Si oui à 2a] Savez-vous si leur expérience avec ces services a été bonne ou mauvaise ? Pourquoi était-elle [bonne/mauvaise] ? xxvi. [Si non à 2a] Pourquoi pensez￾vous que les jeunes ayant quitté un groupe armé n'utilisent pas ces services ? [20:00 – 10 min] 5 7 34. Quels types de services sociaux sont les plus nécessaires aux jeunes de [province] qui ont quitté un groupe armé ? [Sondez sur les services de santé et de santé reproductive, les services de conseil ou de santé mentale, les abris ou le logement, les services juridiques, la formation professionnelle] d. Les jeunes de [province] qui ont été impliqués avec un groupe armé accèdent-ils généralement à ces services sociaux les plus nécessaires ? Pourquoi ou pourquoi pas ? [30:00 – 8 min] 122 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 35. Le gouvernement fait-il quelque chose pour résoudre le problème des jeunes associés avec des groupes armés en [province] ? h. [Si oui à 4] Que fait-il pour traiter la question des jeunes associés avec des groupes armés ? i. Quel est l’impact de ces actions sur les jeunes associés avec des groupes armés ? i. [Si oui à 4] Quels agences gouvernementales s’attaquent au problème des jeunes associés avec des groupes armés en [province] ? j. [Si non à 4] Pourquoi pas ? [38:00 – 10 min] Par « gouvernement » et « agences gouvernementales », nous entendons la police, les services sociaux, certaines agences spécialisées, etc. mais aussi toutes activités des gouvernements locaux (provinciaux, communaux, etc.) USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 123 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 36. Des personnes ou des entités sont-elles impliquées dans le recrutement initial de jeunes dans des groupes armés ? h. [Si oui à 5] Pouvez-vous décrire les types de personnes ou entités impliquées dans le recrutement de jeunes dans des groupes armés ? i. [Si oui à 5] Que font-ils pour recruter initialement des jeunes dans les groupes armés ? [Sondez pour chaque personne/entité mentionnée à q7a] j. [Si oui à 5] Les personnes ou les méthodes utilisées pour recruter des jeunes dans les groupes armés diffèrent-elles en fonction du rôle pour lequel ils recrutent (ex., combattants par rapport aux rôles sexuels par rapport aux rôles de soutien, comme les messagers, les porteurs ou les cuisiniers) ? i. [Si oui à 5c] Qui est impliqué dans le recrutement des jeunes pour chacun de ces rôles (combattants ; rôles sexuels ; rôles de soutien, comme les messagers, les porteurs ou les cuisiniers) ? ii. [Si oui à 5c] Que font-ils pour recruter des jeunes pour chacun de ces rôles (combattants ; rôles sexuels ; rôles de soutien, comme messagers, porteurs ou cuisiniers) ? [48:00 – 10 min] Lorsque vous demandez aux participants de décrire les personnes ou entités impliquées dans le recrutement des jeunes, concentrez la discussion sur les TYPES de personnes/entités impliquées plutôt que sur des noms spécifiques. Par exemple, y a-t-il un rôle/titre particulier au sein du groupe armé qui tend à être en charge du recrutement ? 124 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 2 3 37. Quels autres facteurs (autres que le recruteur) pourraient contribuer à ce que les jeunes de [province] soient associés à un groupe armé ? [Sondez /demandez plus de réflexions/idées à ce sujet pour garantir des données complètes ; cependant, n'encouragez PAS les répondants à raconter leur histoire personnelle] d. N'oubliez pas qu'il existe de nombreuses façons d'associer les enfants à un groupe armé. Quels facteurs pourraient contribuer à ce que les jeunes/enfants deviennent des combattants dans un groupe armé ? e. Quels facteurs pourraient contribuer à ce que les jeunes/enfants soient associés à un groupe armé dans des rôles tels que messagers, porteurs et cuisiniers ? f. Quels facteurs pourraient contribuer à ce que des jeunes femmes et des filles soient associées à un groupe armé en tant qu’ « épouses » ou dans des rôles sexuels ? [58:00 – 10 min] Les « facteurs » qui nous intéressent ici sont les facteurs contextuels ou d'autres événements qui se produisent dans la vie du jeune et qui peuvent augmenter sa probabilité de rejoindre un groupe armé, que ce soit volontairement ou involontairement. Les facteurs contextuels possibles pourraient inclure : la relation avec la famille ; l'accès de la famille aux produits de première nécessité ; statut scolaire/professionnel (scolarisé/non scolarisé, actif/inactif) ; où ils vivent (urbain/rural); et plus. L'hypothèse sous￾jacente est qu'il peut y avoir d'autres facteurs, au-delà des recruteurs eux-mêmes, qui poussent les enfants à s'associer à des groupes armés. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 125 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 1 38. À quel âge pensez-vous que la plupart des jeunes sont recrutés dans un groupe armé en [province] ? d. Pensez-vous que l'âge est différent pour les garçons et les filles ? a.[Si oui à 7a] À quel âge pensez￾vous que la plupart des garçons sont recrutés dans un groupe armé? b.[Si oui à 7a] À quel âge pensez￾vous que la plupart des filles sont recrutés dans un groupe armé ? [68:00 – 7 min] 3 39. Qu'est-ce qui rend les enfants les plus vulnérables au fait d'être forcés à rejoindre des groupes armés ? a. Pensez-vous que différentes méthodes pour empêcher les enfants d'être forcés de s'associer à des groupes armés sont nécessaires pour différents rôles (combattants ; rôles sexuels ; rôles de soutien, comme messagers, porteurs ou cuisiniers) ? i. [Si oui à 8a] Selon vous, que peut￾on faire pour empêcher que des enfants ne soient forcés de devenir des combattants dans des groupes armés ? ii. [Si oui à 8a] Selon vous, que peut￾on faire pour empêcher les enfants d'être contraints à des rôles sexuels dans des groupes armés ? iii. [Si oui à 8a] Selon vous, que peut￾on faire pour empêcher que les enfants ne soient contraints d'assumer des rôles de soutien dans les groupes armés ? [75:00 – 10 min] Les réponses peuvent être liées à des éléments du gouvernement, des ONG, des familles, des communautés ou de toute autre entité que les répondants pensent pouvoir influencer les jeunes. 126 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 9 40. Selon vous, que peut-on faire pour empêcher les jeunes d'être forcés à combattre ? [75:00 – 10 min] Peux être des services (gouvernement, ONG, communautaires), des actions de la famille ou de la communauté, etc. 41. Y a-t-il autre chose que quelqu'un souhaite partager avant de conclure notre discussion d'aujourd'hui ? [85:00 – 5 min] Merci d'avoir pris le temps de me parler, j'ai beaucoup appris de notre conversation et vos contributions seront extrêmement précieuses pour notre recherche. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 127 ANNEX 11: KII GUIDE FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS International Organization Key Informant Interview Protocol Respondent name: Respondent title: Affiliation: Interviewer name: Date of interview: [READ CONSENT SCRIPT] Hello and thank you for taking the time to speak with me today. My name is [name] and I am a [position] with RISD, an independent research firm in the DRC. We are working with NORC at the University of Chicago, in partnership with the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), to document current programming and institutional knowledge, attitudes, and practices around human trafficking. This project is intended to supplement USAID/DRC’s and IOM’s “Countering Trafficking in Persons” activity. That activity provides support to the national Agency for the Prevention and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons (APLTP) in order to increase investigation and prosecution of traffickers; increase protection for victims of trafficking; and increase the APLTP’s capacity to collect human trafficking data and set effective counter-trafficking policies. This interview will take about an hour. Your decision to take part in this interview is voluntary. You are welcome to skip any questions or stop the interview at any time. However, your responses are important to this study, and we hope you will be able and willing to participate fully. All of your responses will be kept confidential and shared only with the research team. Therefore, we will never attribute any responses to you personally although we may report on the institution you represent. Do you have any questions about this interview? Do you consent to participate? If you allow us to, we would like to record this interview to ensure accuracy. However, your name will not appear on the recording, or on the corresponding transcript. Do you consent to be recorded? Consent obtained to conduct interview Consent obtained to audio record interview 128 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV NOTE: All top/parent questions must be asked; sub-questions highlighted in yellow must be asked directly if not fully answered under the parent question. R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 1. Please tell me about the work of your institution as it relates to human trafficking in the DRC. a. What forms of human trafficking are you focused on? This question should be asked of APLTP committee members only (not staff). Ask about their primary organization, not APLTP. 5 7 2. Please tell me about your role within this institution. a. How long have you been working in this institution? b. How long have you been in your current role? If the respondent is not involved in any work related to human trafficking in the DRC, ask them if there is someone in their organization who is better suited to answer the questions and end the interview. Human Trafficking Knowledge, Trainings, and Resources 4 Now we are going to discuss your knowledge around human trafficking. When we discuss human trafficking, please note that we are referring to all forms of human trafficking. 3. How would you define human trafficking? a. What would you consider to be some different forms of human trafficking? Low priority for IOs not directly involved in the APLTP USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 129 1 2 3 4 To ensure consistency, I am going to provide an international definition of trafficking in persons which I would like us to use for the interview. We understand there are local differences in definitions and laws regarding human trafficking but would like to use the following definition at first: Trafficking in persons includes sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age. It also includes the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Notably, a victim need not be physically transported from one location to another for a crime to be considered TIP. 4. To the best of your knowledge, how common is human trafficking in the DRC? a. What are some common forms of human trafficking in the DRC? b. How does the prevalence of human trafficking vary by region? c. Are there any areas that you consider to be “hotspots” for human trafficking? What is it about these areas that makes them hotspots? d. Do trafficking victims typically come from locations (sources) other than where they are being exploited (destinations)? If so, where do they come from? i. Are there third parties facilitating victim recruitment and transport? If so, please describe. e. Which populations are most at risk of human trafficking? f. What are some of the common or shared characteristics of trafficking victims or survivors? For example, age, gender identity, ethnicity, or religious affiliation? i. Do these characteristics vary by region or hotspot? In what ways? High priority "Region" may refer to provinces, cities, towns or any other geographic area where they know of differences in prevalence of human trafficking. 130 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes ii. Do these characteristics vary by the form of trafficking? In what ways? g. Which economic sectors are most affected by forced labor and labor trafficking? 4 5. Are you familiar with the International Labour Organization’s forced labor indicators? a. If so, which indicators are you most familiar with? Low priority for IOs not directly involved in the APLTP 4 6. Please tell me about any meetings or trainings you have attended in the last 12 months that addressed issues related to human trafficking in the DRC. (Probe: Was human trafficking in the DRC the focus of the meetings?) a. How often do you attend such meetings or trainings? b. What were the themes/topics discussed at these meetings or trainings? c. Which meetings/trainings did you find most helpful? How did these meetings/trainings improve your knowledge of human trafficking issues? d. Did your institution require you to attend any of these meetings/trainings? i. [If yes] Which ones? Why? ii. [If no] Why not? Probes are low priority. Skip if time is short. 4 7. Where do you, or others in your institution find information about human trafficking? Low priority Human Trafficking Practices/Challenges 5 6 7 I would like to know more about how your institution identifies and addresses cases of human trafficking in the DRC. 8. In your opinion, what is your institution’s role or responsibility in identifying, addressing, and preventing cases of human trafficking in the DRC? High priority Practices/Challenges Related to Monitoring and Data Collection USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 131 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 6 7 9. Does your institution have a dedicated department or effort that monitors for human trafficking in the DRC? [If yes, ask following probes] a. When was this established? b. What forms of human trafficking are monitored? (Forced labor/labor trafficking of adults or children, commercial sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, forced combat, forced marriage, the worst forms of child labor) i. Does your organization have or have access to a system that alerts you or helps you identify instances of human trafficking? ii. Are there mechanisms in place to encourage/facilitate the reporting of cases by trafficking victims, themselves, or by their relatives or others? If so, what are they? c. What regions (provinces, territories, cities, etc.) are covered by the data collected? d. How are these monitoring activities funded? e. How is this information collected and documented? (Field visits, surveys) f. How frequently is this information collected? (Daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, etc.) g. Which legal frameworks, or other guiding principles, inform human trafficking monitoring practices at your organization? h. How is this data analyzed and used? i. How is this data disseminated? To whom? (Report, aggregated data, meeting). High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in monitoring for human trafficking. 132 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 6 10. What types of challenges do you encounter when collecting data on human trafficking in the DRC? a. How do these challenges differ by the form of human trafficking (forced labor/labor trafficking, domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, forced combat, forced marriage, and the worst forms of child labor, etc.)? b. Thinking specifically about collecting data on forced labor/labor trafficking issues, how do these challenges differ by different labor sectors? (Mining, agriculture, domestic work, construction, energy, fishing, hospitality, manufacturing, etc.) c. Do these challenges differ in monitoring forced labor and labor trafficking issues? How? d. What types of human trafficking monitoring activities would you like to implement, but are unable to? High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in collecting data on human trafficking. Practices Related to Identifying/Investigating, and Providing Social Services to Cases of Human Trafficking USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 133 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 6 7 11. Please describe the course of action at your organization following discovery of a potential human trafficking case in the DRC. a. What policies/protocols/standard operating procedures are in place to guide activities? b. Who are you required to inform? Who else is informed? c. What type of documentation is required for each case? d. What types of data are collected for each case? How is this data collected and recorded? e. Who is responsible for follow-up with the parties involved? (APLTP staff, victims, other partners, etc.) f. How are victims positively identified? That is, after a person is identified as a possible victim, how is their victimization status confirmed or denied? i. Who can officially identify victims? ii. Is it necessary for a victim to cooperate with law enforcement to receive official victim status? g. What is your policy on source, witness, victim and data protection? High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in investigating cases of human trafficking or to staff involved in referring or providing victims with social services. 12. How are cases of human trafficking in the DRC investigated? a. What types of evidence do you look for to determine who, if anyone, should be charged with human trafficking violations? b. After you complete an investigation, how does your organization collaborate with prosecutors to try cases of human trafficking? i. Is the victim supported in taking legal action in both civil and criminal courts to obtain payment of back wages or compensation and damages from the perpetrator(s) or criminal conviction? c. At what point is an investigation considered closed? High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in investigating cases of human trafficking. 134 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 13. When a person is identified as a victim in the DRC, what is the process for referring them to services? a. Is there national referral mechanism? b. Are there any SOPs (standard operating procedures) in place? c. Who is responsible for making referrals? d. What types of services (social, legal, medical, psychological) are victims referred to? e. Does that vary based on the form of trafficking or individual case? f. Can suspected victims access any services if they are not yet identified (or if they do not cooperate with law enforcement if that is a requirement)? g. To which organizations are referrals made? h. Does your organization follow up with victims to see if they’ve accessed services or need help accessing services?) High priority for select staff This question should be asked only to staff involved in referring or providing victims with social services. Interagency Collaborations 5 14. Have you ever collaborated with the Agency for the Prevention and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons (APLTP)? If “yes”, probe: a. In what way did you collaborate? Did you identify and address cases of human trafficking, serve survivors of human trafficking, and/or raise awareness around human trafficking within your community? b. What was the experience like for you? c. How was the collaboration established? d. How was this collaboration funded? e. How were responsibilities divided? High priority USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 135 R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 15. What collaborations, if any, do you have with other institutions to identify, address, and prevent cases of human trafficking in the DRC? a. How were these collaborations established? b. How is this collaboration funded? How are responsibilities divided? c. Is there an inter-agency council against TIP? d. How are national action plans developed? High priority General Challenges 16. What do you think are some of the DRC’s greatest strengths when it comes to identifying, addressing, and preventing human trafficking? High priority 5 6 7 17. All nations and organizations have limited resources and competing priorities. What are some of the constraints or barriers to identifying, addressing, and preventing human trafficking in the DRC? a. What challenges does the community/nation face? b. What challenges does the APLTP, specifically, face? c. What challenges does your specific organization face? d. To what extent and how can these constraints be addressed by the government? e. To what extent and how can these constraints be addressed by other institutions? High priority 5 6 7 18. Ideally, how would human trafficking in the DRC be identified, addressed, and prevented? a. Who (staff from which organizations) should receive training and how/from whom? b. Who would be responsible for collecting data on human trafficking? c. How would follow up on human trafficking cases be conducted? d. How would individuals or organizations be held accountable for human trafficking? High priority 136 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV R Q Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 6 7 19. Thinking of the future, how likely is it that your institution will be able to scale current work on identifying, addressing, and preventing human trafficking in the DRC? a. How would your institution revise or improve upon current polices, protocols, and standard operating procedures? b. What types of changes within your institution would be necessary to achieve this? c. What types of collaboration would be necessary to achieve this? Closing 20. Beyond what has already been discussed, is there anything else we should consider as we assess TIP in the DRC? High priority 21. Based on the questions I have asked you, are there any other persons or entities you suggest I talk to that can help inform this research? Are you able to share contact information or facilitate introductions to these organizations? Low Priority Thank you for taking the time to speak with me, I have learned a lot from our conversation and your inputs will be extremely valuable for our research. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 137 ANNEX 12: KII GUIDE FOR NGOS IN ENGLISH NGO Key Informant Interview Protocol Respondent name: Respondent title: Affiliation: Interviewer name: Date of interview: [READ CONSENT SCRIPT] Hello and thank you for taking the time to speak with me today. My name is [name] and I am a [position] with RISD, an independent research firm in the DRC. We are working with NORC at the University of Chicago, in partnership with the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), to document current programming and institutional knowledge, attitudes, and practices around human trafficking. This project is intended to supplement USAID/DRC’s and IOM’s “Countering Trafficking in Persons” activity. That activity provides support to the national Agency for the Prevention and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons (APLTP) in order to increase investigation and prosecution of traffickers; increase protection for victims of trafficking; and increase the APLTP’s capacity to collect human trafficking data and set effective counter-trafficking policies. This interview will take about an hour. Your decision to take part in this interview is voluntary. You are welcome to skip any questions or stop the interview at any time. However, your responses are important to this study, and we hope you will be able and willing to participate fully. All of your responses will be kept confidential and shared only with the research team. Therefore, we will never attribute any responses to you personally although we may report on the institution you represent. Do you have any questions about this interview? Do you consent to participate? If you allow us to, we would like to record this interview to ensure accuracy. However, your name will not appear on the recording, or on the corresponding transcript. Do you consent to be recorded? Consent obtained to conduct interview Consent obtained to audio record interview 138 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV NOTE: All top/parent questions must be asked; sub-questions highlighted in yellow must be asked directly if not fully answered under the parent question. RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 7 In this interview, we will be discussing issues related to human trafficking. 2. Please tell me about the work of your institution as it relates to human trafficking. a. What forms of human trafficking do you work on? b. What kinds of programs or services do you provide related to human trafficking? If the respondent’s organization is not directly involved in fighting human trafficking, you may ask them if they know of other organizations in the province that work on issues related to human trafficking and end the interview. 5 7 3. Please tell me about your role within this institution. a. How long have you been working in this institution? b. How long have you been in your current role? If the respondent is not involved in any human trafficking related work, ask them if there is someone in their organization who is better suited to answer the questions and end the interview. Human Trafficking Observations 4 Now we are going to discuss your observations about human trafficking. When we discuss human trafficking, please note that we are referring to all forms of human trafficking. 4. How would you define human trafficking? a. What would you consider to be some different forms of human trafficking? USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 139 1 2 3 To ensure consistency, I am now going to provide an international definition of trafficking in persons which I would like us to use for the remainder of the interview. We understand there are local differences in definitions and laws regarding human trafficking but would like to use the following definition at first: Trafficking in persons involves three steps: 1) taking some ACTION to put or keep a person in a job or some other role, 2) through some coercive or deceptive MEANS, 3) for the PURPOSE of exploiting the person. Actions may include recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining of a person for labor or services. Coercive or deceptive means can include the use of force, violence, fraud, deception, or manipulation. And exploitation can include involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, slavery, sexual exploitation, etc. Notably, a victim need not be physically transported from one location to another for a crime to be considered TIP. 5. To the best of your knowledge, how common is human trafficking in the DRC? a. What are some common examples of human trafficking in the DRC? b. How does the prevalence of human trafficking vary by region? c. Are there any areas that you consider to be “hotspots” for human trafficking? What is it about these areas that makes them hotspots? d. Do trafficking victims typically come from locations (sources) other than where they are being exploited (destinations)? If so, where do they come from? i. Are there third parties facilitating victim recruitment and transport? If so, please describe. e. Which populations, or types of people, are most at risk of human trafficking? f. What are some of the common or shared characteristics of trafficking victims or survivors? For example, age, gender identity, ethnicity, or religious affiliation? Note: Throughout the survey, when we refer to victims or survivors of human trafficking, this is not necessarily limited to legally identified and recognized victims of human trafficking. We are using these terms generically to mean: 1. Victim: A person currently in a human trafficking situation 2. Survivor: A person who has previously been in a human trafficking situation 140 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes i. Do these characteristics vary by region or hotspot? In what ways? ii. Do these characteristics vary by the form of trafficking? In what ways? g. Which labor sectors are most affected by forced labor and labor trafficking? 4 6. Are you familiar with the International Labour Organization’s forced labor indicators? a. If so, which indicators are you most familiar with? 3 7 7. [If the organization works directly with human trafficking survivors] What are some of the biggest or most common needs of human trafficking survivors that you have worked with? a. Are survivors typically able to access resources that address each of these needs? b. If so, where do they find these resources/who provides these resources? c. If not, what prevents survivors from being able to access the resources they need? (E.g., resources not available, bureaucratic barriers to access, lack of transportation to resources, etc.) 2 3 8. [If the organization works on prevention/awareness raising] Based on your observations, what factors tend to make communities more/less vulnerable to human trafficking? a. In your opinion, what needs to be done to protect your community from human trafficking? “Communities" can refer to geographic communities or other communities that are important to the respondent (e.g., religious communities). When asking questions, be sure to clarify what the respondent means by "your community. 4 9. Where do you, or others in your institution find information about human trafficking? Interagency Collaborations USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 141 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 5 10. Have you ever collaborated with the Agency for the Prevention and Fight Against Trafficking in Persons (APLTP)? If “yes”, probe: f. In what way did you collaborate? Did you identify and address cases of human trafficking, serve survivors of human trafficking, and/or raise awareness around human trafficking within your community? g. What was the experience like for you? h. How was the collaboration established? i. How was this collaboration funded? j. How were responsibilities divided? 5 11. What other organizations, if any, have you collaborated with to identify and address cases of human trafficking, serve survivors of human trafficking, and/or raise awareness around human trafficking within your community? a. How were these collaborations established? b. How were these collaborations funded? c. How were responsibilities divided? Challenges 5 6 7 12. All nations and organizations have limited resources and competing priorities. What are some of the constraints or barriers to identifying, addressing, and preventing human trafficking in the DRC? f. What challenges does the community/nation face? g. What challenges do your specific organization face? h. To what extent and how can these constraints be addressed by the government? i. To what extent and how can these constraints be addressed by other institutions? 142 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 6 13. What types of challenges do you encounter when collecting data on human trafficking issues in general? a. How do these challenges differ by the form of human trafficking (forced labor/labor trafficking, domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, forced combat, forced marriage, and the worst forms of child labor)? b. Thinking specifically about collecting data on forced labor/labor trafficking issues, how do these challenges differ by different sectors? (Mining, agriculture, domestic servitude) c. Do these challenges differ in monitoring forced labor and labor trafficking issues? How? d. What forms of human trafficking monitoring activities would you like to implement, but are unable to? 5 6 7 14. Thinking of the future, how likely is it that your institution will continue to prioritize and/or give more priority to identifying, addressing, and preventing human trafficking? a. How would your institution build on current polices, protocols, and standard operating procedures? b. What types of changes within your institution would be necessary to achieve this? c. What types of collaboration would be necessary to achieve this? Closing 15. Beyond what has already been discussed, is there anything else we should consider as we undertake this assessment of TIP in the DRC? 16. Based on the questions I have asked you, are there any other persons or entities you suggest I talk to that can help inform this research? Are you able to share contact information or facilitate introductions to these organizations? USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 143 RQ Question Response Interviewer Comments / Notes 17. Finally, for the next phase in our research, we are hoping to speak directly to TIP survivors to better understand their needs and experiences. Is this something your organization would be willing to help with? Can you recommend other organizations? Thank you for taking the time to speak with me, I have learned a lot from our conversation and your inputs will be extremely valuable for our research. 144 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV ANNEX 13: KII GUIDE FOR NGOS IN FRENCH DRC C-TIP ASSESSMENT Entretien avec informateur clé d’ONG Nom de l’interviewé : Titre de l’interviewé : Affiliation : Nom de l'enquêteur : Date et heure de l'entretien : [LIRE LE SCRIPT DE CONSENTEMENT] Bonjour et merci de prendre le temps de me parler aujourd'hui. Je m'appelle [nom] et je travaille [poste] chez RISD, une organisation indépendante de recherche en RDC. Nous travaillons avec NORC à l'Université de Chicago, en partenariat avec l'Agence des États-Unis pour le développement international (USAID) et de l'Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM), pour documenter les programmes actuels et les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des institutions en matière de traite des êtres humains. Ce projet est destiné à compléter l'activité " Countering Trafficking in Persons " de l'USAID/RDC et de l'OIM. Cette activité fournit un soutien à l’Agence nationale pour la Prévention et la Lutte contre la Traite des Personnes (APLTP) afin d'augmenter les enquêtes et les poursuites contre les trafiquants, d'accroître la protection des victimes de la traite et d'augmenter la capacité de l'APLTP à collecter des données sur la traite des personnes et à établir des politiques efficaces de lutte contre la traite. Cet entretien durera environ une heure. Votre participation à cet entretien est volontaire. Vous êtes libre de sauter une ou plusieurs questions ou d’interrompre l'entretien à tout moment. Cependant, vos réponses sont très importantes pour cette étude et nous espérons que vous serez en mesure de participer pleinement. Toutes vos réponses resteront confidentielles et ne seront communiquées qu'à l'équipe de recherche. Par conséquent, nous n'attribuerons jamais de réponse à votre personne, même si nous pouvons mentionner l'institution que vous représentez. Avez-vous des questions sur cette étude ou l’entretien ? Consentez-vous à participer ? USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 145 Si vous nous y autorisez, nous aimerions enregistrer cet entretien pour garantir l'exactitude de nos notes. Toutefois, votre nom n'apparaîtra pas sur l'enregistrement, ni sur la transcription correspondante. Consentez-vous à être enregistré ? Consentement obtenu pour mener l'entretien Consentement obtenu pour l'enregistrement audio de l'entretien REMARQUE : Toutes les questions principales/parentes doivent être posées ; les sous-questions surlignées en jaune doivent être posées directement si la réponse à la question principale n'est pas complète. RQ Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 5 7 Dans cette interview, nous allons discuter des questions liées à la traite des êtres humains. 18. Veuillez me parler du travail de votre institution en ce qui concerne la traite des êtres humains. a. Sur quelles formes de traite des êtres humains travaillez-vous ? b. Quels types de programmes ou de services fournissez-vous en rapport avec la traite des êtres humains ? Si l'organisation du répondant n'est pas directement impliquée dans la lutte contre la traite des personnes, vous pouvez lui demander s'il connaît d'autres organisations dans la province qui travaillent sur des questions liées à la traite des personnes et mettre fin à l'entretien. 5 7 19. Veuillez me parler de votre rôle au sein de cette institution. a. Depuis combien de temps travaillez-vous pour cette institution ? b. Depuis combien de temps occupez-vous votre poste actuel ? Si la personne interrogée n'est pas impliquée dans un travail lié à la traite des êtres humains, demandez-lui si quelqu'un dans son organisation est mieux placé pour répondre aux questions et mettez fin à l'entretien. Observations sur la traite des êtres humains 146 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 4 Nous allons maintenant discuter de vos observations sur la traite des êtres humains. Lorsque nous discutons de la traite des êtres humains, veuillez noter que nous faisons référence à tous les formes de traite des êtres humains. 20. Comment définiriez-vous la traite des êtres humains ? a. Quelles sont, selon vous, les différentes formes de la traite des êtres humains ? USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 147 1 2 3 Dans un souci de cohérence, je vais maintenant donner une définition internationale de la traite des personnes que j'aimerais que nous utilisions pour le reste de l'entretien. Nous comprenons qu'il existe des différences locales dans les définitions et les lois concernant la traite des personnes, mais nous aimerions utiliser la définition suivante dans un premier temps : La traite des personnes comporte trois étapes : 1) prendre des MESURES pour placer ou maintenir une personne dans un emploi ou un autre rôle, 2) par des MOYENS coercitifs ou trompeurs, 3) dans le BUT d'exploiter la personne. Les actions peuvent inclure le recrutement, l'hébergement, le transport, la fourniture ou l'obtention d'une personne pour un travail ou des services. Les moyens coercitifs ou trompeurs peuvent inclure l'utilisation de la force, de la violence, de la fraude, de la tromperie ou de la manipulation. Et l'exploitation peut inclure la servitude involontaire, le péonage, la servitude pour dettes, l'esclavage, l'exploitation sexuelle, etc. Notamment, il n'est pas nécessaire qu'une victime soit physiquement transportée d'un endroit à un autre pour qu'un crime soit considéré comme de la traite. 21. A votre connaissance, dans quelle mesure la traite des êtres humains est-elle courante en RDC ? a. Quels sont les exemples courants de la traite des êtres humains en RDC ? b. Comment la prévalence de la traite des êtres humains varie-t-elle selon les régions ? c. Y a-t-il des zones que vous considérez comme des "points chauds" de la traite des êtres humains ? Qu'est-ce qui fait que ces zones sont des points chauds ? d. Les victimes de la traite proviennent-elles généralement de lieux (sources) autres que ceux où elles sont exploitées (destinations) ? Si oui, d'où viennent-elles ? i. Des tiers facilitent-ils le recrutement et le transport des victimes ? Si oui, veuillez les décrire. Remarque : tout au long de l'enquête, lorsque nous faisons référence aux victimes ou aux survivants de la traite des êtres humains, cela ne se limite pas nécessairement aux victimes de la traite des êtres humains légalement identifiées et reconnues. Nous utilisons ces termes de manière générique pour signifier : ● Victime : Une personne qui se trouve actuellement dans une situation de traite des êtres humains. ● Survivant : une personne qui s'est déjà trouvée dans une situation de traite des êtres humains. 148 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur e. Quelles sont les populations, ou les types de personnes, les plus exposées à la traite des êtres humains ? f. Quelles sont les caractéristiques communes ou partagées par les victimes ou les survivants de la traite ? Par exemple, l'âge, l'identité sexuelle, l'origine ethnique ou l'appartenance religieuse ? i. Ces caractéristiques varient-elles selon les régions ou les points chauds ? De quelle manière ? ii. Ces caractéristiques varient-elles selon la forme de la traite ? De quelle manière ? g. Quels sont les secteurs (domaines) d'activité les plus touchés par le travail forcé et la traite des êtres humains ? 4 22. Connaissez-vous les indicateurs du travail forcé de l'Organisation Internationale du Travail ? a. Si oui, quels sont les indicateurs que vous connaissez le mieux ? 3 7 23. [Si l'organisation travaille directement avec des survivants de la traite des êtres humains] Quels sont les besoins les plus importants ou les plus courants des survivants de la traite des êtres humains avec lesquels vous avez travaillé ? a. Les victimes ont-elles généralement accès à des ressources qui répondent à chacun de ces besoins ? b. Si oui, où trouvent-ils ces ressources/qui les fournit ? c. Sinon, qu'est-ce qui empêche les survivants d'avoir accès aux ressources dont ils ont besoin ? (Par exemple, ressources non disponibles, obstacles bureaucratiques à l'accès, manque de moyens de transport vers les ressources, etc.) USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 149 RQ Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 2 3 24. [Si l'organisation travaille sur la prévention/sensibilisation] D'après vos observations, quels facteurs tendent à rendre les communautés plus/moins vulnérables à la traite des êtres humains? a. Lesquels sont les facteurs plus importants ? b. A votre avis, que faut-il faire pour protéger votre communauté de la traite des êtres humains ? Les "communautés" peuvent faire référence à des communautés géographiques ou à d'autres communautés qui sont importantes pour l'enquêté (par exemple, des communautés religieuses). Lorsque vous posez des questions, veillez à clarifier ce que l'enquêté entend par "votre communauté". 4 25. Où vous, ou d'autres personnes de votre institution, trouvez-vous des informations sur la traite des êtres humains ? Collaborations inter-agences 5 26. Avez-vous déjà collaboré avec l’Agence nationale pour la prévention et la lutte contre la traite des personnes (APLTP) ? [Si "oui", sondez :] a. De quelle manière avez-vous collaboré ? Avez-vous identifié et traité des cas de traite des êtres humains, aidé des survivants de la traite des êtres humains et/ou sensibilisé votre communauté à la traite des êtres humains ? b. Comment cette expérience s'est-elle déroulée pour vous ? c. Comment la collaboration a-t-elle été établie? d. Comment cette collaboration a-t-elle été financée ? e. Comment les responsabilités ont-elles été réparties ? 150 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 5 27. Avec quelles autres organisations, le cas échéant, avez-vous collaboré pour identifier et traiter les cas de traite des êtres humains, aider les survivants de la traite des êtres humains et/ou sensibiliser à la traite des êtres humains dans votre communauté ? a. Comment ces collaborations ont-elles été établies ? b. Comment ces collaborations ont-elles été financées ? c. Comment les responsabilités ont-elles été réparties ? Défis 5 6 7 28. Toutes les nations et organisations ont des ressources limitées et des priorités concurrentes. Quelles sont les contraintes ou les barrières qui empêchent d'identifier, de traiter et de prévenir la traite des êtres humains en RDC ? a. Quels sont les défis auxquels la communauté/nation est confrontée ? b. Quels sont les défis auxquels votre organisation spécifique est confrontée ? c. Dans quelle mesure et comment ces contraintes peuvent-elles être traitées par le gouvernement ? d. Dans quelle mesure et comment ces contraintes peuvent-elles être abordées par d'autres institutions ? USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 151 RQ Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 6 29. Quels types de défis rencontrez-vous lors de la collecte de données sur les questions de traite des êtres humains en général ? a. Comment ces défis diffèrent-ils selon la forme de la traite des êtres humains (travail forcé/trafic de main-d'œuvre, servitude domestique, exploitation sexuelle commerciale, combat forcé, mariage forcé et les pires formes de travail des enfants) ? b. En ce qui concerne spécifiquement la collecte de données sur le travail forcé/le trafic de main-d'œuvre, comment ces défis diffèrent-ils selon les secteurs ? (Mines, agriculture, servitude domestique) c. Ces défis diffèrent-ils dans le suivi des questions de travail forcé et de traite des êtres humains ? Comment ? d. Quelles formes d'activités de surveillance de la traite des êtres humains souhaiteriez-vous mettre en œuvre, mais ne pouvez pas le faire? 5 6 7 30. En pensant à l'avenir, dans quelle mesure est-il probable que votre institution continue à donner la priorité et/ou à accorder plus de priorité à l'identification, à la lutte et à la prévention de la traite des êtres humains ? a. Comment votre institution s'appuierait-elle sur les politiques, protocoles et procédures opérationnelles standard actuels ? b. Quels types de changements au sein de votre institution seraient nécessaires pour y parvenir ? c. Quels types de collaboration seraient nécessaires pour y parvenir ? Fermeture 31. Au-delà de ce qui a déjà été discuté, y a-t-il autre chose que nous devrions considérer en entreprenant cette évaluation de la TP en RDC ? 152 | DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT USAID.GOV RQ Question Réponse Commentaires / Notes de l'enquêteur 32. Sur la base des questions que je vous ai posées, y a￾t-il d'autres personnes ou entités auxquelles vous me suggérez de m'adresser et qui pourraient contribuer à cette recherche ? Pouvez-vous me communiquer les coordonnées de ces organisations ou faciliter leur présentation ? 33. Enfin, pour la prochaine phase de notre recherche, nous espérons parler directement aux survivants de la TP afin de mieux comprendre leurs besoins et leurs expériences. Votre organisation serait-elle disposée à nous aider dans ce domaine ? Pouvez-vous recommander d'autres organisations ? Merci d'avoir pris le temps de me parler, j'ai beaucoup appris de notre conversation et vos contributions seront extrêmement précieuses pour notre recherche. USAID.GOV DRC COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (C-TIP) ASSESSMENT | 153 U.S. Agency for International Development 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20523