FINAL REPORT USAID/BANGLADESH CSISA-MI PHASE 1 ACTIVITY FINAL EVALUATION December 21, 2020 December 2020 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by ME&A, Inc. FINAL REPORT USAID/BANGLADESH CSISA-MI PHASE 1 ACTVITY FINAL EVALUATION December 21, 2020 Contract No./Order No. GS-10F-154BA/72038819M00001 USAID Bangladesh Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (BMEL) Activity Prepared by ME&A, Inc. 4350 East-West Highway, Suite 210 Bethesda, MD, 20814 USA DISCLAIMER This report is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of ME&A, Inc. and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................... i 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 THE DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND THE PROJECT RESPONSE ................................................... 1 3.0 EVALUATION PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................ 3 3.1 Audience and Intended Use.................................................................................................................... 3 4.0 EVALUATION METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................ 4 4.1 Evaluation Team Composition............................................................................................................... 4 4.2 Document Review..................................................................................................................................... 4 4.3 Sampling Approach ................................................................................................................................... 4 4.4 Data Collection.......................................................................................................................................... 4 4.5 Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................................. 5 4.6 Methodological Strengths and Limitations.......................................................................................... 5 5.0 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................... 5 5.1 To what extent was the CSISA-MI Phase I Activity successful in increasing smallholders’ access to surface water irrigation through the LSPs? How effective have the flow pumps been to address the irrigation issues in the Feed the Future (FTF) Zone of Influence (ZOI)?........ 5 5.1.1 How successful was CSISA-MI in terms of developing and expanding farmers’ access to the mechanized and related extension services? What were some of the challenges?...... 7 5.1.2 How successful was the activity in increasing the diversification and intensity of farm production and what was the effect on the “pull” factor for the irrigation market?................ 8 5.2 How successful was the Activity in leveraging private sector investment and developing public-private partnerships in the agricultural machinery sector? What were some of the challenges in forming partnerships? How effective was the partnership in conducting risk management?.............................................................................................................................................. 8 5.3 How successful and sustainable are the businesses that have been developed by rural entrepreneurs as a result of the Activity? What have been the major constraints and opportunities with respect to sustainability of the LSP business model? What measures should be taken to enhance sustainability?.......................................................................................... 9 5.4 To what extent has CSISA-MI integrated or incorporated gender in the interventions? What have been the challenges and opportunities, if any? What has been the impact of mechanization on women’s economic empowerment?................................................................... 9 5.5 How successful was the Activity in developing the upstream supply chain (production, imports, distribution), the downstream market, and access to finance and credit for mechanization?......................................................................................................................................... 10 5.5.1 Manufacturers/Importers ....................................................................................................... 10 5.5.2 Machinery Dealers/Retailers................................................................................................. 11 5.5.3 Spare Parts Shop Owners...................................................................................................... 12 5.5.4 Mechanics.................................................................................................................................. 13 5.5.5 Local Service Providers.......................................................................................................... 14 5.5.6 Farmers...................................................................................................................................... 17 6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................................. 19 6.1 More Focused Information and Learning Management.................................................................. 19 6.2 More Focused Regional Targeting....................................................................................................... 20 6.3 Improved GOB Collaboration and Synergies................................................................................... 20 6.4 Identify Critical Agronomic Opportunities for Increased Productivity and Gender Empowerment.......................................................................................................................................... 21 7.0 LESSONS LEARNED ..................................................................................................................................... 21 ANNEXES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Annex 1: CSISA-MI Operational Upazilas by Year and Water Suitability........................................... 24 Annex 2: CSISA-MI Targeted Value Chain Actors by Upazila............................................................... 29 Annex 3: Planned Number of KIIs and FGDs by Location..................................................................... 33 Annex 4: Data on Irrigation ........................................................................................................................... 34 Annex 5: 2020-2025 GOB Plan for Subsidized Farmer Machinery ...................................................... 35 Annex 6: Number of CSISA-MI Listed Stakeholders in Selected Upazilas......................................... 36 Annex 7: Equipment Sales by Respondent Machinery Dealer/Retailers.............................................. 37 Annex 8: Mechanic Data................................................................................................................................. 38 Annex 9: Equipment Owned by LSP KIs by Upazila................................................................................. 39 Annex 10: LSP Networks with Whom CSISA-MI Worked.................................................................. 40 Annex 11: Equipment Types New to LSP Area and Changes in Availability...................................... 41 Annex 12: Farmers Interviewed by Upazila................................................................................................ 42 Annex 13: Number of Machines Procured by LSPs by Upazila ............................................................. 43 Annex 14: Scope of Work.............................................................................................................................. 46 Annex 15: Evaluation Design Matrix............................................................................................................ 49 Annex 16: KII and FGD Guidelines.............................................................................................................. 51 Annex 17: CSISA-MI Evaluation Interview Schedule................................................................................ 88 Annex 18: List of Documents Reviewed..................................................................................................... 92 Annex 19: Key Evaluation Team Members................................................................................................. 93 Annex 20: Conflict of Interest and Non-Disclosure Forms................................................................ 104 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Sales of Agriculture Technology by Activity Year..................................................................................... 7 Table 2: Private Sector Investment in the FTF ZOI.................................................................................................. 8 Table 3: Primary PSPs and Their Machinery Priorities........................................................................................... 11 Table 4: Decades During Which Dealers, Mechanics, and SPS Owners Established Their Businesses...... 11 Table 5: Equipment Ownership Before Becoming Involved with CSISA and After......................................... 14 Table 6: Busiest Season as Reported by Percentage of LSPs................................................................................ 15 Table 7: Greatest Equipment Challenges for LSP KIs—Number and Percentage........................................... 15 Table 8: Top Three Business Challenges as Reported by LSP KIs....................................................................... 15 Table 9: Changes in Demand for LSP Service........................................................................................................... 16 Table 10: Machines in Demand as Reported by Number and Percentage of LSPs by Division.................... 16 Table 11: Farmer Awareness, Ownership, and Use of LSPs for Machinery Service ....................................... 17 Table 12: Farmer Respondents that Report an Increase in the Presence of Machines.................................. 17 Table 13: Farmer Perception of Specific Machinery Demand............................................................................... 18 Table 14: Number and Percentage of Farmers that Report an Increase in Number of Machine Mechanics, SPSs, Dealers/Retailers/Commission Agents, or LSPs and their Observed Percentage Increase ................ 18 LIST OF ACRONYMS 2WT Two-Wheeled Tractor ACI Advanced Chemical Industries AFP Axial Flow Pump AVC Agriculture Value Chain Project BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute BDT Bangladeshi Taka BMEL Bangladesh Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning Activity BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 CP Centrifugal Pump (referred to as LLP for surface water and STW for ground water) CSISA-MI Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia Mechanization and Irrigation DAE Department of Agricultural Extension DEC Development Experience Clearinghouse DTW Deep Tube Well EG Economic Growth EQ Evaluation Question ET Evaluation Team FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FGD Focus Group Discussion FSP Financial Services Program FTF Feed the Future GOB Government of Bangladesh ha Hectare iDE International Development Enterprises IP Implementing Partner IPM Integrated Pest Management JVA Joint Venture Agreement kg Kilogram KI Key Informant KII Key Informant Interview LLP Low Lift Pump LSP Local Service Provider LSPN Local Service Provider Network M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEL Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning MFI Microfinance Institution MOU Memorandum of Understanding NGO Non-Governmental Organization PNGO Partner Non-Governmental Organization PSP Private Sector Partner PTOS Power Tiller Operated Seeder RFL Rangpur Foundry Limited SAAO Sub-Assistant Agriculture Officer SO Strategic Objective SP Service Provider SPR Self-Propelled Reaper SPS Spare Parts Shop STW Shallow Tube Well SW Southwest SWI Shallow-Wet Irrigation SWIRP Surface Water Irrigation Rehabilitation in the Southern Delta Region Project T Ton TL Team Leader TML The Metal (Pvt) Limited USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture ZOI Zone of Influence i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since 2013, the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia Mechanization and Irrigation (CSISA-MI) Phase I Activity has aimed to transform agriculture in southwest Bangladesh by unlocking potential productivity through irrigation, small-scale agricultural machinery, and agricultural services provision. The premise of the CSISA-MI Activity is grounded in the theory that the introduction of modernized equipment will result in an increase in smallholders’ productivity, diversification of crops, and growth in revenue over time. The CSISA-MI Activity focuses on scale-appropriate mechanization to increase and improve tillage, surface water irrigation, and precision planting and harvesting, while responding to escalating rural labor costs and scarcity, to intensify dry season cropping. Over its six years, CSISA-MI implementation has focused on achieving three primary Strategic Objectives (SOs). SO1: To sustainably intensify and diversify agricultural production in Southern Bangladesh through surface water irrigation to increase household income. Through the distribution of axial flow pumps (AFPs), and research and development for higher quality and/or locally made AFPs, CSISA-MI aimed to decrease the cost of irrigation and increase the use of surface water for irrigation in order to intensify and diversify agricultural production in the Feed the Future (FTF) Zone of Influence (ZOI) in southern Bangladesh. SO2: To sustainably transform agriculture in Southern Bangladesh through broad-based access to agricultural mechanization services. To create a demand for new machines and reach more farmers, CSISA-MI developed a network of local service providers (LSPs) and engaged small microfinance institutions (MFIs) to increase the purchase of power tiller operated multi-crop seeders (PTOSs), AFPs, reapers, and other equipment. The activity also increased LSP access to spare parts shops (SPSs), mechanics and equipment suppliers. SO3: To develop new models for public and private institutions that support the commercialization of irrigation and agricultural mechanization in Southern Bangladesh. In partnership with the private and public sectors, the activity researched, tested, developed, produced, introduced, and promoted efficient technologies that enable farmers to more efficiently cultivate grain, horticulture, and other crops. The purpose of the CSISA-MI evaluation is to determine the degree to which the activity accomplished these objectives with the following evaluation questions (EQs) in mind: 1. To what extent was the CSISA-MI Phase I Activity successful in increasing smallholders’ access to surface water irrigation through the LSPs? How effective have the flow pumps been to address the irrigation issues in the FTF ZOI? 1.1 How successful was the activity in terms of developing and expanding farmers’ access to the mechanized and related extension services? What were some of the challenges? 1.2 How successful was the activity in increasing the diversification and intensity of farm production and what was the effect on the “pull” factor for the irrigation market? 2. How successful was the activity in leveraging private sector investment and developing public￾private partnerships in the agricultural machinery sector? What were some of the challenges in forming partnerships? How effective was the partnership in conducting risk management? 3. How successful and sustainable are the businesses that have been developed by rural entrepreneurs as a result of the activity? What have been the major constraints and opportunities ii with respect to sustainability of the LSP business model? What measures should be taken to enhance sustainability? 4. To what extent has CSISA-MI integrated or incorporated gender in the interventions? What have been the challenges and opportunities, if any? What has been the impact of mechanization on women’s economic empowerment? 5. How successful was the activity in developing the upstream supply chain (production, imports, distribution), the downstream market, and access to finance and credit for mechanization. To answer these questions, the evaluation team (ET) conducted a comprehensive desk review, analyzed activity data, facilitated focus group discussions (FGDs) with the CSISA-MI leadership and field staff, and conducted key informant interviews (KIIs) with four Government of Bangladesh (GOB) personnel; three manufacturers/importers; seven each of equipment dealers/retails, mechanics, and SPS owners; 33 LSPs; and 36 farmers from seven different districts within the Barisal, Dhaka, and Khulna divisions. Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, all interviews were conducted remotely using Zoom meetings and telephones. Both quantitative and qualitative data were entered into Excel data sheets for analysis. In brief, the findings and recommendations are as follows. a. The activity was somewhat successful in increasing farmer access to surface water irrigation, primarily in the Barisal Division, but the AFPs are not reported to be competitive with the centrifugal pump (CP) in terms of durability, cost, convenience and flexibility in use. Addressing the overall irrigation issues in the FTF ZOI was beyond the scope of any one project. Although numerous experimental improvements to the AFP are mentioned in the annual reports and other research documents, these reports do not present clear evidence on which of these improved designs have been adopted by the private sector and sold to farmers and LSPs. CSISA-MI should precisely document how the AFP has been improved and report the level of adoption of the newer versions in the field. In the future, CSISA-MI should identify specific niche upazilas where adoption is likely to be more successful and work with the manufacturers and retailers to reach those areas. b. While the activity very successfully increased farmer access to mechanized services, any extension services that may have been provided were informal and based on the knowledge and the initiative of the staff, Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and non-governmental organization (NGO) partners, and private sector service providers. Although 90 percent of soil tillage is mechanized, over 95 percent of seeding and harvesting is done manually. The project has made significant headway in increasing the demand for, and availability of, the PTOS and reaper, but there is still an unmet need for these machines to be adapted to specific crops and regions. CSISA￾MI needs to have more in-depth discussions on these issues with LSPs and farmers—especially women—to determine the potential market demand. c. CSISA-MI was very successful in leveraging private sector investment, over $8.5 million, almost 30 percent of which was spent by LSPs when procuring equipment. This does not account for the investment by SPSs or dealers in expanding their businesses to meet the need for new spare parts and any additional machines not captured by the activity’s monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system. Both the reaper and combines are fairly new to Bangladesh and two out of six GOB and Importer key informants (KIs) believe that the reaper will not be able to compete with the combine. The next phase of the activity should be aware of and prepare for evolving market dynamics, while continuing to address the outstanding limitations and challenges of the reaper, as it does seem to be a more appropriate technology for small holder farmers. CSISA-MI should research and better document the comparative advantages of the reaper, how it can be improved, and what is financially feasible for LSPs and farmers. d. The LSP business model is a very sustainable approach to increasing farmer access to machinery, and CSISA-MI was very effective in creating relationships between the 3,474 LSPs, 762 mechanics, iii 193 equipment dealers, 5-7 importer/manufacturers, and 79 SPS owners. The two greatest challenges for LSPs are obtaining quality spare parts and finding a good mechanic, so there is still room for improvement within the supply chain and related services. e. The activity had limited success at incorporating gender within the project interventions. The focus was on establishing female service providers in a sector that is 100 percent male dominated, without attempting to fully understand how women might benefit from mechanization services as customers. In Years 5 and 6, the activity established 75 and 139 female LSPs, respectively, a total of 214 female LSPs out of 3,474. CSISA-MI was successful in developing the upstream supply chain (production, imports, distribution), and the downstream market for machines, spare parts, and LSPs. CSISA-MI began piloting various interventions to increase access to finance including “zero and half interest loans” to LSPs through partner MFIs in year 3. “In year 5, CSISA-MI drew up Joint Venture Agreements (JVAs) with four MFIsto continue their partnership from the previous year. In Year 6 the JVAs no longer included a provision for interest rate subsidies, and subsidies for Financial Service Program (FSP) staff salaries were also significantly reduced.”1 According to the final report, by the end of the project only 228 LSPs had accessed finance through MFIs, which indicates a marginal impact in this area. CSISA-MI should commission a more in-depth study on loan repayment rates, return rates on investment for the different machines, and how these return rates were affected by the LSPs’ access to a government subsidy. 1 CSISA-MI Final Report page 25. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Bangladesh is the most densely-populated country in the world with 1,252 people per square kilometer, over 60 percent of the population, living in rural areas and 80 percent dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods.2 Fortunately, the land is fertile, water is readily available, and the climate allows for three cropping seasons within the year. Bangladesh farmers produce a wide variety of crops (rice, wheat, maize, potatoes, numerous legumes, spices, fruits, vegetables, etc.), but farmers plan their production around the two primary rice growing seasons—rain fed aman and irrigated boro. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),3 the land area cultivated with aman rice has remained the same since 1987—5.5 million hectares (ha), while boro rice expanded from 1.7 to 5 million ha between 1987 and 2012, at which point it began to gradually decline. The production of boro rice began in the 1970s with the development of deep tube well (DTW) irrigation, which has remained static at a little over 1 million ha, while shallow tube well (STW) irrigation has increased from 1 million ha in 1990 to over 3 million ha in 2006.4 Although boro rice production led to significantly improved food security, it is no longer more profitable than aman; a study by the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) in 2017, indicates an actual negative net return of 9,785 taka/ha. Despite the higher cost for irrigation and other inputs, boro yields were only 5,883 kilograms (kg)/ha compared to 4,621 kg/ha for aman. Between 1987 and 2016, the area planted with wheat was fairly static, but with a gradual decrease from 500,000 ha in 1987 to 350,000 ha in 2019, despite the fact that wheat yields increased from less than 2 tons (T)/ha in 2005 to over 3 T/ha in 2017. In contrast, the area of maize production has increased dramatically from virtually zero in 2000 to 445,000 ha in 2019 and maize yields have increased from 1 T/ha in 2000 to almost 8 T/ha in 2017.5 The dramatic increase in maize production is in response to the impressive growth in the poultry sector, which has led to increased protein consumption in Bangladesh. The expansion of irrigation and increased cropping intensity led to the need and demand for other machinery, most notably threshers and two-wheeled tractors (2WTs) for tillage. As documented in a number of studies, including one done by International Development Enterprises (iDE), the relaxation of government policies led to a significant increase in the number of 2WTs in Bangladesh from 500 in 1989 to 500,000 in 2015.6 As agriculture labor becomes more scarce and production intensifies the need for a wider variety of machines for improved tillage, planting, and harvesting are needed, which is why the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) invested in the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia. 2.0 THE DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND THE PROJECT RESPONSE Rice constitutes almost 80 percent of calories consumed by the majority of the Bangladeshi people, especially the poor, and the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) considers the production of rice as a major priority for food security. The wide scale expansion of STW irrigation enabled the country to increase 2 https://ourworldindata.org/most-densely-populated-countries 3 Bangladesh Grain and Feed Annual 2019 Approved By: Mark A. Myers, Agricultural Attaché Prepared By: Tanvir Mahmud, Agricultural Specialist. 4 The impact of intensive groundwater abstraction on recharge to a shallow regional aquifer system: evidence from Bangladesh Mohammad Shamsudduha, Richard G. Taylor, Kazi M. Ahmed & Anwar Zahid Abstract. 5 Bangladesh Grain and Feed Annual 2019 Approved By: Mark A. Myers, Agricultural Attaché Prepared By: Tanvir Mahmud, Agricultural Specialist. 6 Study into the Commercialization of Selected Agricultural Machines in Bangladesh, Submitted to International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Bangladesh. By iDE, August, 2012. 2 rice production over five-fold since the late 1980s, but at a cost. According to the 2014 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) profile, “In many areas, environmental hazards have been encountered, and a number of adverse effects have emerged owing to the overexploitation of groundwater, such as lowering of water tables, reduction in dry season flows of rivers and streams, groundwater pollution, intrusion of saline water in coastal areas, ecological imbalance and possible land subsidence.”7 Concerned with the long-term sustainability of groundwater use and the need for increasing food production, the GOB began looking to the use of surface water to increase crop production in the southwest coastal belt. There are many studies about water quality and availability in Bangladesh, but few provide detail about the specific localized issues within the coastal belt. One of the more recent in-depth studies was conducted by Tim Krupnick and his colleagues in 2017.8 Some of the key contextual issues highlighted in this document include: • “The viability of increasing dry season boro rice production in southern Bangladesh is questioned given the southern region’s soil and water salinity constraints, problems with coordinated water governance, and concerns over the anticipated long-term effects of climate change.” (Bell et al., 2015; Bernier et al., 2016; Qureshi et al., 2015) • “Investments to expand shallow-wet irrigation (SWI) are complicated by the region’s crop, soil, and hydrological complexity. Upstream blockages, diversions, siltation and tidal dynamics complicate year￾round water availability.” (Krupnik et al., 2017) • “Temporally dynamic water and soil salinity also pose problems in the coastal fringe, as can late-vacating monsoon season floodwaters that delay timely dry season crop establishment. Rabi crops in the southeast of the study area may be sown as late as January, primarily due to farmers’ preferences for late-maturing T. aman rice varieties, which can survive late vacating and deep flood-waters.” (Krupnik et al., 2017) • “The area above the Sundarbans forest in the south-west once experienced southward dry season river flow through the Gorai River, but siltation and the 1976 completion of the Farakka Dam in West Bengal disrupted freshwater flow. This resulted in post-monsoon drying and coastal saltwater intrusion that has now become a serious concern. The south-central hydrological zone is conversely characterized by a dense network of active natural canals and rivers, many of which carry relatively fresher water.” (Brammer, 2002) It is important to keep in mind, the differences between the southwest (Khulna division), the south-central (Barisal), and the districts and upazilas within these divisions. The primary purpose of Krupnick’s study was to assess the opportunity for using SWI to increase cropping intensity. The study came to several conclusions: • According to the soil and water salinity index, 21 percent of the observed fallows were classified as high and medium potential, with the remainder poorly suited to SWI. • Conversely, 78 percent of the observed low production intensity acreage addressable by SWI was classified as high and medium potential. • The largest concentration of fallow land that could be brought under SWI was located in the south-central hydrological zone. Fifty-nine (59) percent was located in Barisal Division, the majority in Patuakhali. The same district however also had the highest amount of low and marginal potential land, a result of increasing salinity towards the coast. 7 FAO. 2014. AQUASTAT Country Profile–Bangladesh. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in figures – AQUASTAT Survey – 2011. 8 Sustainable crop intensification through surface water irrigation in Bangladesh? A geospatial assessment of landscape-scale production potential, Timothy J. Krupnik, Urs Schulthessa, Zia Uddin Ahmeda, Andrew J. McDonald, Land Use Policy 2017. 3 • As with fallow land, most (73 percent) of the low production intensity cropland that could be converted from rainfed to irrigated conditions was found in the south-central hydrological zone. • Within this area, Patuakhali district had the greatest land area where soil or water salinity exceeded 4 deciSiemens per meter (dS/m)−1, indicating low or marginal SWI potential. The study provides a detailed analysis for SWI and increased cropping intensity by district, within the Khulna, Barisal, and Dhaka Divisions. It highlights the fact that there is great variability between districts, but water and salinity are not bound by administrative boundaries, and the differences between upazilas within these districts are not known or documented. There are also many other factors that affect farmer decision-making not covered in this study. Farmers are aware of the rising cost of irrigation, especially as water tables decline toward the end of the dry season. They are dealing with the rising cost and scarcity of agriculture labor for planting, harvesting, and processing. At the same time, they are also now familiar with how other crops such as maize and wheat compare with boro rice production and are open to new opportunities. Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia Mechanization and Irrigation (CSISA-MI) attempted to address the potential opportunities for increased SWI and production, while also responding to the rising costs of irrigation and manual labor by increasing farmer awareness for improved irrigation machines (axial flow pumps, or AFPs) and tillage, planting, and harvest equipment. Only by increasing the availability of machinery and other support services could farmers assess how those machines might lead to increased productivity and/or profits for their particular farming system. Annex 1 presents a list of all upazilas where the CSISA-MI activity was implemented from Year 1 to 5. It also indicates that most upazilas in the Jashore, Jhenaidah, Kushtia, Magura, Merherpur, and Narail districts of the Khulna division were unsuitable for SWI and that the AFP was used primarily for gehr dewatering in Khulna district. 3.0 EVALUATION PURPOSE While CSISA maintains a focus on adaptive technology testing, deployment of new crop varieties, direct training work with farmers, and facilitating output markets, CSISA-MI goes beyond this to focus on upstream market interventions involving machinery manufacturers, dealers, spare parts shop (SPS) owners, mechanics, and local service providers (LSPs) to facilitate efficiencies in the value chain to reach farmers at scale. The purpose of this evaluation is to determine the degree to which CSISA-MI has succeeded in achieving the stated objectives and outcomes as per the original logical framework, but with consideration of strategic and operational adjustments that were made between 2013 and 2019. CSISA-MI is based on market development approaches to strengthen the capacity of stakeholders involved in mechanized agriculture production and their relationships with one another. There are many challenges to improving the quality and availability of machinery and their spare parts, the capacity and availability of mechanics, and the business skills and technical capacity of LSPs. This evaluation will provide an analysis of the number of LSPs, mechanics, SPSs, dealers, manufacturers, and importers that were established or strengthened through CSISA-MI activities; the challenges in establishing new entrepreneurs and developing the capacity of existing entrepreneurs; and the degree to which these efforts are likely to sustain and/or continue to evolve and expand. The evaluation will also provide an analysis of how the activity responded to various challenges, what was learned, and how interventions can be improved in the future. 3.1 AUDIENCE AND INTENDED USE The primary intended audience for the assessment is USAID/Bangladesh. The intended use of this evaluation report is to provide recommendations to USAID for current projects and activities as well as to inform future designs and interventions in the Agriculture Machinery sector. USAID may also disseminate the report widely to stakeholders, such as implementing partners (IPs), GOB Ministries, departments and agencies, other sector-specific donors, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and 4 the Development Experience Clearinghouse (DEC). The assessment’s findings and recommendations will inform future designs and implementation of Agriculture and Economic Growth (EG) projects. 4.0 EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 4.1 EVALUATION TEAM COMPOSITION A three-person evaluation team (ET) comprised of an international team leader, one local mechanization specialist, and one irrigation systems specialist served as the core team for conducting the desk review of all relevant documents, developing the data collection tools, and conducting all focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it was decided that the Team Leader (TL) would oversee the evaluation from her home base in Germany. Two days before submission of the work plan it was realized that none of the team members would be able to travel or conduct in-person interviews. At that point, all planned FGD guidelines were revised to be implemented as KIIs, except for those with the CSISA-MI staff. Two research assistants were recruited to translate guidelines, schedule and conduct interviews, perform data entry, and assist with data analysis. The Bangladesh Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning Activity (BMEL) also provided support for translating KII guidelines into Bengali, conducting interviews when needed, performing quality control of collected data, and assisting with data analysis. 4.2 DOCUMENT REVIEW The ET began its work with a home-based desk review of the activity proposal and logical framework; annual and semi-annual reports; the Scaling of Agriculture Machinery report; the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) plan; and USAID, GOB and other technical documents. Most documentation was available to the ET at the time of the work plan preparation. All reviewed documents are listed in Annex 18. 4.3 SAMPLING APPROACH The CSISA-MI activity was implemented in 121 upazilas, within 23 districts in the Dhaka, Khulna, and Barishal divisions. Due to a reduction in funding from USAID the IP phased out 73 upazilas by Year 5. According to the reports and discussions with CSISA-MI staff, the activity ceased operations in areas where the equipment was less in demand by farmers and/or was more expensive to operate due to their remoteness. The TL selected an upazila within each of the seven districts where operations continued after Year 5 and where there were a sufficient number of the activity stakeholders. When not available at the upazila level, dealers were selected from those located in the Sadar district. Annex 1 shows the years that the activity was operational in each upazila, specific issues for the use of the AFP, and the overlap with the Surface Water Irrigation Rehabilitation in the Southern Delta Region Project (SWIRP), part of the Local Currency Funds Activity. CSISA-MI also provided a list of the total number of LSPs, mechanics, SPSs, and dealers with whom the activity collaborated (Annex 2). The TL used the complete list of all activity stakeholders (farmers, LSPs, mechanics, SPS owners, and dealers), provided by the IP, for respondent selection. Annex 3 provides the planned number of interviews. 4.4 DATA COLLECTION The availability of technology made a remote evaluation possible, enabling the ET to share documents and discuss any issues, but the quality of the team interaction was sometimes constrained by Internet connectivity. The ET used Zoom to conduct the FGDs with the CSISA-MI leadership core team and three field teams, and three machinery manufacturers/importers. The two specialists interviewed the dealers/retailers, SPS owners, and mechanics by phone—one from each of the seven selected districts. Two additional enumerators were contracted to assist with the LSP and farmer telephonic interviews by phone. Toward the end of the data collection process some LSPs could not be interviewed due to illness 5 or other issues, so the ET ultimately interviewed 33 LSPs and 36 farmers. The TL reviewed all interview notes, provided feedback, and ensured that all evaluation questions (EQs) were responded to as best as possible. 4.5 DATA ANALYSIS The BMEL team provided direction for the development of Excel data sheets for data entry and analysis of the farmer, LSP, mechanic, dealer, and SPS owner data. The TL created frameworks for data analysis and all data were entered by the two enumerators. The analysis was facilitated by the ET with support from the BMEL team. 4.6 METHODOLOGICAL STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The use of various data sources enabled the ET to triangulate information, but there are always methodological limitations, particularly for a remote evaluation. The first limitation was the small sample size for both the number of respondents and upazilas, seven out of the original 121, especially considering the extensive differences in cropping systems, agroecological environments, comparative economic productivity of crops, availability of surface and ground water, and remoteness. Second, many people do not know or use the precise terms for different machinery. There are over 800,000 “power tillers” or 2WTs in Bangladesh used with an 18-tine attachment. A Power Tiller Operated Seeder (PTOS) is a two-wheeled tractor with a power take off system that is used to operate a 48-tine tillage attachment that comes with a seeder box. Due to the similarities, many people are unlikely to remember a long English name for something that is very similar to a “tractor.” Third, because the ET could not go to the field and meet with random farmers, respondents were selected from the activity data. These farmers were known to be LSP customers, probably more familiar with the terminology, and therefore, not necessarily representative of farmers less involved with the activity. Fourth, it is very difficult to determine if the respondent truly understands the questions or is providing accurate information without being able to observe the situation in the field. Fifth, because the IP worked predominately through the private sector many of those interviewed may not be aware of the actual activity name and its goals. The TL attempted to identify any potential misunderstandings and gaps in information by reviewing all KII notes as they were submitted, seeking clarification as required, and discussing these issues with the team as they arose. One strength of conducting interviews by phone was that it was easier to interview the person at their convenience. In addition, it was easier to follow up with people if additional information was needed. 5.0 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS The ET had the EQs in mind as they reviewed the CSISA-MI proposal, reports, and other documents. The KII guidelines were developed based on what was learned, and not learned, from these documents. During CSISA-MI FGDs, the ET learned that even though the activity changed direction significantly from the original proposal, that change was not documented in a revised logical framework or within the wording of the annual reports. These issues will be elaborated upon in response to the following respective EQs. 5.1 TO WHAT EXTENT WAS THE CSISA-MI PHASE I ACTIVITY SUCCESSFUL IN INCREASING SMALLHOLDERS’ ACCESS TO SURFACE WATER IRRIGATION THROUGH THE LSPS? HOW EFFECTIVE HAVE THE FLOW PUMPS BEEN TO ADDRESS THE IRRIGATION ISSUES IN THE FEED THE FUTURE (FTF) ZONE OF INFLUENCE (ZOI)? Agriculture productivity and cropping intensity could be increased in the southwest with the use of surface water for irrigation. The southwest coastal zone includes three divisions with different water issues and a wide variety of land types. The STARS Geospatial mapping tool 6 (https://202.53.173.179/cimmyt/mapexplorer.aspx) indicates the greatest potential for SWI and increasing cropping intensity by district but differences between upazilas are not documented. Documents and KIIs indicate that ground water is available in most of the Dhaka Division and the northern upazilas of the Khulna division but much less so in the Barisal Division. Surface water is delivered through canals and requires proximity, whereas ground water can be easily accessed with a STW. Many southern riverine tributaries and canals have silted up and eroded over the years negatively impacting water flow. For these reasons, farmers are more likely to prefer the convenience of ground water when available. The ET asked LSPs and farmers about the use of ground and surface water. The primary and secondary sources of irrigation water, as reported by LSPs were analyzed by division (Annex 4). Two upazilas were covered in Barisal: Galachipa and Wazipur. In these upazilas, there is no secondary source of irrigation water; in the other divisions, over 90 percent of irrigation water comes from STWs. As shown in Annex 4, larger canals are more important where surface water is the primary source of irrigation water. Farmers were asked comparable questions about the source of irrigation water and the results are very similar to the LSPs. Sixty (60) and 80 percent of farmers report the use of surface water in the Dhaka and Khulna divisions, respectively, but the percentage of land covered is 10 percent or less. Although surface water is not an important source of irrigation water in the Dhaka and Khulna Divisions, the majority of farmers do report the use of some surface water. In Barisal, 64 percent of farmers reported the use of AFPs, compared to 10 percent in Dhaka and 40 percent in Khulna (Annex 4.3). Fifty-three (5) percent of respondents in all areas reported the use of low lift pumps (LLPs) only for surface water irrigation. LSPs procured a total of 1,017 AFPs during the life of the activity, but the numbers dropped significantly after Year 3 (Table 1). According to the CSISA-MI leadership team, the AFPs procured during the first three years (736) were likely out of operation by the end of project (EOP), due to their lack of durability, leaving 281 AFPs likely to be functional in the field. Annex 9 shows the total number of AFPs, PTOSs, and reapers that were procured by LSPs by upazila—25 in Galachipa (Patuakhali District) and 60 in Wazipur (Barisal District). Despite the small sample, it seems that the AFP is highly appreciated in the areas surveyed. With an average of only 1.5 AFPs per village in the two Barisal upazilas, it would be useful to have a more in-depth understanding of how these are being used and their impact on productivity. One large farmer with over 200 acres of land in Manirampur Upazila (Khulna), reported the use of three AFPs by 300 farmers in his village, primarily to drain ghers after shrimp cultivation. This same farmer explained that the AFP can drain the same amount of land in half the time required by the LLP, but he also shared “the shaft breaks frequently, as the machine runs continuously for days to months, the material quality of the shaft is not appropriate for such heavy-duty work.” Farmers appreciated the higher discharge rate which can cut the required time for drainage in half and that there is no need to prime the pump. In addition, AFPs can supposedly bring up water from greater depths than the LLP; in this case they may be referring to the distance of the pump from the canal water. It also seems to be most practical for those who live next to a canal. One farmer mentioned being within the command area of the AFP. Based on LSP and farmer interviews, the AFP is still in use and has a strong advantage in certain niche areas where ground water is unavailable. The AFP delivers more water using less fuel than the centrifugal pump (CP), but it does not have a similarly well-developed supply chain and it can only be used for the delivery of surface water, while the CP can also be used with STWs. In addition, the AFP cannot be left unmanned while in operation, is less durable than the CP, and, due to the length of the pipe, is both difficult to store and transport. The majority of farmers with AFP experience reported the need for a separate engine to run the pump, shaft breakdowns, and corrosion due to saline water as disadvantages of the AFP. In conclusion, the activity was somewhat successful in increasing farmer access to surface water irrigation, primarily in the Barisal Division, but the AFPs are not competitive with the CP in terms of durability, cost, convenience, and flexibility in use. Addressing the overall irrigation issues in the FTF ZOI was beyond the scope of any one project. 7 Table 1: Sales of Agriculture Technology by Activity Year9 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total AFP 134 168 434 152 118 11 1,017 PTOS 72 101 233 410 597 438 1,851 Reaper 28 27 75 218 360 181 889 Total 234 296 742 780 1,075 630 3,757 5.1.1 How successful was CSISA-MI in terms of developing and expanding farmers’ access to the mechanized and related extension services? What were some of the challenges? Based on discussions with the CSISA team, the activity did not support any formal private sector or public extension services. Informally, as a result of Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) involvement with the machinery demonstrations, relationships between LSPs, farmers, and the DAE were strengthened. One DAE KI mentioned that LSPs come to him when they need technical advice, and he links those LSPs with their local Sub-Assistant Agricultural Officers (SAAOs). Twenty-five (25) percent of LSPs reported learning new agriculture practices, primarily line sowing of wheat and other crops. According to Table 1, the PTOS was procured by the largest number of LSPs, most likely because it is similar to the existing common tillage equipment, and because it takes only one pass in the field to create a fine soil, compared to five with the standard attachment. The PTOS was intended to facilitate improved tillage and seeding, but various stakeholders estimated that less than 10 percent of the LSPs use the seeding attachment. To increase farmer demand for mechanized seeding, LSPs promoted line sowing, which some farmers began to adopt. All farmers found significant value in the PTOS for land preparation for onions, jute, mung bean, and other crops. According to DataBD,10 90 percent of land in Bangladesh is cultivated with 35,000 tractors and 700,000 2WTs, as well as over 1.5 million STWs, 170,000 LLPs, and 35,000 DTWs for irrigation. So, the amount of equipment procured as a result of the activity is a drop in the bucket. Although the activity was focused on scaling, it was more about bringing new technologies that would increase farmer productivity. In contrast to tillage equipment, data indicate that there were only 500 reapers and 200 combines used for cultivation in 2019. Harvesting of rice, wheat, maize, and other grain crops is extremely labor intensive and has to be done when the grain is mature and before any untimely rainfall. As tillage and planting become more mechanized there will be a growing need for more mechanized harvest equipment. Presently, the use of a reaper is new to over 99 percent of farmers in Bangladesh and the technology is still not perfectly adapted to farmers’ needs. For example, it did not perform well in moist soils, with crops vulnerable to lodging, and it is difficult to turn in small fields, leaving some of the crop uncut. CSISA-MI made numerous modifications to the reaper to address these issues. One hundred (100) percent of farmers that reported using reapers will continue to do so because labor is scarce, and the reaper is cheaper than manual labor. Mechanized harvest equipment will allow farmers to harvest quickly and to get ready for the following season, giving them greater choice of crops and varieties to plant. CSISA-MI began demonstrating the K-BOS medium multi-crop combine harvester in Year 5, and in 2017 one key informant (KI) imported 12 combines increasing to 174 in 2019. Combines are very expensive, and one GOB KI mentioned that it may only be practical where farmers are willing to plant the same variety at the same time so that the combine can be used on larger fields. Another GOB KI shared how the DAE has provided combines to some groups with a 100 percent subsidy. Annex 5 indicates a very ambitious plan with regard to subsidies for combine harvesters over the next five years. Advanced Chemical Industries (ACI), Alim Industries Ltd, The Metal (Pvt.) Ltd. (TML), and 9 CSISA-MI Final Report, 2019 10 https://databd.co/stories/envisioning-mechanization-innovation-in-bangladesh-agriculture-10536 8 Chittagong Builders Ltd.—have imported combines, a process which requires government approval and a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the DAE. Before any further promotion or development research with combines, CSISA-MI should look closely at the financial feasibility of combines owned by individual LSPs without the 100 percent subsidy. In conclusion, while CSISA-MI very successfully increased farmer access to mechanized services, any extension services that may have been provided were informal and based on the knowledge and the initiative of the staff, DAE and NGO partners, and private sector service providers. 5.1.2 How successful was the activity in increasing the diversification and intensity of farm production and what was the effect on the “pull” factor for the irrigation market? Despite what is stated in the activity proposal and implied in the annual reports, CSISA-MI did not focus on increasing crop diversification as a pull factor for the irrigation market. As farmers became aware of the PTOS, reaper, and AFP they assessed how these machines could best be used for the most profitable crops—onions, watermelon, jute, etc. As discussed under EQ 1 the irrigation “market” is less influenced by increasing cropping intensity than by the availability of surface and ground water and the efficiencies of the available technologies. In conclusion, CSISA-MI did not focus on increasing cropping diversity, and there was no additional pull factor for the AFP; but the increased availability of surface water in some upazilas of the Barisal division did lead to increased cropping intensity. 5.2 HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE ACTIVITY IN LEVERAGING PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN THE AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY SECTOR? WHAT WERE SOME OF THE CHALLENGES IN FORMING PARTNERSHIPS? HOW EFFECTIVE WAS THE PARTNERSHIP IN CONDUCTING RISK MANAGEMENT? According to both manufacturer and GOB KIIs, CSISA-MI worked very well with the private sector to increase the demand for and availability of the PTOS, reaper, and AFP. Table 2 shows the annual level of investment by the private sector partners (PSPs) and the LSPs, a total of $8.5 million, 26.6 percent of which is from LSPs. The PSPs appreciated the IP’s help in expanding and strengthening their knowledge of and relationships with government institutions, especially BARI. PSPs reported that BARI has been very involved in the testing and approval of equipment, in addition to the DAE subsidies which helped to create demand for machinery. The private sector also greatly appreciated the way CSISA-MI helped to increase the farmer demand for machinery, expand their market areas, and, in some cases, to improve their production of equipment. Table 2: Private Sector Investment in the FTF ZOI Company Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total Alim $ - $ - $100,938 $111,275 $580,000 $45,079 $837,292 Janata $ - $ - $102,563 $185,063 $310,976 $45,938 $644,539 TML $ - $ - $195,862 $303,075 $951,122 $239,929 $1,689,988 ACI $ - $ - $242,162 $105,250 $1,795,122 $308,571 $2,451,105 Rangpur Foundry Limited (RFL) $26,567 $264,377 $159,226 $52,601 $53,091 $555,862 LSPs $129,657 $123,992 $444,593 $472,813 $618,000 $580,000 $2,369,054 Total $156,224 $388,368 $1,245,343 $1,230,076 $4,308,311 $1,219,517 $8,547,839 KIIs reveal that people in the higher echelons of DAE were aware of CSISA-MI and the machines promoted by the activity but they were not significantly involved. On the other hand, based on KIIs with dealers, mechanics, LSPs, and farmers, many or most of them became aware of the activity through DAE at the upazila level. In fact, DAE also facilitated their access to subsidized machines and training by CSISA-MI 9 personnel. The three GOB KIIs indicated that collaboration with the IP was somewhat less than a full partnership. One KI indicated that the IP was inclined to take their interventions to government agencies for their support, rather than developing interventions together from the beginning. The KI believed if the latter approach had been taken, the capacity and motivation within the government agencies might have become more sustainable. In conclusion, the activity was very successful in leveraging private sector investment, but somewhat less so in developing full public-private partnerships. The primary challenge to forming public-private partnerships is that government partners tend to be very busy with a multitude of ongoing projects and are primarily accountable to their supervisors, while private sector partners are driven by the bottom line. 5.3 HOW SUCCESSFUL AND SUSTAINABLE ARE THE BUSINESSES THAT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED BY RURAL ENTREPRENEURS AS A RESULT OF THE ACTIVITY? WHAT HAVE BEEN THE MAJOR CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES WITH RESPECT TO SUSTAINABILITY OF THE LSP BUSINESS MODEL? WHAT MEASURES SHOULD BE TAKEN TO ENHANCE SUSTAINABILITY? The final report referred to 2,107 active LSPs out of the original 3,475 LSPs and CSISA-MI provided a list of 1,200 active LSPs to use as a selection frame. It turned out that these were “active” based on a particular seasonal survey so the TL requested the full list of 3,475 LSPs to use as a selection frame. Only one out of 33 interviewed LSPs was no longer active. Based on farmer and LSP KIIs, the number of LSPs is growing. Based on the LSP KIIs, over 90 percent of LSPs already owned equipment (2WTs and CPs) and worked for other farmers when they became involved with CSISA-MI. The LSP business model is likely more sustainable because CSISA-MI began with existing entrepreneurs and developed their capacity to acquire additional machines, more effectively operate and maintain their machines, increase their access to spare parts and mechanics, expand their business, and increase their profitability. CSISA￾MI met the need for technical training and feedback mechanisms between LSPs, dealers, and equipment manufacturers. The majority of LSPs and farmers stated that the number of service providers (SPs), mechanics, and SPSs are increasing dramatically in their areas leading to improved and more timely service; but there is still a need for other kinds of equipment, higher quality equipment, and spare parts. Activity documents refer to having reached the tipping point in many of the upazilas, but the documents do not specify in which upazilas that tipping point has been reached or for which equipment. Farmers and LSPs are very clear about the advantages of the PTOS; the 48-tine attachment provides excellent soil tilth with one run, compared to the 18-tine attachment which takes 4-5 runs for the same quality of soil. According to reports and KIIs, less than 10 percent of LSPs use the seeding attachment on the PTOS, predominantly for wheat and mung bean. The activity should investigate more closely those areas where the seeding attachment is used and how best to promote the technology. In conclusion, the LSP business model is very sustainable due to increasing farmer demand for mechanization services. The primary challenge for LSPs, mechanics, and SPS owners is the quality and reliability of the machines and spare parts. With the increase in SPs the market is becoming more competitive and consumers more discerning. There is an opportunity for machine and SPS owners to respond to the demand for quality and reliability. 5.4 TO WHAT EXTENT HAS CSISA-MI INTEGRATED OR INCORPORATED GENDER IN THE INTERVENTIONS? WHAT HAVE BEEN THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES, IF ANY? WHAT HAS BEEN THE IMPACT OF MECHANIZATION ON WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT? CSISA-MI supported an in-depth study on Gender and Mechanization in 2017 but it did not look at 10 women’s interests in specific crops and potential mechanization needs.11 In summary, the study concluded that women were reluctant to purchase machines on their own; it is socially unacceptable for women to drive machines; both men and women struggle with operating machines; and women overall benefit from mechanized harvesting of wheat and rice, primarily by not having to feed and manage laborers in the field. Yet, the primary approach to incorporating gender into the interventions was to identify and train 75 female LSPs in Year 5 and another 139 in Year 6 (total 214 female LSPs). Based on the document review and KIIs, most of the machines owned by these women are operated by their husbands or other family members. The ET interviewed three female LSPs and one of these reported that she operated her own PTOS which had an electric starter. CSISA-MI worked with the private sector to make the electric starter available, specifically for women. The CSISA-MI Activity did minimal initial research on male or female farmer interest in agriculture machinery. As staff became aware of important regional crops, they could have done more informal research to learn about women’s interests in mechanization. For example, mung bean and other pulses are important crops for women and the production of these have declined dramatically with the increase in boro production. However, where boro is not grown due to a lack of irrigation, i.e., Patuakhali, farmers (male and female) continue to grow pulses in what is considered “fallow” land. Sixty (60) percent of LSPs reported having an average of 15 female customers. When asked about women’s interest in other forms of mechanization, 33 percent reported reapers, followed by 25 percent for AFPs, and 17 percent for PTOSs. A few also mentioned mung bean “transplanters;” since mung beans are normally broadcast, the team assumes they meant seeding equipment. CSISA-MI should investigate more closely the PTOS potential for mung bean planting in specific areas and involve women in that discussion. Many studies, including the IFPRI study,12 indicate that when women contribute to their family’s livelihoods, it leads to recognition and status within the household and community, but CSISA-MI should conduct a more in-depth study on how women are benefiting from their investment as well as their overall interests in mechanization. In conclusion, the CSISA-MI had limited success at incorporating gender within the activity interventions. The focus was on establishing female SPs in a sector that is 100 percent male dominated, without attempting to fully understand how women might benefit from mechanization services as customers. 5.5 HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE ACTIVITY IN DEVELOPING THE UPSTREAM SUPPLY CHAIN (PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, DISTRIBUTION), THE DOWNSTREAM MARKET, AND ACCESS TO FINANCE AND CREDIT FOR MECHANIZATION? The activity was very successful in developing the downstream market for agriculture machinery and spare parts which stimulated the upstream supply chain. The activity had some success in increasing access to finance and government subsidies. The following is a detailed analysis for each of the supply chain actors. 5.5.1 Manufacturers/Importers CSISA-MI partnered with five different machinery importers that already had fairly well-developed supply chains based on the use of their own regional dealers, retailers, and commission agents. Table 3 shows the year that CSISA-MI began working with these companies and the products with which they were most involved. The ET interviewed three of these companies. One company reported importing PTOSs from 2013; their sales increased by over 260 percent in 2016 and by 280 percent in 2017, as a result of working with CSISA-MI. Their annual production of seeding attachments also increased 600 percent between 2013 and 2019. The three importers reported selling a total of over 1,700 reapers between 2015 and 2019, 11 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Discussion Paper 01837 May 2019. Gender and Agricultural Mechanization: A mixed-methods exploration of the impacts of multi-crop reaper-harvester service provision in Bangladesh by Sophie Theis, Timothy J. Krupnik, Nasrin Sultana, et. al. 12 Ibid. 11 compared to the 889 reported by CSISA-MI. Activity documents were very clear in pointing out that most of these companies were able to sell more equipment in the northwest. Table 3: Primary PSPs and Their Machinery Priorities RFL ACI Alim Janata TML AFP 2013 NA 2015 NA 2015 PTOs 2014 2016 2015 2015 2016 Reaper and Attachment NA 2013 2015 2015 2015 While only one KI mentioned receiving direct financial support to procure a piece of equipment, all KIs appreciated the cost sharing agreement for the promotion of the different machines. In addition, they highly valued the introductions to BARI, BRRI, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), and their technical support; financial and business management training; capacity development for dealers; and training of LSPs. When asked what CSISA-MI could have done better, responses included increasing farmer/LSP access to finance, capacity building for local spare parts production, facilities to improve material quality, more quality control of machines, more field tests, and “supply chain development so that all products are available everywhere”—this latter suggestion is beyond the scope of any one project and is more the responsibility of the private sector. Production and revenue for all companies increased significantly (5 to 20 percent) due to their involvement with CSISA-MI. When asked about their biggest ongoing challenges, KIs mentioned import duties on raw materials, lack of skilled manpower, and maintaining production quality. Challenges for specific machines included the following: “The CP is more durable and cheaper than the AFP, which is not easy to transport and needs to be manned while in operation;” and “Reaper sales may decline without the government subsidy and may not compete well with the combine.” 5.5.2 Machinery Dealers/Retailers Machinery dealers and retailers serve as the next segment of the supply chain between the importers/manufacturers and the farmers. Annex 1 includes a complete list of upazilas where the CSISA￾MI activity was implemented. CSISA-MI worked with 762 mechanics, 193 dealers, and 79 SPSs. Annex 2 shows the number of each of these for each upazila; the numbers vary dramatically between upazilas. The primary criteria for upazila selection by the ET was the number of operational years and the availability of active LSPs and SPS owners since they had the lowest representation among the stakeholders. When there were no dealers available in the selected upazila, e.g., in Nagarakanda, the ET selected dealers from the nearest Sadar upazila. Annex 6 shows the total number of stakeholders with whom the CSISA-MI worked in the selected upazilas. The last column is the estimated number of SPSs in the upazila where the SPS KII was interviewed, which are surprisingly high. A sample size of seven for each stakeholder is not significant, but the data gathered provide some interesting insights. First, according to Table 4, while most of the mechanics established their businesses prior to 2011, 57.1 and 42.9 percent of dealers and SPS owners, respectively, started their businesses within the last decade. In fact, two of the dealers and SPS owners started their businesses after 2015. Table 4: Decades During Which Dealers, Mechanics, and SPS Owners Established their Businesses Percentage of Businesses Interviewed Established Within These Time Periods Between 2011 and 2020 Between 2001 and 2010 Between 1991 and 2000 Between 1980 and 1990 Dealers 57.1 (4) 14.3 (1) 14.3 (1) 28.6 (2) Mechanics 14.3 (1) 28.6 (2) 42.9 (3) 14.3 (1) SPSs 42.9 (3) 28.6 (2) 14.3 (1) 14.3 (1) 12 It should be noted that dealers are in fact machinery retailers, some of whom may sell on behalf of one company only, but most do not. Five of the seven persons interviewed were the business owners while two were employees. Four of the respondents reported first learning about the activity from CSISA-MI or iDE personnel, two from DAE, and one from machinery importers. Six respondents were invited to machinery demonstrations and other events, five were invited to receive training, three of these received training on machinery operation and maintenance, and two on business expansion. Six of the respondents were introduced to farmers and LSPs. Five of the respondents were introduced to importers/manufacturers that were previously unknown to them, including RFL, TML, Alim Industries, Janata Engineering, and Chittagong Builders, and 100 percent of these dealers began procuring machines from those companies. One of the respondents who was not introduced to other companies was a dealer for Alim Industries. Four dealers began procuring threshers (mostly from Alim), one bought the PTOS, and one bought AFPs. Due to Alim’s presence as a major supplier of threshers, still in high demand, retailers may have been more inclined to purchase other machinery from them. When asked if there was a demand for machinery they could not supply, five respondents said they could not meet the demand for reapers as they lacked capital, it was too expensive, and there was a lack of quality machine service and spare parts. Another mentioned that there is a demand for maize shellers but those that are available (locally made) are of poor quality. It seems there is a “demand” for something that does not meet specific criteria. For example, reapers are available but not at a price people are willing or able to pay. There is also a high demand for straw choppers, threshers, and combines. One respondent mentioned that young men come in looking for equipment that they saw on the Internet. Three of the respondents use an average of five commissioning agents and five use an average of six sub￾dealers to increase sales. One respondent reported using 600 commissioning agents. To better understand the expansion of the machinery sales in these areas, the ET asked about which equipment they sold between 2015 and 2019, and the number of machines sold (Annex 7). Between 2015 and 2019, the number of dealers selling 2WTs increased from 28.6 to 100 percent, with a similar increase for PTOS. By 2017, four of the respondents were selling reapers, reaper attachments, and threshers. The total number of self-propelled reapers (SPRs) sold annually was fairly flat with an average of two per dealer, compared to the reaper attachment which appears to be slowly increasing in sales. Surprisingly, the number of combines sold outpaced the SPR in 2019 by 50 percent. In contrast to the 2WT and the PTOS, the majority of respondents perceive a future decline in demand for both the reaper and the attachment due to “lack of quality spare parts” and “farmers do not like cutting only.” AFP sales are very small and declining compared to the CP which is used for both ground (STW) and surface water (LLP) irrigation. Over 400 of the CPs sold annually were by one dealer in Jessore upazila. Four dealers said they no longer sell the AFP and one no longer sells the reaper, all due to a lack of demand. The AFP is considered too expensive and difficult to operate compared to the LLP. Except for the AFP, the vast majority of dealers also sell spare parts for the various machines. 5.5.3 Spare Parts Shop Owners While machinery retailers serve as the last mile for the machinery supply chain, the availability of quality spare parts is critical to sustaining the demand for machinery services. If an LSP cannot keep his/her machine operational, they lose money and the trust of their customers, especially for machinery that is new to them and replaces traditional manual practices. Annex 6 shows the estimated number of SPSs by the respondents from these upazilas; although these figures do seem high, they are regardless much greater than the number of SPSs targeted by CSISA-MI. Similar to the dealers, the majority of respondents became aware of CSISA-MI through activity staff, although two learned about the activity from mechanics and one from a dealer. Five respondents were invited to training, but only three attended trainings on the reaper and PTOS, and two attended training for the AFP. Four interviewees stated they were provided 13 with training on how to provide technical advice to LSPs. Six of the respondents were introduced to an average of 64 LSPs and all reported that those introductions helped to expand their businesses. As one SPS owner shared, “known LSPs told others about me and encouraged them to buy parts from my shop.” Four respondents stated they were introduced to machinery importers and three of these began procuring spare parts from these companies. Six of the interviewees reported selling parts for the PTOS, two for the reaper, and one for the AFP. It was reported that RFL, Chittagong Builders, Janata Engineering, and China Royal Company supply parts for PTOS; ACI, Chittagong Builders, and Green Machinery supply parts for reapers; and RFL, TML, and R.K. Metal supply parts for AFPs. Three KIs reported noticing an increase in demand for spare parts for the PTOS and 2WT, and two reported an increase in demand for reaper and AFP parts. All seven respondents said they had no difficulty getting the parts needed. 5.5.4 Mechanics Other than LSPs, CSISA-MI worked with more mechanics (762) than any other stakeholder. Three out of the seven respondents started their business between 1991 and 2000, perhaps due to the dramatic increase in the number of 2WTs and CPs. Three of the mechanics had their own workshops and three said they could neither read nor write. Four respondents first became aware of CSISA-MI in 2019, followed by two in 2016, and one in 2015. The majority of mechanics appreciated how CSISA-MI encouraged farmers to use reapers, PTOSs and other machines, and provided training to the mechanics on these machines. KIs noted CSISA-MI also demonstrated the use of these machines and invited the mechanics to participate in these demonstrations. Four of the respondents reported that they were introduced to LSPs, other mechanics, and SPS owners, and provided with training on the PTOS and the reaper. Two received training on the AFP. Five stated that their businesses have expanded since their involvement with CSISA-MI. When asked about the number of mechanics in their upazila, one respondent said he did not know, but that he met nine mechanics in the training conducted by the activity. The Baliakandi respondent said he knew about 15 mechanics in his upazila but did not know the total number. Two of the respondents had no idea of the number. The largest number of mechanics were reported in the Khulna division with 50 and 120 in Jessore and Meherpur Districts, respectively. Annex 8 includes two tables on the machines maintained by mechanics and the most common repair issues. The majority of mechanics worked mostly on CPs (LLPs/STWs), 2WTs, and PTOS. The range for the number of machines that the mechanics worked on is quite broad which is not surprising as most of them are free-lance mechanics with small shops. Close to 100 percent of the respondents reported that work on all of the machines is increasing except for the PTOS. The seven mechanics interviewed mentioned a variety of challenges including having to leave their shop to work on machines, lack of capital to procure parts, lack of appropriate hand tools, and poor-quality spare parts. One mechanic reported that the LSPs and farmers do not want to pay him as much because he has to repeatedly repair the same machine. Another mechanic mentioned that he uses other workshops to repair some parts and it is difficult to get them back on time. Another mechanic stated that his only challenge was the need for more work. Interestingly five out of the seven mechanics interviewed said they want to expand their businesses by investing in old machinery to repair and resell, but they lack the capital. “I purchase old agricultural machines and after repairing [them] I sell them, so I need financial support to purchase more machines and expand my business.” When asked if they needed more support for their business, the responses were diverse. Three specified the need for training on specific machines; two responded that they need capital in order to purchase older machines; two mentioned the need for appropriate hand tools and instruments for their work, i.e., liner pullers; one stated the need for more durable spare parts; and one expressed the need for a training center for new mechanics. 14 5.5.5 Local Service Providers CSISA-MI worked with 3,491 LSPs in 103 different upazilas. The number of LSPs in each upazila varies dramatically from zero in several upazilas to 209 in Baliakandi (Annex 2). Annex 9 shows the number of LSPs interviewed in each upazila, district, and division, the equipment they owned at the time of the interview, those who received subsidies, and the percentage who are still active. The TL and the scheduler used the full LSP list in order to keep track of responses to requests for interviews and select appropriate back-up interviewees. Unfortunately, in the process of managing the list, the rows for the Manirampur upazila LSPs were hidden and the TL was not informed until all of the interviews were completed. As there were four people conducting interviews at the same and a number of respondents backed out or became unavailable after numerous attempts, only 33 LSPs were interviewed and without the divisional representation that was hoped for (10 LSPs in Barisal and Dhaka Divisions and 15 in Khulna division). Fortunately, the ET was able to interview 36 farmers, instead of the planned 30, and in all selected upazilas. The farmer respondents were randomly selected from a list of 13,000 farmers that the CSISA-MI activity used for their last seasonal survey. Unfortunately, the ET had completed most of the interviews when it was realized that nine of the selected farmers were also LSPs, so the TL increased the number of interviews to somewhat make up for the anomaly. Regardless of the small sample size and the imbalance in geographical representation, the ET was able to develop an overall impression of the evolving demand for machinery services in the CSISA-MI operational areas. First, it should be noted that 91 percent of the LSPs interviewed are active LSPs. In addition to owning either a PTOS, AFP, or reaper, the majority of respondents also own either a 2WT or CP, referred to as a STW when used for ground water and LLP when used for surface water. LSPs with AFPs were found only in the Barisal division, but four of these seven LSPs also owned PTOSs (2) and reapers (2). Among the 12 Khulna LSPs, 10 owned PTOSs and one had a reaper. Similarly, 13 of the 14 Dhaka LSPs had a PTOS and three had reapers. Among all of the 33 LSPs, eight had LLPs, 19 had STWs, and 16 more had 2WTs. One of the most surprising learnings is that 42.4 percent of these randomly selected LSPs received subsidies when purchasing machines. This might be due to the fact that unlike other stakeholders, the majority (51.5 percent) became aware of CSISA-MI through DAE contacts, compared to 24 and 9 percent through iDE and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) staff and the private sector, respectively. In Mujib Nagor, 85 percent received subsidies for their PTOS purchase. With regard to finance, 70 percent of LSPs reported getting funds from their family, 27 percent from microfinance institutions (MFIs), and 9 percent from banks. Three of the LSPs (9 percent) stated they were supported by CSISA-MI to access finance. To assess the impact of CSISA-MI on LSP machinery ownership the ET asked about the equipment owned when they first became aware of the activity (Table 5). Almost 80 percent of the LSPs owned equipment and had an average of 62 clients before becoming involved with CSISA-MI. This is not surprising as field staff looked for working LSPs to become involved in the activity. Not only did the LSPs acquire PTOSs, reapers, and AFPs for the first time, but they also increased their ownership of CPs and 2WTs. Table 5: Equipment Ownership Before Becoming Involved with CSISA and After % Count Equipment Ownership at Time of Interview # of LSP interviewed 100.0 33 # of LSPs who already owned equipment 78.8 26 # that owned 2WTs 36.4 12 16 # that owned LLPs 12.1 4 8 (plus 19 STWs) # that owned PTOS 9.1 3 25 # that owned Reapers 0 0 6 15 % Count Equipment Ownership at Time of Interview # that owned AFPs 0 0 4 # that owned other equipment* 54.6 18 # of LSPs that worked for other farmers 78.8 26 Average number of clients 62.4 * All equipment other than PTOS, CP and 2WT are counted as other equipment. Table 6 shows the busiest seasons as reported by the LSPs by division and their average number of customers, which increased from 62.4 to 100 for all divisions. Most LSPs are able to serve 2.5 to 3.2 villages within one to two unions. Table 6: Busiest Season as Reported by Percentage of LSPs # of LSPs by Division** Boro Rabi Aman Aus/ Other Average Number of Customers Average # of Villages Served Average # of Unions Served Barisal 3 (42.9) 1 (14.3) 3 (42.9) 0 (0.0) 142 3.1 1.9 Dhaka 3 (21.4) 9 (64.3) 2 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 71 3.2 1.4 Khulna 2 (16.7) 8 (66.7) 1 (8.3) 1 (8.3) 91 2.4 1.1 ** The numbers of LSPs by Division are Barisal - 7, Dhaka - 14, and Khulna - 12. Despite the fact that SPS owners stated that they had no problems meeting the need for spare parts, the greatest challenge reported by LSPs is getting quality spare parts. This was ranked number one by 15 LSPs, and number 2 and 3 by 10 more LSPs (Table 7). Other challenges included: finding a good mechanic, knowledge on machine maintenance, and finding qualified employees to run machinery. Thirteen (13) LSPs reported having no employees; 14 have an average of 1.4 seasonal employees; and six have an average of two full time employees. Table 8 shows how LSPs ranked their most important business challenges, primarily getting people to pay on time and the fact that everyone needs their service at the same time. Table 7: Greatest Equipment Challenges for LSP KIs—Number and Percentage Ranked # 1 Ranked # 2 Ranked #3 Getting spare parts 15 (45.5) 5 (15.2) 5 (15.2) Finding a good mechanic 10 (30.3) 9 (27.3) 2 (6.1) Transporting equipment to more distant farmers 2 (6.1) 3 (9.1) 6 (18.2) Knowledge on regular maintenance 0 (0.0) 1 (3.0) 8 (24.2) Finding qualified employees to run machinery 1 (3.0) 7 (21.2) 3 (9.1) Other 2 (6.1) 1 (3.0) 1 (3.0) Note: Values in parenthesis indicate percentage. Table 8: Top Three Business Challenges as Reported by LSP KIs Ranked #1 Ranked #2 Ranked #3 Getting people to pay on time 21 (63.6) 8 (24.2) 2 (6.1) Everyone needs you at the same time 9 (27.3) 21 (63.6) 1 (3.0) Keeping track of your customers 0 (0.0) 1 (3.0) 6 (18.2) Other 2 (6.1) 1 (3.0) 6 (18.2) Note: Values in parenthesis indicate percentage. When asked if they felt they had enough customers 79 percent responded “Yes” and 67 percent said they referred farmers to other LSPs if they were too busy. Sixty-one (61) percent reported that new LSPs are coming into the business, while 39 percent stated they are not—due to a lack of capital and too much competition. Twenty (20) of the 33 LSPs interviewed reported having an average of 14 female clients. When asked if female clients were looking for machinery services not available in their area, 12 LSPs reported that women were looking for reapers (4), AFPs (3), PTOS (2), combines (1), and other (2). 16 Training and Capacity Building Twenty-two (22) of the LSPs reported being invited to training but three of these declined the offer. The LSPs reported receiving training on machine operation (19), machine maintenance (12), business management (6), and how to increase their customer base (11). Table 9 provides a breakdown of the LSPs who reported an increase in the demand for their services and the average increase by machine type. Over 80 percent of those with reapers had an average increase in demand of 268 percent. Only eight out of 33 LSPs were aware of any media efforts to increase the demand for machinery services, most of which seemed to be commercials for particular machines. Table 9: Changes in Demand for LSP Service Percentage of LSPs With an Increase in Demand for Services Average Percentage Increase in Demand LSPs with AFP 2 (50.0) 180 LSPs with PTOS 15 (65.2) 133 LSPS with Reaper 5 (83.3) 268 Note: Values in parenthesis indicate percentage. Only eight out of 33 LSPs reported learning any new agriculture practices, primarily line sowing of wheat and other crops. When asked if they promoted this practice, they all responded positively and that farmers were adopting the practice. Fifteen (15) of the LSPs were involved with farmer groups but only six of these were connected to groups by CSISA-MI. Similarly, 10 of the interviewed farmers reported belonging to MFIs, farmers, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), or other groups, and six of these groups were invited to CSISA-MI or DAE-organized trainings. In this way, it is likely that CSISA-MI reached almost 500 women and 850 men in just five villages. According to documents and KIs, CSISA-MI worked with only eight formal LSP networks (Annex 10), so it is surprising that four of the LSPs reported membership in a formal network with an average membership of 21 LSPs. Another five LSPs mentioned being involved with informal networks with an average of six members. CSISA-MI should look for and learn more about existing LSP networks. Awareness and Availability of New Machines The ET asked LSPs and farmers about equipment types new to their areas since 2016 and the increase in their availability. In Barisal, the AFP was mentioned by three out of seven LSPs as being new to the area and four said that it has increased in availability. The PTOS was reported to have increased in availability by 43, 93, and 67 percent of the LSPs interviewed in Barisal, Dhaka, and Khulna Divisions, respectively (Annex 11). LSPs were also asked about farmer demand for machinery not presently available in their areas as shown in Table 10. The machines in greatest demand include rice transplanters, reapers, combines, PTOSs, and other equipment, indicating there is an important unmet demand for a variety of machines in Bangladesh. Although the ET is not aware of the existence of mung bean transplanter machines, the ET decided to report it because the machine type was mentioned by an LSP and farmers. Table 10: Machines in Demand as Reported by Number and Percentage of LSPs by Division Division Rice Transplanter Mung Bean Transplanter Combine Harvester Self￾Propelled Reapers PTOS Other Equipment Other Transplanter Barisal 5 (71.4) 1 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (14.3) 1 (14.3) 1 (14.3) Dhaka 1 (7.1) 0 (0.0) 3 (21.4) 7 (50.0) 5 (35.7) 3 (21.4) 2 (14.3) Khulna 4 (33.3) 0 (0.0) 4 (33.3) 2 (16.7) 0 (0.0) 6 (50.0) 2 (16.7) Note: Values in parenthesis indicate percentages in each division. 17 5.5.6 Farmers The ET interviewed 36 farmers, including two women in the seven selected upazilas (Annex 12). The table in Annex 12 also shows where the team inadvertently interviewed LSPs who were included in CSISA-MI’s list of 13,000 farmers. The ET asked farmers about their awareness of new machines, their own machines, their use of LSPs, and the number of seasons they have used various machines (Table 11). The issue of awareness was queried in a separate question, so there is some discrepancy in the total numbers. Awareness of the AFP was covered in a different set of questions, and one question did not distinguish between the reaper and the reaper attachment. While 20 out of 36 farmers learned about the PTOS and reaper since 2016, 11 have not heard of or ever seen the PTOS, 20 have either not heard of or seen the reaper, and another 28 are not familiar with the reaper attachment. The relatively high number of farmers who own the PTOS and/or the AFP is likely due to the LSPs that were included in the respondent group, especially for the AFP as four of the Barisal Division farmers were LSPs. Those who reported using an LSP with a particular machine did not own that machine. One hundred (100) percent of farmers who are aware of the PTOS either own one or use one provided by an LSP, and six out of seven farmers who are familiar with the reaper, use one provided by an LSP. In addition, those who have used an LSP with an AFP, PTOS, or reaper have done so for several seasons. While CSISA-MI has made significant progress in creating awareness and demand for these machines there is still much to be done. The data indicate that 90 percent of people who are aware of and have access to the reapers and PTOSs are using them. It is interesting to note that farmers have become newly aware of other machines that are ubiquitous in most areas, i.e., the 2WT and CP, while a greater number of farmers own these machines themselves rather than using an LSP. In a separate question, farmers were asked if they had noticed an increase in machinery. While approximately 30 percent have noticed an increase in the number of PTOSs, reapers, and AFPs, over 50 percent noticed an increase in the number of CPs and almost 70 percent in the number of 2WTs (Table 12). Table 11: Farmer Awareness, Ownership, and Use of LSPs for Machinery Service Machine # Who Have Never Heard of This Machine Have Heard of This Machine But Never Saw It # of Farmers Who Report Learning About This Machine Over Last 4 Years # of Farmers Who Reported Owning This Machine # and % of Farmers Who Had an LSP Use This Machine on Their Land Average Number of Seasons Farmers Have Used This Machine AFP 6 1 (2,8%) 2.5 PTOS 4 7 13 5 8 (22,2%) 3.9 Reaper 9 11 7 0 6 (16,7%) 2.3 Reaper Attachment 21 7 2WT 6 8 5 (13,9%) 4.3 CP 5 19 3 (8,3%) 5.2 Others 12 17 10 (27,8%) 2.9 Total 45 33 - Table 12: Farmer Respondents that Report an Increase in the Presence of Machines Number and % of Farmers That Report an Increase in These Machines PTOSs Reapers AFPs 2WTs LLPs 12/36 (33.3 %) 10/36 (27.8 %) 10/36 (27.8 %) 25/36 (69.4 %) 19/36 (52.8 %) The ET asked farmers who use LSPs for particular machines about their perceptions of whether or not the demand for those machines is increasing (Table 13). Due to the small sample size, especially when 18 broken down by division, the results should only be taken as suggestive. Regardless, except for one farmer in the Dhaka division, 100 percent of all farmers perceive an increasing demand for all machines mentioned. Table 13: Farmer Perception of Specific Machinery Demand Number and % of Farmers That Pay for This Machine Service and Their Perception of Demand Barisal Dhaka Khulna Farmers that use LSPs for PTOS service - 7/8 (78.5%) 5/13 (38.5%) % that perceive increasing demand - 7/7 (100%) 5/5 (100%) Farmers that pay LSPs for reaper service 3/10 (30%) 1/8 (12.5%) 3/13 (23.1%) % that perceive increasing demand 3/3 (100%) 1/1 (100%) 3/3 (100%) Farmers that pay LSPs for AFP service 3/10 (30%) - 1/13 (7.7%) % that perceive increasing demand 3/3 (100%) - 1/1 (100%) Farmers that pay LSPs for CP service 3/10 (30%) 4/8 (50%) 1/13 (7.7%) % that perceive increasing demand 3/3 (100%) 4/4 (100%) 1/1 (100%) Farmers that use LSPs for 2WTs/Power tillers 7/10 (70%) 2/8 (25%) 7/13 (53.8%) % that perceive increasing demand 7/7 (100%) 1/2 (50%) 7/7 (100%) Farmers were also asked about their interest in machinery that is not presently available to them. Out of 36 farmers, 28 are interested in more types of equipment. Of these, eight would like access to reapers and 10 are looking for rice transplanters. When asked about their three most important sources of information about machinery, responses included LSPs (67 percent), machinery dealers (56 percent), extension personnel (56 percent), mechanics (31 percent), media (22 percent), and agriculture fairs (6 percent). This indicates the importance of personal relationships more so than media, commercials, or large agriculture fairs. The ET asked farmers if they have met new SPs; 35 out of 36 farmers interviewed have met new SPs, mostly LSPs (34) and mechanics (25), but dealers (2) as well. Farmers were also asked if they have noticed an increase in the number of SPs; many responded with specific details about the increase in number of SPs. The ET calculated the estimated percentage change for each category (Table 14). Over 65 percent of farmers reported dramatic increases in the number of mechanics and SPSs—737 and 465 percent respectively. One hundred (100) percent of the farmers also reported an improvement in the quality of services. “Because there are more LSPs and mechanics, they are more available and timelier in providing service, they also provide better service.” While it is likely that macroeconomic factors created a healthy enabling environment that allowed for the increase in SPs, the activity played a large part in stimulating the supply of machines and SPs. Table 14: Number and Percentage of Farmers that Report an Increase in Number of Machine Mechanics, SPSs, Dealers/Retailers/Commission Agents, or LSPs and their Observed Percentage Increase Total For All SPs Farmers That Report an Increase in Mechanics Average Percentage Increase Farmers That Report an Increase in SPSs Average Percentage Increase Farmers That Report an Increase in the Number of LSPs Average Percentage Increase 35/36 (97.2 %) 23/35 (65.7%) 737% 24/35 (68.6%) 464% 18/35 (51.4%) 633% 19 6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 MORE FOCUSED INFORMATION AND LEARNING MANAGEMENT CSISA-MI has a very complex M&E system which leads to a great deal of data collection, but this is a value chain, research, and development activity, which requires a more focused approaches to information and learning management. The activity has worked with numerous types of machines and initiated a multitude of improvements and innovations, but from the annual reports and other documents it is not clear to what degree these innovations have been successful or adopted by farmers and in which contexts they are most appreciated by farmers. CSISA-MI documents acknowledge that some products are more popular in some areas than others, especially for the AFP, which overall does not compete well with the CP. Based on LSP and farmer interviews, the AFP is still in use and has a strong advantage in certain niche areas where ground water is unavailable, where surface water is available, and where the AFP does not have to be extensively relocated. There is a sense that CSISA-MI has “given up” on this machine, but it is unclear exactly which technical or market challenges could not be overcome in areas where the AFP is most relevant. CSISA-MI should look more closely at these potential niche markets for the AFP. Similarly, the PTOS tillage attachment is highly appreciated but the seeder less so; the seeder has great potential, but CSISA-MI needs to follow through on how to make it work for the crops where it would provide the most benefit. CSISA-MI should investigate more closely its potential for mung bean planting in specific areas, involve women in those discussions, and continue to research and resolve issues related to the use of the PTOS for seeding. The reaper has been adopted to a lesser degree, but it too has great potential; CSISA-MI needs to be clearer about what needs to be done to make it more successful with the most important crops. The activity should develop a system for documenting its research and development process to better understand what has been tried, what failed, what succeeded, and next steps. The data in Annex 5, provided by a GOB KI, indicate a very ambitious plan with regard to machinery subsidies, especially for combines. Most CSISA-MI partners—ACI, Alim Industries Ltd, TML, and Chittagong Builders Ltd.—have imported combines, a process which requires government approval and a MOU with DAE. Before any further promotion or development research with combines, CSISA-MI should look closely at the financial feasibility of combines owned by individual LSPs without the 100 percent subsidy. Although difficult to discuss remotely and with only one member at a time, it would have been interesting to have learned more about the role of the LSP networks, formal and informal, in strengthening their businesses. CSISA-MI should look for and learn more about existing LSP networks. It was mentioned by a member of the leadership team that the next phase of CSISA-MI will focus on the production of machines instead of imports. During this same conversation, it was acknowledged that CIMMYT and other CGIAR institutions have a history of creating great products that never reach the market or go to scale. As a result of their partnership with iDE, CIMMYT has learned a great deal about how to work with the private sector and market dynamics, but there is more to learn, and they should be careful to not regress into old habits. Any new machines need to lead to increased profits for everyone along the value chain and CSISA-MI needs to keep this in mind. One of the GOB KIIs mentioned the importance of importing parts and materials which cannot be produced effectively or economically within Bangladesh and producing only that which can be done well within the country. In some cases, local production may just require the appropriate machine and skilled manpower. Numerous KIIs mentioned the need for skilled employees. Although CSISA-MI provided a great deal of technical training along the value chain, it was not possible to determine the quality or relevance of the training remotely. Instead of implementing massive seasonal farmer surveys, more qualitative information should be collected 20 on the impact of technical training. Training impact evaluations tend to use vague and subjective questions like “do you know how to repair a piston?” Instead, they should be more like an exam where a specific question is asked about repairing a piston. It should not be a full exam, but should have enough questions to serve as proxy indicators for the preciseness of the training material. The assessment should also be implemented as a pre-test which helps prepare people for learning and improves their retention. Similarly, although CSISA-MI performs a multitude of small thematic studies, some of the most potentially interesting studies had only very brief summaries, for what looked like significant pieces of research, including the LSP Panel Survey done in Years 4 and 5; the ADI Market Study; and the Reaper Deep Dive. 6.2 MORE FOCUSED REGIONAL TARGETING Despite the desire to reach large numbers of farmers, 62 upazilas (not to mention 103 in Year 4) is too many for a market development project. It is unclear why CSISA-MI worked in so many different upazilas or why they added or left upazilas in the different years. The number of stakeholders that CSISA-MI targeted in each upazila also varies dramatically, leaving the activity with an unclear understanding of the supply chain, needs, and opportunities in those areas. Some areas like Bhola, could have great potential and need but are logistically challenging and expensive; the latter is not a good reason to abandon an area with significant potential for adoption and possibly greater needs than other more convenient locations. CSISA-MI should be both more creative and focused in deciding on operational areas. If they are going to think like the private sector, CSISA-MI may need to establish less bureaucratic structures where staff can act more independently as market facilitators in remote areas like Bhola and Galachipa. 6.3 IMPROVED GOB COLLABORATION AND SYNERGIES While the machinery manufacturers and importers highly appreciated their increased collaboration with BARI and other institutions, all GOB KIs gave the impression that “collaboration” was somewhat superficial. Very often NGOs attempt to get governments on board with their programs, but are less familiar with government programs. DAE KIIs appreciated CSISA-MI because it provided them with an opportunity to increase farmer familiarity with new machines and encourage those farmers to apply for subsidies; however, the KIIs interviewed were actually not deeply familiar with the three priority machines promoted by CSISA-MI. The development of the 2020-2025 GOB Plan for Subsidized Farmer Machinery (Annex 5) began with a nation-wide assessment of farmer interests by the DAE. After deciding on the number and type of machines to be subsidized, a set of pre-qualified importers and manufacturers were invited to display their machines. A national technical expert team was then formed to assess the quality of the machines and the proposed prices for the specific models. The approved prices were finalized through negotiations between the DAE and private sector. According to KIs, machine types and their approved prices have not yet been decided upon for the present five-year plan. One weakness with this process is that farmers are asking for machines with little knowledge of the potential return on investment for the LSPs or the ultimate service fee that they will be charged. As subsidies can distort the market, CSISA-MI can play a critical role in helping farmers and LSPs to make informed decisions about which machines will work best for them in their area and serve as a feedback mechanism between LSPs, farmers, and the DAE. At the same time, if CSISA-MI is going to focus on production, they need to be fully aware of the imported and subsidized products with which they will be competing. Similarly, other than channeling some funds to the SWIRP project, there seemed to be little real collaboration with BADC with regard to the excavation of canals for surface water irrigation. A much larger and similar channel excavation program is being implemented in the greater Faridpur district, but with no interest in the AFP or collaboration with CSISA-MI. The KI who noted this, did not seem to have a good understanding of the potential benefits of the AFP in surface irrigation “command areas.” The one GOB KI who had the best understanding of the activity and machines only had this because he had been embedded within the program. 21 6.4 IDENTIFY CRITICAL AGRONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND GENDER EMPOWERMENT One of CIMMYT Bangladesh’s institutional strengths is its knowledge on constraints to increasing productivity for maize, wheat, and legumes in Bangladesh—including the use of improved varieties, quality seed, disease management, inputs, etc. Although the original CSISA-MI document stated that the activity would use the promotion of improved management practices to create a pull factor for irrigation and other machinery, it was decided to not apply this approach and to instead respond to farmer demand for machinery for the crops in which they had the most interest, i.e., onions, jute, etc.—a valid approach. There may, however, be particular opportunities where a focused approach to increasing productivity for certain crops in certain areas, could not only increase yields but also provide feedback on the kind of machinery needed for those crops, and be of more interest to women. According to documents, CSISA-MI collaborated with a wide range of projects, especially with regard to gender engagement and empowerment, but other than identifying potential LSPs, the impact of this collaboration is not clear. Interestingly, there was no apparent collaboration with the USAID-funded Agriculture Value Chain Project (AVC) which trained 40,000 farmers on pulse production in the southern delta. It was possibly a missed opportunity to learn more about machinery needs for mung bean production, an important crop to women, and to take advantage of AVC’s efforts to improve the mung bean value chain. 7.0 LESSONS LEARNED Agriculture production in Bangladesh is intensive and diverse with a wide variety of cropping patterns. Generally, farmers are responsive to market demands but they are also aware of the risks. CIMMYT has a long history of researching and promoting improved varieties and production practices, as well as machinery development required for the implementation of new practices. As a result, they are aware of the challenges getting farmers to adopt new practices and getting technology to market, even in areas where farmers have easy access to irrigation and other infrastructure. The context and issues are even more challenging in the southwest coastal zone, so it was fortuitous that the original CSISA-MI Chief of Party (COP), Tim Krupnick, and his colleagues had done extensive research on the potential for increased surface water irrigation and cropping intensity in these areas. However, it is not clear how this knowledge was applied in selecting operational areas, or how actual project experience served as a reality check against this research. Similarly, iDE has a long history of working with the private sector to improve the quality of products and services provided to smallholder farmers. They are aware of the importance of profitability for everyone along the value chain. They too were well prepared to work in the agriculture machinery subsector after conducting their Study into the Commercialization of Selected Agricultural Machines in Bangladesh (2012). Based on activity documents and FGDs, the CIMMYT and iDE staff have learned how to work together more effectively over the years and to adapt along the way. In the beginning CSISA-MI worked with a wide variety of technologies, as they put it, like “throwing spaghetti on the wall to see what would stick.” After consulting with Dr. Richard Kohl, author of the Scaling Up of Agriculture Machinery in Bangladesh study for USAID in 2016, CSISA-MI began focusing on the machines in greatest demand: the AFP, PTOS and reaper, and those of most interest to their PSPs. Then CSISA-MI learned about the need for numerous modifications to these machines and again learned more from each of these research and development efforts. Although the annual reports mention these issues, they do not fully describe what was learned and how they used these learnings to move forward. It is hoped that they will have applied these learnings to the most recent phase of CSISA-MI. A private sector research and development team would analyze and carefully document what was done and learned in the process. Very likely, the CIMMYT engineering staff have much of this information in their heads but staff come and go 22 and the people who replace them have varying degrees of technical knowledge and experience. The project teams should improve on their analysis and documentation of learnings, and better apply them for adaptive management of the program. It is very difficult to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the CIMMYT/iDE partnership, not to mention the local partner non-governmental organizations (PNGOs), remotely during a global pandemic, but there seems to be a need for a less bureaucratic structure moving forward. There seemed to be many different kinds of NGO staff (CIMMYT, iDE, and PNGO) in each field office even though CSISA-MI was working predominately through the private sector, using a market facilitation approach. There should be greater clarity in the role of these various staff, their value added and impact in increasing access to machinery service. What could be done more sustainably if done through the private sector and which activities are not leading to increased use of agriculture machinery? CSISA-MI leadership should consider these issues. Based on their extensive research and experience, the CSISA-MI team believed they had a good understanding of how best to help farmers and of the machines farmers needed to increase agriculture productivity. The CSISA-MI leadership team learned two things. First, private companies have their own experiences, comparative advantages, challenges, and priorities. Which is why PSPs were slow to take on additional marketing and other efforts in some areas that CSISA-MI believed were important. In the next phase, CSISA-MI will not push products they believe are important with the private sector but will instead provide the private sector with opportunities to come to them with their ideas and need for support. Second, similar to larger business, farmers also have their own interests, priorities, and opportunities, and will only adopt a new technology if it can compete with the existing available technologies and traditional practices. CSISA-MI had to reduce its operational areas in Year 5 due to a reduction in funding from USAID, but it is not clear why they moved into new areas in Years 3 and 4. Documents mentioned that CSISA-MI had reached a tipping point in many upazilas, but they did not specify where or for which machines. There is always the temptation to focus on targets and impact to meet donor requirements, but the CSISA-MI team needs to be clearer and more intentional about how they will move forward in applying market development approaches and technologies relevant to farmers and the private sector. 23 ANNEXES 24 ANNEX 1: CSISA-MI OPERATIONAL UPAZILAS BY YEAR AND WATER SUITABILITY District District Upazila Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Unsuitable Surface Water Area for LLPs or AFPs AFP Use Mainly for Limited Aquaculture Production & SWIRP Areas Barishal Barguna Amtali Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Barguna Barguna Sadar Yes Yes Yes Barishal Barguna Betagi Yes Barishal Barguna Patharghata Yes Yes Barishal Barguna Taltali Yes Yes Barishal Barishal Agailjhara Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes SIRWP Barishal Barishal Babuganj Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes SIRWP Barishal Barishal Bakerganj Yes Yes SIRWP Barishal Barishal Banari Para Yes Yes Yes Yes SIRWP Barishal Barishal Barishal Sadar (kotwali) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Barishal Gaurnadi Yes Yes Yes Yes SIRWP Barishal Barishal Hizla Yes Yes Yes Yes SIRWP Barishal Barishal Wazirpur Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Bhola Bhola Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Bhola Burhanuddin Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Bhola Char Fasson Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Bhola Daulat Khan Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Bhola Lalmohan Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Bhola Tazumuddin Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Jhalokati Jhalokati Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes 25 District District Upazila Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Unsuitable Surface Water Area for LLPs or AFPs AFP Use Mainly for Limited Aquaculture Production & SWIRP Areas Barishal Jhalokati Nalchity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Madaripur Kalkini Yes Yes Yes Barishal Madaripur Madaripur Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Madaripur Rajoir Yes Yes Barishal Madaripur Shibchar Yes Yes Yes Barishal Patuakhali Bauphal Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Patuakhali Dashmina Yes Yes Barishal Patuakhali Galachipa Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Patuakhali Kalapara Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Patuakhali Mirzaganj Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Patuakhali Patuakhali Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Barishal Patuakhali Rangabali Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Faridpur Alfadanga Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Faridpur Bhanga Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Faridpur Boalmari Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Faridpur Char Bhadrasan Yes Dhaka Faridpur Faridpur Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Faridpur Madhukhali Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Faridpur Nagarkanda Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Faridpur Sadarpur Yes Dhaka Faridpur Saltha Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Gopalganj Gopalganj Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 26 District District Upazila Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Unsuitable Surface Water Area for LLPs or AFPs AFP Use Mainly for Limited Aquaculture Production & SWIRP Areas Dhaka Gopalganj Kashiani Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Gopalganj Kotalipara Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Gopalganj Muksudpur Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Gopalganj Tungipara Yes Dhaka Rajbari Baliakandi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Rajbari Goalanda Yes Dhaka Rajbari Kalukhali Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Rajbari Pangsha Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Rajbari Rajbari Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dhaka Shariatpur Bhedarganj Yes Dhaka Shariatpur Gosairhat Yes Yes Khulna Bagerhat Bagerhat Sadar Yes Yes Yes Khulna Bagerhat Chitalmari Yes Yes Yes Yes Khulna Bagerhat Fakirhat Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Khulna Bagerhat Kachua Yes Yes Yes Khulna Bagerhat Mollahat Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Khulna Bagerhat Mongla Yes Yes Yes Yes Khulna Bagerhat Morrelganj Yes Khulna Bagerhat Rampal Yes Yes Yes Yes Khulna Chuadanga Alamdanga Yes Yes Khulna Jashore Abhaynagar Yes Yes X Khulna Jashore Bagher Para Yes Yes Yes Yes X 27 District District Upazila Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Unsuitable Surface Water Area for LLPs or AFPs AFP Use Mainly for Limited Aquaculture Production & SWIRP Areas Khulna Jashore Chaugachha Yes Yes X Khulna Jashore Jashore Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Jashore Jhikargachha Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Jashore Keshabpur Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Jashore Manirampur Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Jashore Sharsha Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Jhenaidah Harinakunda Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Jhenaidah Jhenaidah Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Jhenaidah Kaliganj Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Jhenaidah Kotchandpur Yes X Khulna Jhenaidah Maheshpur Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Jhenaidah Shailkupa Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Khulna Khulna Batiaghata Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Khulna Khulna Dacope Yes X Khulna Khulna Dighalia Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Khulna Dumuria Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Khulna Koyra Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Khulna Paikgachha Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Khulna Phultala Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Khulna Rupsa Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Khulna Sonadanga Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Khulna Terokhada Yes Yes Yes Yes X 28 District District Upazila Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Unsuitable Surface Water Area for LLPs or AFPs AFP Use Mainly for Limited Aquaculture Production & SWIRP Areas Khulna Kushtia Khoksa Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Kushtia Kumarkhali Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Kushtia Mirpur Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Magura Magura Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Magura Mohammadpur Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Magura Shalikha Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Magura Sreepur Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Meherpur Gangni Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Meherpur Meherpur Sadar Yes Yes X Khulna Meherpur Mujib Nagar Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Narail Lohagara Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Narail Narail Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Satkhira Debhata Yes Yes Yes Khulna Satkhira Kalaroa Yes Yes Yes Khulna Satkhira Satkhira Sadar Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Satkhira Shyamnagar Yes Yes Yes Yes X Khulna Satkhira Tala Yes Yes Yes Yes X Total 62 82 92 103 49 29 ANNEX 2: CSISA-MI TARGETED VALUE CHAIN ACTORS BY UPAZILA District Upazila Value Chain Actor LSP Dealer Mechanic Spare Parts Shop Bagerhat Bagerhat Sadar 13 1 Bagerhat Chitalmari 16 1 1 Bagerhat Fakirhat 31 1 8 1 Bagerhat Kachua 16 1 2 Bagerhat Mollahat 16 2 Bagerhat Mongla 3 Bagerhat Morrelganj 2 1 Bagerhat Rampal 14 1 4 Barguna Amtali 55 19 1 Barguna Barguna Sadar 40 1 7 Barguna Betagi 3 Barguna Patharghata 31 1 1 Barguna Taltali 2 1 Barishal Agailjhara 23 1 4 1 Barishal Babuganj 10 1 7 Barishal Bakerganj 18 1 1 Barishal Banari Para 2 Barishal Barishal Sadar (Kotwali) 35 2 22 Barishal Gaurnadi 9 1 10 Barishal Hizla 2 Barishal Mehendiganj 1 Barishal Wazirpur 75 2 21 1 Bhola Bhola Sadar 53 1 11 Bhola Burhanuddin 53 2 19 1 Bhola Char Fasson 143 3 22 1 Bhola Daulat Khan 6 1 Bhola Lalmohan 32 3 2 Bhola Manpura 9 Bhola Tazumuddin 25 1 3 1 Chuadanga Alamdanga 18 Chuadanga Chuadanga Sadar 21 4 2 Chuadanga Damurhuda 5 Chuadanga Jiban Nagar 2 Faridpur Alfadanga 35 1 Faridpur Bhanga 45 1 11 1 Faridpur Boalmari 100 6 6 3 Faridpur Char Bhadrasan 27 Faridpur Faridpur Sadar 86 12 14 7 30 District Upazila Value Chain Actor LSP Dealer Mechanic Spare Parts Shop Faridpur Madhukhali 119 2 10 1 Faridpur Nagarkanda 77 13 5 Faridpur Sadarpur 15 1 Faridpur Saltha 115 6 1 Gopalganj Gopalganj Sadar 17 3 7 1 Gopalganj Kashiani 26 1 8 Gopalganj Kotalipara 57 2 21 1 Gopalganj Muksudpur 22 1 4 Gopalganj Tungipara 28 5 Jashore Abhaynagar 5 Jashore Bagher Para 13 Jashore Chaugachha 12 Jashore Jashore Sadar 11 6 7 7 Jashore Jhikargachha 25 1 16 Jashore Keshabpur 26 1 18 1 Jashore Manirampur 32 26 1 Jashore Sharsha 9 1 1 1 Jhalokati Jhalokati Sadar 17 1 5 Jhalokati Nalchity 3 1 Jhenaidah Harinakunda 19 3 Jhenaidah Jhenaidah Sadar 28 2 20 3 Jhenaidah Kaliganj 14 1 2 Jhenaidah Kotchandpur 4 Jhenaidah Maheshpur 11 Jhenaidah Shailkupa 121 36 1 Khulna Batiaghata 11 2 Khulna Dacope 65 1 8 Khulna Dighalia 1 1 Khulna Dumuria 63 1 29 1 Khulna Khalishpur 1 Khulna Khulna Sadar 2 1 3 Khulna Koyra 4 Khulna Paikgachha 16 2 1 Khulna Phultala 5 1 7 Khulna Rupsa 6 1 3 Khulna Sonadanga 1 Khulna Terokhada 5 Kushtia Khoksa 3 1 2 Kushtia Kumarkhali 8 3 31 District Upazila Value Chain Actor LSP Dealer Mechanic Spare Parts Shop Kushtia Kushtia Sadar 2 1 Kushtia Mirpur 1 Madaripur Kalkini 20 1 Madaripur Madaripur Sadar 6 1 2 Madaripur Rajoir 11 5 Madaripur Shibchar 3 Magura Magura Sadar 49 2 24 Magura Mohammadpur 51 7 Magura Shalikha 45 2 16 2 Magura Sreepur 166 3 23 9 Meherpur Gangni 17 2 3 1 Meherpur Meherpur Sadar 32 1 13 1 Meherpur Mujib Nagar 44 1 14 2 Narail Kalia 32 15 1 Narail Lohagara 37 1 18 3 Narail Narail Sadar 46 2 29 4 Patuakhali Bauphal 20 6 Patuakhali Dashmina 24 5 Patuakhali Dumki 4 1 Patuakhali Galachipa 72 6 19 1 Patuakhali Kalapara 81 3 17 1 Patuakhali Mirzaganj 22 3 Patuakhali Patuakhali Sadar 24 3 Patuakhali Rangabali 21 5 Pirojpur Mathbaria 4 Pirojpur Pirojpur Sadar 1 Pirojpur Zianagar 3 Rajbari Baliakandi 209 3 5 2 Rajbari Goalanda 24 1 Rajbari Kalukhali 66 2 1 Rajbari Pangsha 41 2 1 1 Rajbari Rajbari Sadar 71 2 2 Satkhira Assasuni 12 Satkhira Debhata 8 Satkhira Kalaroa 3 1 1 Satkhira Kaliganj 2 1 4 Satkhira Satkhira Sadar 8 1 16 Satkhira Shyamnagar 57 1 11 Satkhira Tala 33 1 22 1 32 District Upazila Value Chain Actor LSP Dealer Mechanic Spare Parts Shop Shariatpur Bhedarganj 6 Shariatpur Gosairhat 1 1 Shariatpur Zanjira 5 Grand Total 33 ANNEX 3: PLANNED NUMBER OF KIIS AND FGDS BY LOCATION13 Data Collection Activities Total FGD Participants Total FGDs/ KIIs Dhaka City Dhaka/ Faridpur Khulna/ Jessore Barishal FGDs with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), iDE, and Partner NGO staff 12 3 1 1 1 KIIs KIIs with GOB officials 4 1 1 1 1 KII with CIMMYT and iDE staff 2 2 KII with manufacturers/importers 3 3 KII with partner and/or other NGOs 3 1 1 1 KIIs with LSPs 35 10 15 10 KIIs with mechanics 7 2 3 2 KIIs with equipment dealers 7 2 3 2 KIIs with SPS owners 7 2 3 2 KIIs with farmers 30 10 10 10 Sub-Totals in Dhaka and Districts 6 28 36 28 Total KIIs 89 Grand Total 89 KIIs, 3 FGDs (≈101 people) 13 The actual number of KIIs and FGDs may be higher or lower than this estimate depending on the availability of KIs, the identification of additional KIs, and conditions encountered in the field. 34 ANNEX 4: DATA ON IRRIGATION 4.1: Primary and Secondary Sources of Irrigation as Reported by LSPs Percentage of LSPs That Mention These Sources as Their Upazila’s Primary and Secondary Sources of Irrigation Water STWs as the Primary Source of Irrigation Average % of Land Covered By Primary Source Surface Water as Primary Source of Irrigation Surface Water as Secondary Source of Irrigation* Average % of Land Coverage by Secondary Source* Barisal 0.0 100 100.0 0.0 - Dhaka 100.0 91 0.0 64.3 8.6 Khulna 100.0 95 0.0 58.3 8.0 4.2: Major Sources of Surface Water Where Surface Water Is a Primary Source Where Surface Water Is a Secondary Source Large Canals 10 (52.6) 1 (5.3) Small Canals 8 (42.1) 6 (31.6) Ponds 1 (5.3) 2 (10.5) 4.3: Use of Surface Water, AFPs, and LLPs as Reported by Farmers by Division Division % of Farmers That Report the Use of Surface Water in Their Village or Union % of Farmers That Report the Use of Both LLP and AFP for Surface Water Irrigation % of Farmers That Report the Use of LLPs Only % of Respondents That Report the Use of AFPs in Their Village Total # of AFPs in These Villages (Average/ Village) Total # of Farmers in These Villages Using AFPs Barisal 11/11 (100%) 5/11 (45,5%) 6/11 (54.5%) 7/11 (63,6%) 9 (1.5) 201 Dhaka 6/10 (60%) 1/10 (10%) 5/10 (50,0%) 1/10 (10,0%) 10 (10) 10 Khulna 12/15 (80%) 4/15 (26.7%) 8/15 (53,3%) 6/15 (40,0%) 24 (4) 359 Total Sample 29/36 (80.6%) 10/36 (27.8%) 19/36 (52.8%) 14/36 (38,9%) 43 570 35 ANNEX 5: 2020-2025 GOB PLAN FOR SUBSIDIZED FARMER MACHINERY Machine Quantity Remarks Combine 15,500 70% subsidy for coastal and haor areas; 50% subsidy for rest of the areas BDT 302 million project, 2020-2025 Reaper (type not specified) 4,000 Reaper binder 2,000 Rice transplanter 3,000 Seeder/bed planter 5,000 Power thresher 5,000 Maize sheller 5,000 Dryer 5,000 Power sprayer 2,000 Power weeder 500 Potato digger 3,000 Potato slicer 1,000 Carrot washer 300 Total 51,300 36 ANNEX 6: NUMBER OF CSISA-MI LISTED STAKEHOLDERS IN SELECTED UPAZILAS District Upazila Value Chain Actor LSP Dealer Mechanic SPS Estimated # of SPS by Respondents Barishal Barishal Sadar 35 2 22 NA NA Barishal Wazirpur 75 2 21 1 50 Patuakhali Galachipa 72 6 19 1 8 Faridpur Faridpur Sadar 86 12 14 7 NA Faridpur Nagarkanda 77 13 5 11 Rajbari Baliakandi 209 3 5 2 20 Jashore Manirampur 32 26 1 125 Jashore Jashore Sadar 11 6 7 7 NA Magura Sreepur 166 3 23 9 33 Meherpur Mujib Nagar 44 1 14 2 30 37 ANNEX 7: EQUIPMENT SALES BY RESPONDENT MACHINERY DEALER/RETAILERS Machine % of Participants Who Sold This Equipment by Year % Who Sold Spare Parts for These Machines % of Participants Who Perceive an Increase in Demand % Who Perceive a Decline in Demand 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Land Preparation 2WT/Power tiller 28.6 57.1 57.1 100 100 100 71.4 0 Total # sold 217 235 308 322 417 PTOS 0 28.6 42.9 42.9 71.4 80 80 20 Total # sold 0 61 66 114 124 Harvesting/Threshing Equipment Reaper 14.3 28.6 28.6 42.9 57.1 80 25 50 Total # sold 4 7 7 9 8 Reaper Attachment 28.6 28.6 57.1 75 25 75 Total # sold 21 32 39 Threshers 28.6 42.9 42.9 57.1 57.1 100 75 25 Total # sold 55 170 252 210 255 Combines 14.3 14.3 14.3 28.6 100 100 0 Total # sold 4 6 7 12 Irrigation Equipment AFP 14.3 42.9 42.9 42.9 66 0 100 Total # sold 1 15 6 5 CP (LLP/STW) 14.3 28.6 57.1 57.1 57.1 100 75 25 Total # sold 6 407 485 441 452 38 ANNEX 8: MECHANIC DATA 8.1: Machines Worked on by Respondent Mechanics Machine Type # and % of Mechanics That Report Servicing This Machine Top Three Most Common Problems Reported Number of Machines Repaired in the Last Season % of Respondents Who Service This Machine That Report an Increasing Presence of These Machines in Their Range Average Upazila CPs (LLPs/STW) 5 (71.4) Piston, Bearing/Seal, Nozzle 5-400 195 80 2WTs 5 (71.4) Gearbox, Chain, Belt 5-100 36 100 PTOS 5 (71.4) Gearbox, Shaft/pinion 2-100 40 60 AFP (Barisal & Patuakhali) 2 (28.6) Bearing/Seal, Gear box, Chain/belt 7-55 31 100 Reaper (Patuakhali) 1 (14.4) Chain/belt, Cutting blade, Bearing/Seal 2 100 Reaper Attachment (Faridpur) 1 (14.4) Chain/belt, Cutting blade and Star Wheel 8 100 8.2: Most Common Repair Issues as Reported by Respondents Name of the Machine What Are the Most Common Repair Problems for the Machines Below? (1 = most common, 5 = least common) 1 2 3 4 5 PTOS Gear Box Bearing Seal Furrow Opener Clutch Piston Reaper Cutting Blade Chain belt Finger (star wheel) Bearing & Seal Welding AFP Bearing & Seal Gear Box Chain Belt Ring 39 ANNEX 9: EQUIPMENT OWNED BY LSP KIS BY UPAZILA Division Barisal Dhaka Khulna District Barisal Patuakhali Faridpur Rajbari Jessore Meherpur Magura Total Upazila Wazirpur Galachipa Nagarkanda Baliakandi Manirampur Mujibnagor Sreepur # of LSPs interviewed 2 5 7 7 0 7 5 33 LSPs with AFPs 1 (50.0) 3 (60.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 4 (12.1) LSPs with Reapers 1 (50.0) 1 (20.0) 2 (28.6) 1 (14.3) 0 1 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 6 (18.2) LSPs with PTOS 1 (50.0) 1 (20.0) 6 (85.7) 7 (100) 0 6 (85.7) 4 (80.0) 25 (75.8) LSPs with additional equipment LSPs with LLPs 1 (50.0) 3 (60.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (42.9) 0 1 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 8 (24.2) LSPs with 2WTs 1(50.0) 1 (20.0) 6 (85.7) 2 (28.6) 0 3 (42.9) 3 (60.0) 16 (48.5) LSPs with STW 0(0.0) 1 (20.0) 3 (42.9) 7 (100.0) 0 5 (71.4) 3 (60.0) 19 (57.6) # of LSPs that received subsidies 1 (50.0) 3 (60.0) 2 (28.6) 2 (28.6) 0 6 (85.7) 0 (0.0) 14 (42.4) Number of still active LSPs 2 (100.0) 5 (100.0) 6 (85.7) 7 (100.0) 0 6 (85.7) 4 (80.0) 30 (90.9) Note: Values in parenthesis indicate percentage. 40 ANNEX 10: LSP NETWORKS WITH WHOM CSISA-MI WORKED Network Name LSP Network Address/Location District Upazila Union Village Jhunakhali LSP Network Faridpur Saltha Gatti Jhunakhali Tungipara LSP Network Gopalganj Tungipara Dumuria Pakutia Adhunik Krishi Jontropati Samadankari Somobay Somity Rajbari Baliakandi Baliakandi Chamta Adhunik Krishi Jontroer Sheba Forum Barishal Wazirpur Sikarpur Mondupasha Ahommod pur Adorsho Krishok Club Bhola Charfession Nurabad Ahommod pur Adhunic Krishi jontro sebadankari Forum Barguna Amtoli Atarogasia Gazipur Shailkupa Krishi Unnayan Sebadankari Somobay Samittee Jhenaidah Shailkupa Sarutia Gosaidanga Narail Krishi Sebadan Kari Songsha Narail Kalia Chanchuri Chanchuri 41 ANNEX 11: EQUIPMENT TYPES NEW TO LSP AREA AND CHANGES IN AVAILABILITY Division AFP PTOS Reapers Combine Harvester Rice Transplanter Other** Equipment types newly introduced in your area as reported by LSPs Barisal 3 (42.9) 2 (28.6) 1 (14.3) 2 (28.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (14.3) Dhaka 1 (7.1) 7 (50.0) 2 (14.3) 1 (7.1) 2 (14.3) 0 (0.0) Khulna 0 (0.0) 2 (16.7) 3 (25.0) 2 (16.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) Total count 4 11 6 5 2 2 Equipment types which have increased in availability Barisal 4 (57.1) 3 (42.9) 2 (28.6) 1 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 2 (28.6) Dhaka 2(14.3) 13 (92.9) 2 (14.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (7.1) 1 (7.1) Khulna 0 (0.0) 8 (66.7) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) Total count 6 24 5 1 1 4 Note: Values in parenthesis indicate percentages in each division. 42 ANNEX 12: FARMERS INTERVIEWED BY UPAZILA Division District Total Number of Farmers Interviewed # of Women # of LSPs Barisal Barisal 4 1 1 Barisal Patuakhali 7 - 3 Dhaka Faridpur 5 - 1 Dhaka Rajbari 5 - 2 Khulna Jashore 5 1 2 Khulna Magura 6 - 0 Khulna Meherpur 4 - 0 36 2 9 43 ANNEX 13: NUMBER OF MACHINES PROCURED BY LSPS BY UPAZILA Row Labels Sum of AFP Sum of PTOS Sum of Reaper Sum of Total Machines Bagerhat 85 1 36 122 Bagerhat Sadar 13 0 0 13 Chitalmari 19 0 1 20 Fakirhat 13 1 19 33 Kachua 14 0 3 17 Mollahat 14 0 4 18 Mongla 3 0 0 3 Morrelganj 0 0 2 2 Rampal 9 0 7 16 Barguna 45 33 62 140 Amtali 25 11 25 61 Barguna Sadar 17 18 7 42 Betagi 0 3 0 3 Patharghata 2 1 29 32 Taltali 1 0 1 2 Barishal 148 17 20 185 Agailjhara 24 0 2 26 Babuganj 7 4 1 12 Bakerganj 15 1 2 18 Banari Para 2 0 0 2 Barishal Sadar (kotwali) 32 6 0 38 Gaurnadi 6 1 3 10 Hizla 2 0 0 2 Wazirpur 60 5 12 77 Bhola 228 65 64 357 Bhola Sadar 14 29 13 56 Burhanuddin 41 5 10 56 Char Fasson 132 25 13 170 Daulat Khan 1 1 4 6 Lalmohan 25 1 8 34 Manpura 0 0 10 10 Tazumuddin 15 4 6 25 Chuadanga 0 40 6 46 Alamdanga 0 17 1 18 Chuadanga Sadar 0 18 3 21 Damurhuda 0 5 0 5 Jiban Nagar 0 0 2 2 Faridpur 19 549 90 658 Alfadanga 3 29 5 37 Bhanga 0 33 14 47 Boalmari 4 88 10 102 Char Bhadrasan 0 27 0 27 Faridpur Sadar 12 68 24 104 Madhukhali 0 107 15 122 Nagarkanda 0 70 10 80 Sadarpur 0 12 3 15 Saltha 0 115 9 124 Gopalganj 36 31 101 168 Gopalganj Sadar 7 1 11 19 44 Row Labels Sum of AFP Sum of PTOS Sum of Reaper Sum of Total Machines Kashiani 4 15 9 28 Kotalipara 22 1 37 60 Muksudpur 3 11 8 22 Tungipara 0 3 36 39 Jashore 90 47 52 189 Abhaynagar 1 0 4 5 Bagher Para 0 9 4 13 Chaugachha 1 7 4 12 Jashore Sadar 3 5 5 13 Jhikargachha 6 10 14 30 Keshabpur 58 2 6 66 Manirampur 18 11 10 39 Sharsha 3 3 5 11 Jhalokati 20 4 1 25 Jhalokati Sadar 16 4 1 21 Nalchity 4 0 0 4 Jhenaidah 0 167 35 202 Harinakunda 0 16 4 20 Jhenaidah Sadar 0 19 9 28 Kaliganj 0 12 2 14 Kotchandpur 0 0 4 4 Maheshpur 0 5 7 12 Shailkupa 0 115 9 124 Khulna 68 4 115 187 Batiaghata 5 0 9 14 Dacope 0 0 66 66 Dighalia 1 0 1 2 Dumuria 42 1 24 67 Koyra 0 1 3 4 Paikgachha 13 1 2 16 Phultala 5 0 1 6 Rupsa 0 0 6 6 Sonadanga 0 0 1 1 Terokhada 2 1 2 5 Kushtia 0 10 2 12 Khoksa 0 3 0 3 Kumarkhali 0 7 1 8 Mirpur 0 0 1 1 Madaripur 14 8 23 45 Kalkini 7 7 8 22 Madaripur Sadar 1 0 7 8 Rajoir 5 0 7 12 Shibchar 1 1 1 3 Magura 4 287 31 322 Magura Sadar 0 42 8 50 Mohammadpur 0 44 12 56 Shalikha 4 36 5 45 Sreepur 0 165 6 171 Meherpur 0 76 17 93 Gangni 0 11 6 17 Meherpur Sadar 0 27 5 32 45 Row Labels Sum of AFP Sum of PTOS Sum of Reaper Sum of Total Machines Mujib Nagar 0 38 6 44 Narail 55 46 49 150 Kalia 17 12 17 46 Lohagara 14 15 13 42 Narail Sadar 24 19 19 62 Patuakhali 131 57 90 278 Bauphal 17 2 1 20 Dashmina 4 8 12 24 Dumki 0 2 2 4 Galachipa 25 16 32 73 Kalapara 43 10 33 86 Mirzaganj 18 2 4 24 Patuakhali Sadar 12 10 2 24 Rangabali 12 7 4 23 Pirojpur 0 6 1 7 Mathbaria 0 3 1 4 Zianagar 0 3 0 3 Rajbari 2 387 30 419 Baliakandi 2 202 7 211 Goalanda 0 21 5 26 Kalukhali 0 63 4 67 Pangsha 0 39 3 42 Rajbari Sadar 0 62 11 73 Satkhira 72 3 61 136 Assasuni 0 0 12 12 Debhata 7 0 2 9 Kalaroa 4 0 0 4 Kaliganj 1 0 1 2 Satkhira Sadar 8 0 2 10 Shyamnagar 22 1 36 59 Tala 30 2 8 40 Shariatpur 0 10 3 13 Bhedarganj 0 5 2 7 Gosairhat 0 0 1 1 Zanjira 0 5 0 5 Grand Total 1,017 1,848 889 3,754 46 ANNEX 14: SCOPE OF WORK Tasking Request S021: Final Performance Evaluation: Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia-Mechanization and Irrigation (CSISA-MI) Activity Date of Request: February 19, 2020 Description: This is the final performance evaluation for the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia-Mechanization and Irrigation (CSISA-MI) Phase I Activity under the Mission’s Feed the Future (FTF) portfolio with the Economic Growth office. CSISA MI Phase I was implemented by CIMMYT in collaboration with International Development Enterprises (iDE) and focused on scale-appropriate mechanization to improve timely and precision planting and harvesting, while responding to escalating rural labor costs and scarcity, and surface water irrigation, to intensify dry season cropping. CSISA-MI had three core strategic objective areas: 1. Strategic Objective 1: To sustainably intensify and diversify agricultural production in southern Bangladesh through surface water irrigation to increase household income 2. Strategic Objective 2: To sustainably transform agriculture in southern Bangladesh through broad￾based access to agricultural mechanization services 3. Strategic Objective 3: To develop new models for public and private institutions to support irrigation and agricultural mechanization in Southern Bangladesh Cumulatively, the interventions comprised of these objective outputs, is aimed at approximately 68,000 ha (125,000 farmers) of land in the FTF zone placed under surface water irrigation and/or best-bet, and resource conserving agricultural machinery services supplied by local service providers over a five-year investment period. To assure the long-term durability of these interventions, the activity strategically strengthened the capacities of the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) and the relevant private sector partners. The total estimated cost (TEC) for CSISA-MI was $15,756, 266 and the duration was August 20, 2013- September 30, 2019. The activity was implemented across the FTF ZOI to promote mechanization and conservation agriculture through public-private partnership. Please see the attached program description for more information. Research Questions: 1. To what extent was the CSISA MI phase I Activity successful in increasing smallholders’ access to surface water irrigation through the Local Service Providers (LSP)? How effective has the flow pumps been to address the irrigation issues in the FTF ZOI? 2. How successful was the activity in leveraging private sector investment and developing public￾private partnerships in the agricultural machinery sector? What were some of the challenges in forming partnerships? How effective was the partnership in conducting risk management? 3. How successful and sustainable are the businesses that have been developed by rural entrepreneurs, as a result of the Activity? What have been the major constraints and opportunities with respect to sustainability of the LSP business model? What measures should be taken to enhance sustainability? 4. How successful was the activity in terms of developing and expanding farmers’ access to the mechanized and related extension services? What were some of the challenges? 5. How successful was the Activity in increasing the diversification and intensity of farm production and what was the effect on the ‘pull’ factor for the irrigation market? 47 6. To what extent has CSISA MI integrated or incorporated gender in the interventions? What have been the challenges and opportunities, if any? What has been the impact of mechanization on women’s economic empowerment? 7. How successful was the activity in developing the upstream supply chain (production, imports, distribution), the downstream market and access to finance and credit for mechanization? Geographic Coverage: The evaluation will cover sites from 21 districts in the FTF ZOI in Khulna and Barisal divisions. Dates of performance and timeline: Expected start date is o/a March 20, 2020 with field work commencing o/a March 30, 2020. Team Composition/Qualifications of Consultants: USAID recommends a three-person team for undertaking this evaluation. The team will include a Team Leader/Evaluation Specialist, a Mechanization Specialist, and an Irrigation System Specialist. Team Leader/Evaluation Specialist (International): The Team Leader must have: ∉ Master’s degree or higher degree in a relevant discipline such as Economics, Agriculture, Business Administration, Management and Marketing. ∉ At least 15 years of experience in evaluating projects with focus on agribusiness and market development, public-private partnerships, agricultural mechanization, value added agriculture enterprises or agriculture credit sector for USAID or other international development agencies. ∉ Significant experience in designing quantitative and qualitative surveys/studies/evaluations ∉ Strong knowledge and experience of agriculture production, agricultural mechanization, post￾harvest management and marketing processes. ∉ Knowledge of USAID Feed the Future program, USAID regulations and systems, performance monitoring and evaluation guidance, evaluation policy, gender policy, annual reporting etc. ∉ Experience working with private sector firms. ∉ Relevant experience in Bangladesh or South Asia preferred. The team leader will provide overall leadership for the team, and s/he will finalize the evaluation design, coordinate activities, arrange periodic meetings, consolidate individual input from team members, and coordinate the process of assembling the findings and recommendations into a high quality document. The team leader will possess good organizational and team building skills. S/he must demonstrate cultural sensitivity, particularly when interacting with a range of stakeholders. S/he will lead the preparation and presentation of the key evaluation findings and recommendations to the USAID/Bangladesh team and the major stakeholders. S/he will have communications and writing skills in English. Mechanization Specialist (National): The Mechanization Specialist must have: ∉ A minimum of bachelor’s degree in agricultural engineering or other agricultural related discipline ∉ Demonstrated experience in agricultural engineering and in training farmers in the efficient and effective use of agricultural machineries ∉ Good understanding of conservation agriculture practices and scale-appropriate machinery, and demonstrated ability to find innovative solutions to problems encountered in the field 48 ∉ Demonstrated partnership building and networking experience with both the public and private sectors ∉ 10+ years of experience working in the areas of agribusiness, private sector development and partnerships, agricultural mechanization and commercialization of new and improved technologies ∉ Significant knowledge and experience in evaluations and/or assessments of projects with similar scopes ∉ Have experience with market systems approach and value chain projects ∉ Have strong analytical skills ∉ Have strong oral communications and writing skills in English The Mechanization specialist will provide technical assistance in the evaluation of the mechanization interventions of the Activity. S/he will actively participate in the desk review of materials and assist the team leader in developing methodologies, work plans and report outlines. S/he will assist the team leader in setting and conducting interviews with relevant stakeholders and actively take part in these. S/he will participate in team meetings, site visits, and draft the sections of the report relevant to his/her expertise. S/he will also participate in presenting the report to USAID or other stakeholders and be responsible for addressing pertinent comments provided by USAID/Bangladesh or other stakeholders. Irrigation System Specialist (National): The Irrigation Specialist will: ∉ A minimum of bachelor’s degree in agricultural engineering, water management and irrigation, or in a related discipline ∉ Have 10+ years of experience working in the areas of irrigation systems management, irrigated agriculture and water management ∉ Have significant knowledge and experience of tools, equipment, techniques, skills, materials, and methods of irrigation system design, installation and maintenance ∉ Ability to read and interpret maps, plans, sketches, blueprints, schematics and drawings ∉ Have strong oral communications and writing skills in English The Irrigation System Specialist be will be responsible for providing technical assistance in the evaluation of the irrigation interventions of the Activity. S/he will actively participate in the desk review of materials and assist the team leader in developing methodologies, work plans and report outlines. S/he will assist the team leader in setting up and conducting interviews with relevant stakeholders. S/he will participate in all meetings, site visits, and draft the sections of the report relevant to his/her focus area. S/he will also participate in presenting the report to USAID or other stakeholders and be responsible for addressing pertinent comments provided by USAID/Bangladesh or other stakeholders. Deliverables: The evaluation team will provide deliverables as per the USAID Bangladesh standard evaluation requirements. 49 ANNEX 15: EVALUATION DESIGN MATRIX # Assessment Questions Data Source Data Collection Methods Data Analysis Methods 1. To what extent was the CSISA-MI Phase I Activity successful in increasing smallholders’ access to surface water irrigation through the LSPs? How effective have the flow pumps been to address the irrigation issues in the FTF ZOI? ● Output data analysis for number of LSPs, mechanic and other stakeholders ● Activity contracts and Cooperative Agreements (CAs) ● Activity semi-annual and annual reports ● Special studies ● Site visits to selected intervention sites ● KIIs with USAID, IPs, manufacturers, importers, and dealers ● FGDs with farmers, LSPs, mechanics, spare shop owners, and project staff ● Desk review ● KIIs ● FGDs ● Content analysis to identify technical challenges and how they were addressed, as well as, the drivers of adoption of the axial flow pumps (AFPs) and other irrigation ● Comparative analyses (among levels/informant groups) ● Cross-checking/triangulation between/among methods as appropriate ● Sequential analyses (building a logical chain of evidence) 1.1 How successful was the Activity in terms of developing and expanding farmers’ access to the mechanized and related extension services? What were some of the challenges? ● Activity contracts and CAs ● Activity annual reports ● Site visits to selected intervention sites ● Special studies ● KIIs with USAID, IPs, manufacturers, importers, and dealers ● FGDs with farmers, LSPs, mechanics, spare shop owners, and project staff ● Desk review ● KIIs ● FGDs ● Content analysis to identify technical challenges and how they were addressed as well as the drivers of adoption, including area cropping patterns ● Comparative analyses (among levels/informant groups) ● Cross-checking/triangulation between/among methods as appropriate 1.2 How successful was the Activity in increasing the diversification and intensity of farm production and what was the effect on the “pull” factor for the irrigation market? ● Available project data are not very specific for changes in agriculture intensification so this will mostly be based on site visits to selected intervention sites ● KIIs with USAID, IPs, manufacturers, importers, and dealers ● FGDs with farmers, LSPs, mechanics, spare shop owners, and project staff ● Gray and peer-reviewed literature ● Desk review ● KIIs ● FGDs ● Content analysis to identify issues related to increased crop diversification and intensification ● Comparative analyses (among levels/informant groups) ● Cross-checking/triangulation between/among methods as appropriate 2. How successful was the Activity in leveraging private sector ● Activity contracts and CAs ● Activity annual reports ● Desk review ● KIIs ● FGDs ● Content analysis to identify trends in private sector investment as a 50 # Assessment Questions Data Source Data Collection Methods Data Analysis Methods investment and developing public-private partnerships in the agricultural machinery sector? What were some of the challenges in forming partnerships? How effective was the partnership in conducting risk management? ● KIIs with IPs, manufacturers, importers, and dealers ● FGDs with farmers, LSPs, mechanics, spare shop owners, and project staff ● Specific data on investment trends by manufacturers and importers ● Activity annual reports result of the project and other factors ● Comparative analyses (among levels/informant groups) ● Cross-checking/triangulation between/among methods as appropriate ● Sequential analyses (building a logical chain of evidence) 3. How successful and sustainable are the businesses that have been developed by rural entrepreneurs as a result of the Activity? What have been the major constraints and opportunities with respect to sustainability of the LSP business model? What measures should be taken to enhance sustainability? ● Activity contracts and CAs ● Activity annual reports ● In-depth output data analysis ● KIIs with IPs, manufacturers, importers, and dealers ● FGDs with farmers, LSPs, mechanics, spare shop owners, and project staff ● Desk review ● Project data analysis ● KIIs ● FGDs ● Detailed project data analysis of the various stakeholders and priority machinery at the upazila level ● Comparative analyses (among levels/informant groups) ● Cross-checking/triangulation between/among methods, as appropriate ● Sequential analyses (building a logical chain of evidence) 4 To what extent has CSISA-MI integrated or incorporated gender in the interventions? What have been the challenges and opportunities, if any? What has been the impact of mechanization on women’s economic empowerment? ● Review of project proposal and annual reports ● KIIs with IPs, manufacturers, importers, and dealers ● FGDs with farmers, LSPs, mechanics, spare shop owners, and project staff ● If possible, separate FGDs with female farmers ● Desk review ● KIIs ● FGDs ● Comparative analyses (among levels/informant groups) ● Cross-checking/triangulation between/among methods, as appropriate ● Sequential analyses (building a logical chain of evidence) 5 How successful was the Activity in developing the upstream supply chain (production, imports, distribution), the downstream market, and access to finance and credit for mechanization? ● Activity contracts and CAs ● Activity annual reports ● In-depth output data analysis ● KIIs with IPs, manufacturers, importers, and dealers ● FGDs with farmers, LSPs, mechanics, spare shop owners, and project staff ● Desk review ● Project data analysis ● KIIs ● FGDs ● Detailed project data analysis of the various stakeholders and priority machinery at the upazila level ● Comparative analyses (among levels/informant groups) ● Cross-checking/triangulation between/among methods, as appropriate ● Sequential analyses (building a logical chain of evidence) 51 ANNEX 16: KII AND FGD GUIDELINES CSISA and iDE Leadership Team Interview Questions This survey will be conducted as an FGD with the CSISA Core team of iDE and CIMMYT leadership. Based on the responses and what is learned, a shorter form of the discussion guidelines will be used as a FGD at the regional offices to get more specific district and upazila information. Questions in Advance Related to Data 1. There is a summary of results in the final report. However, do they have a table that provides the total achieved, with another column for the total target for each year and by district and upazila? 2. Do they have more specific data with regard to “improved management practices and technologies”? 3. Which improved practices or conservation agriculture techniques were most commonly adopted and which created the greatest pull for the adoption of mechanization and which kind of mechanization? 4. Are there data on the level of adoption by upazila? 5. Are there data on the number of hectares for which mechanized seeding and harvesting was done, in comparison to just tillage? 6. What “post-harvesting” practices or technology were promoted? 7. To what degree has boro rice, wheat, and maize cropping increased in the specific districts and upazilas? Pre-Early Project Feasibility Analysis 8. Did the project do any initial analysis to determine which crops are most profitable and of greatest interest to the farmers in the specific districts and upazilas? 9. Are boro, wheat, and/or maize the most profitable crop choices for farmers in the southwest? If not, why would they increase their production of these crops regardless of the availability of machinery? 10. What about women and their cropping priorities? Was there any research done on this? 11. Was there any detailed analysis of pulses grown on “fallow” land in Patuakhali and other districts? 12. Is the lack of irrigation the only hindrance to expanded boro production in SW Bangladesh? If not, what were the other issues that constrain boro rice production in each of the districts? 13. Considering the climate and soil types will maize and wheat grow as well as they do in the north? 14. How many years does the project work with the LSPs? According to the final report 2,107 out of 3,474 LSPs remain active; however, according to the list of active LSPs, it is only around 1,200. What does this mean? 15. As the project worked with new LSPs how did they support existing LSPs? 16. AR 2019, p. 20: “Market Facilitation: CSISA MI had developed over 3,400 LSPs over the course of the project and as a rule of thumb each entrepreneur creates 7 other jobs. However, as with any group of entrepreneurs, some LSP were performing better than others. Major reasons for low performance included: ∉ Lack of knowledge on the market, 52 ∉ Factors in the enabling environment (i.e., access to spare parts, mechanics, etc.), ∉ Lack of functional linkages with relevant market actors, and ∉ Recalcitrance due to subsidies.” Can you elaborate on these issues in greater detail? Which were the most common and what should be done to address each of the issues? 17. How are the LSP Networks expected to address these issues? 18. Is there a list of LSP Networks? More Detailed Technical Issues 19. To what degree do LSPs get spare parts from the machinery suppliers verses independent spare part stores? 20. What is meant under 4.2.6 in the 2017 annual report? How does the project “ensure spare parts” for LSPs? 21. If LSPs are not inclined to do seeding, why would they seed more than one kind of crop, especially in the same day? Would it not be better for them to become confident with the most common and profitable crop in their area? 22. Why not get maize companies to size grade their seed? Is large seed better than small seed? AR 2018, p. 34: “Does it make agronomic sense to have different rows for small and large seed? Is it worth the effort to LSPs and farmers?” 23. Who are the Farm Business Advisors and how do they make money? Role of Government 24. How do the government subsidies work? 25. How important is the role of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI)/BADC in developing/testing equipment? Do they help or hinder the timely availability of quality equipment on the market? 26. Where is the 50 km canal? Who are the “water sellers” that direct water to farmers fields (2017 report annex)? 27. What are the three things that you would differently in a future project CSISA-MI Field Team FGD Guidelines 1. How did you identify potential LSPs? ( আপিন িকভােব স�াবয্ এলএসিপ সনা� কেরিছেলন?) 2. What percentage of them were already LSPs? (তােদর মেধয্ কত শতাংশ পূেবর্ই এলএসিপ িছেলন?) 3. Of those who were already LSPs what percentage owned their own equipment rather than operating equipment which belonged to others? (যারা ইেতামেধয্ এলএসিপ িছেলন তােদর মেধয্ কত শতাংশ অনয্েদর য� চালনার বদেল তারা িনেজরাই যে�র মািলক িছেলন?} 4. Of those who owned their own equipment what percentage had the following types of equipment? (যারা িনজরাই যে�র মািলক তােদর মেধয্ িন�িলিখত ধরেণর য� কত শতাংশ িছল?) _____irrigation (েসচ য�)_____harvesting(কতর্ নয�) ____tillage(চােষর য�) ____ planting(েরাপণ য�) 5. Of those who bought new equipment, how did they know what they wanted? (যারা নতুন য� িকেনেছন, তারা িকভােব তােদর চািহদা জানেত েপেরিছেলন?) 53 6. Which equipment did they find to be most profitable? (তারা েকান য�িট সবেচেয় লাভজনক িহেসেব খুঁেজ েপেয়িছল?) 7. How did you identify and develop new LSPs? (আপিন িকভােব নতুন এলএসিপ সনা� কেরিছেলন এবং তােদর উ�য়ন কেরিছেলন?) 8. What were the greatest challenges to developing new LSPs? (নতুন এলএসিপেদর উ�য়েন সবেচেয় বড় সমসয্া িক িছল?) 9. What kind of interventions were most effective in helping the LSPs to be successful? List the top five in order of importance. (এলএসিপেদর সফল হেত সাহাযয্ করার জনয্ িক ধরেনর উেদয্াগ সবেচেয় কাযর্করী িছল? গ‍রু� িবেবচনা কের েসরা পাঁ চিট উেদয্ােগর তািলকা করুন।) 10. How long did the project work with LSPs as per the project plan? (�কে�র িনধর্ািরত পিরক�না অনুযায়ী এলএসিপেদর সােথ কত িদন কাজ চািলেয়িছেলন?) 11. How often did the project interact with the LSPs during this time? (�ক� চলাকালীন সমেয় কত িদন অ�র অ�র এলএসিপেদর সােথ িমথি�য়া/েযাগােযাগ হেয়েছ?) ______weekly(সা�ািহক) _______ monthly(মািসক) ______ once during a season (েমৗসুেম একবার) _______twice during a season (েমৗসুেম দুই বার)________Other (অনয্ানয্) 12. Who within the project interacted with the LSPs most? (�কে�র মেধয্ েক সবেচেয় েবিশ এলএসিপেদর সােথ েযাগােযাগ কেরেছ?) Which organization (েকান �িত�ান)______________ and their position (এবং তােদর পদ/অব�ান)________? 13. It seems from the data that there are only about 1,200 active LSPs out of the 3,400 LSPs that were developed. What does it mean to be an “inactive LSP”? Did they sell their equipment? (তথয্ েথেক মেন হে� েয �িতি�ত ৩,৪০০ িট এলএসিপর মেধয্ মা� ১,২০০ িট সি�য় রেয়েছ। "িনি�য় এলএসিপ" বলেত িক বুঝায়? তারা িক তােদর য� িবি� কের িদেয়েছন?} 14. One of the reports stated that the major reasons for low performance of LSPs included: (একিট �িতেবদেন বলা হেয়েছ েয এলএসিপগেণর কমর্স�াদন কম হওয়ার �ধান কারণগ‍েলার মেধয্ রেয়েছ): ∉ ______Lack of knowledge on the market, (যে�র বাজার স�েকর্ �ােনর অভাব) ∉ ______Factors in the enabling environment (i.e., access to spare parts, mechanics, etc.), (য� সি�য় রাখার উপাদােনর (অথর্াৎ, খুচরা য�াংশ, েমকািনক ইতয্ািদর) অ�তুলতা), ∉ ______Lack of functional linkages with relevant market actors, (�াসি�ক বাজার িনয়�েকর সােথ কাযর্করী সংেযােগর অভাব), and এবং ∉ ______Recalcitrance due to subsidies. (ভতুর্ িকর কারেণ অবেহলা করা)। What is meant by the knowledge of the market? (বাজার �ান বলেত কী েবাঝায়?) What is the difference between “factors in the enabling market” and “functional linkages….. (“বাজাের স�ম করার কারণসমূহ” এবং “কাযর্করী সংেযাগগ‍িলর” মেধয্ পাথর্কয্ কী?) 54 Can you rank these in order of importance? (আপিন িক এগ‍েলােক গ‍রু� িবেবচনা কের র য্াংিকং করেত পারেবন?) 15. Were there other reasons not mentioned in the report? (অনয্ েকান কারণ আেছ িক যা �িতেবদেন উে�খ করা হয়িন?) What were they? (েসগ‍েলা িক িছল?) 16. Which of these issues do you think the project was best at addressing and why? (এই িবষয়গ‍িলর মেধয্ েকানিট এই �কে� সবেচেয় ভােলাভােব েমাকােবলা করা হেয়িছল বেল আপিন মেন কেরন এবং েকন?) Which of these was the project least effective in addressing and why? (এগ‍িলর মেধয্ েকানিট এই �কে� সবেচেয় কম কাযর্করীভােব েমাকােবলা করা হেয়িছল এবং েকন?) 17. Which type of machinery were LSPs most interested in? (েকান ধরেনর য�পািতেত এলএসিপগেণর আ�হ সবেচেয় েবিশ িছল?) 18. Was there any machinery desired by LSP or farmers that was not promoted by the project? (এলএসিপ বা কৃ ষকেদর কাি�ত এমন েকান য�পািত িছল যা এই �ক� �ারা �বিতর্ ত করা হয়িন?) What were they? (েসগ‍েলা িক িছল?) _______________________________________ 19. Which market stakeholder (LSPs, dealers, other?) is best at identify and communicating the demand for machinery to manufacturers and importers? (��তকারক এবং আমদািনকারকেদর কােছ য�পািতর চািহদা সনা� এবং েযাগােযাগ করার জনয্ সবেচেয় ভােলা বাজার অংশীদার (এলএসিপ, িডলার, অনয্ানয্?) েক ?) 20. What was the bigger challenge for the project, increasing farmer demand for machinery services or increasing the availability of quality services? (এই �কে�র জনয্ সবেচেয় বড় চয্ােল� িক িছল, য�পািত েসবার জনয্ কৃ ষকেদর চািহদা বৃি� অথবা গ‍ণগত মােনর েসবার �াপয্তা বৃি�?) Why? (েকন?) 21. How effective was the project in increasing farmer demand for LSP services? (এলএসিপ েসবার জনয্ কৃ ষকেদর চািহদা বৃি�েত �ক�িট কতটা কাযর্কর িছল?) Manufacturer/Importer KII Questions ��তকারক/ আমদািনকারেকর জনয্ েকআইআই ��প� Name of the Manufacturer/Importer ��তকারক/আমদািনকারেকর নাম:____________________ Location িঠকানা :_____________________________ Interviewee সা�াৎকার দাতার নাম : ________________________________ Position in Company েকা�ািনেত তার পদবী :_________________________ Cell েমাবাইল না�ার :_______________________________ Other participants in the discussion – Name and Positions আেলাচনায় অংশ�হণকাির অনয্ানয্ সদসয্েদর নাম এবং পদবী অংশ�হণকািরর নাম পদবী 55 1. When did your organization become involved with the project? আপনার �িত�ান কেব �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত হেয়িছল? Year সাল : __________ 2. How did you first hear about the project and what motivated you to get involved? �কে�র সােথ আপনার �থম পিরচয় িকভােব? �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত হেত �কে�র েকান িবষয়গ‍েলা আপনােক ে�রণা িদেয়িছল? 3. Which products did you begin manufacturing or importing as a result of support from the CSISA MI project? CSISA MI �কে�র সহায়তার ফেল আপিন েকান পণয্গ‍েলা উৎপাদন বা আমদািন শ‍রু কেরন? Document in Table 20 4. Were there any products that you decided to produce or sell more of due to your involvement in the project? �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত হওয়ার কারেণ এমন েকান পণয্ রেয়েছ িক যা আরও েবিশ উৎপাদন বা আমদািন করার িস�া� িনেয়িছেলন? Manufactured উৎপাদন:_________________________________________________________________ Import আমদািন:________________________________________________________ 5. How do you forecast the number of machines to import or produce for the following season or year? পরবত� েমৗসুম অথবা পরবত� বছেরর জনয্ কতগ‍েলা েমিশন আমদানী বা ��ত করেত হেত পাের েসই সংখয্া িকভােব িনধর্ারণ কেরন? 6. Do retailers contact you and put in orders? খুচরা িবে�তারা িক আপনার সােথ েযাগােযাগ কের পেণয্র অডর্ ার িদেয় থােকন? ______________________________________________ 7. What do you do to increase the demand for these products? এই পণয্গ‍েলার চািহদা বাড়ােনার জনয্ আপিন িক িক কেরন? 8. How did the project support you to increase the demand for these products? এই পণয্গ‍েলার চািহদা বাড়ােনার জনয্ অ� �ক�িট আপনােক িকভােব সহায়তা কেরেছ? 9. Did you receive any financial or other support that enabled you to increase the import or production of any equipment? Yes or No আপিন িক �ক� েথেক আিথর্ক বা অনয্ েকান সহায়তা েপেয়েছন যা আপনােক েকান য�পািত আমদািন বা উৎপাদন বৃি� করেত স�ম কেরেছ? হয্াঁ বা না? 10. If yes, what was the nature and value of that support? উৎতর হয্াঁ হেল েসই সহায়তার ধরণ ও আথ�কমূেলয্ এর পিরমান কত? 11. What kind of support did you receive from the project that you most appreciated? List the top three. আপিন �ক� েথেক েয সকল সহায়তা েপেয়েছন এর মেধয্ েকানগ‍েলা আপনার কােছ েবিশ গ‍রু�পূণর্িছল? �ধান িতনিট সহায়তার নাম তািলকা করুন। 12. What support was provided by the project that could have been done better or was not very effective? For example: product testing, marketing (�ক�িট এমন েকান সহায়তা সরবরাহ কেরিছল যা আরও ভাল করা েযেত পারত বা খুব কাযর্কর িছল না? উদাহরণ�রুপঃ পণয্ পরী�া, িবপণন ইতয্ািদ।) 13. What could the project have done differently that would help to increase mechanization by farmers? �ক�িট অনয্ িকভােব কাজ করেল আরও েবিশ কৃ িষ যাি�কীকরণ করেত সহায়তা করেত পারেতা? 14. What were/are your biggest challenges with increasing your sales or production of any product? আপনার পেণয্র িব�য় বা উৎপাদন বাড়ােনার ে�ে� সবেচেয় বড় বাধাগ‍েলা িক িক 56 15. Did your business expand as a result of the partnership? By what degree? Tick অংশীদািরেৎতর ফেল িক আপনার বয্বসার �সার ঘেটেছ? িক পিরমাণ �সার ঘেটেছ? িটক িদন। ● Less than 1 percent এক শতাংেশর কম (1) ● Between 1 and 5 percent ১ েথেক ৫ শতাংেশর মেধয্ (2) ● Between 6 and 10 percent ৬ েথেক ১০ শতাংেশর মেধয্ (3) ● Between 10 and 20 percent ১০ েথেক ২০ শতাংেশর মেধয্ (4) ● Betweeen 20 and 40 percent ২০ েথেক ৪০ শতাংেশর মেধয্ (5) ● Between 40 & 60 percent ৪০ েথেক ৬০ শতাংেশর মেধয্ (6) ● More than 60 percent ৬০ শতাংেশর েবিশ (7) 16. Do you market your product through your own dealers or do you use retailers that sell machinery for various companies? আপিন িক আপনার িনজ� িডলােরর মাধয্েম পণয্ বাজারজাত কেরন অথবা যারা অনয্ েকা�ািনর য�পািত িবি� কের এমন খুচরা িবে�তােদর মাধয্েম বাজারজাত কেরন? 1. Own dealers িনজ� িডলার 2) retailers খুচরা িবে�তা 3) Other অনয্ানয্ ____ 17. If you use only your own dealers, are they considered as your employees on a fixed salary or do they make their money through commissions? আপিন যিদ েকবল িনজ� িডলারই বয্বহার কেরন, তেব তারা িক আপনার েবতনভু� কমর্চারী নািক কিমশেনর মাধয্েম তারা তােদর অথর্ উপাজর্ ন কেরন? 1) Employees েবতনভু� কমর্চারী 2) Commission only শ‍ধুকিমশন �হন 3) salary and commission েবতন এবং কিমশন �হন 4) Other অনয্ানয্ : explain বয্াখয্া করুন। ___________________________ 18. If they earn a commission, what percentage of the sale do they earn? যিদ তারা কিমশন �হন কের, তেব িব�েয়র শতকরা কত ভাগ কিমশন িহসােব �হন কেরন? ______________________________________ 19. Do your dealers use commissioning agents or sub-dealers that travel to and reach farmers and LSPs in more remote areas? আপনার িডলাররা িক েকান কিমশন এেজ� বা সাব-িডলার বয্বহার কেরন যারা �তয্� অ�েল �মণ কের এবং কৃ ষক ও এলএসিপেদর িনকট েসবা েপৗঁেছ েদয়? হয্াঁ অথবা না (বৃৎত পূরণ করুন) Yes হয্াঁ No না (circle) 20. Do you mind sharing with us the number of machines, that you have been importing and or producing in part due to your involvement with the project? List in the table below along with the number of machines produced and imported. �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত থাকার কারেণ, আপিন িক পিরমাণ েমিশন আমদািন কেরেছন বা েমিশেনর পাটর্ স উৎপাদন কেরেছন তার তথয্ আমােদর িদেত আপিৎত আেছ িক? উৎপািদত ও আমদািনকৃ ত েমিশেনর সংখয্া িনেচ তািলকাব� করুন। Name of the machine েমিশেনর নাম Number of machines manufactured or imported in a particular year একিট িনিদর্ � বছের উৎপািদত বা আমদািনকৃ ত েমিশেনর সংখয্া Is demand increasing, decreasing, or level? I or D or L চািহদা িক বাড়েছ, �াস পাে� না একই রকম আেছ? What are the drivers of increased demand? চািহদা বৃি�র পিরচালকগ‍েলা িক িক? 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 57 Name of the machine েমিশেনর নাম Number of machines manufactured or imported in a particular year একিট িনিদর্ � বছের উৎপািদত বা আমদািনকৃ ত েমিশেনর সংখয্া Is demand increasing, decreasing, or level? I or D or L চািহদা িক বাড়েছ, �াস পাে� না একই রকম আেছ? What are the drivers of increased demand? চািহদা বৃি�র পিরচালকগ‍েলা িক িক? PTOS: Imported আমদানীকৃ ত Seeding attachments (imported) Seeding attachments Mfd পাওয়ার িটলার পিরচািলত বীজ বপন য�ঃ উৎপািদত Self Propelled Reaper: Imported আমদানীকৃ ত Rice/wheat Reaper Attachment Imported আমদানীকৃ ত Jute Reaper Attachment Mfd রীপারঃ উৎপািদত Reaper Attachment Mfd রীপারঃ উৎপািদত Combine harvester: ক�াইন হােভর্ �ার: AFP: Mfg এফিপ: উৎপািদত 58 Name of the machine েমিশেনর নাম Number of machines manufactured or imported in a particular year একিট িনিদর্ � বছের উৎপািদত বা আমদািনকৃ ত েমিশেনর সংখয্া Is demand increasing, decreasing, or level? I or D or L চািহদা িক বাড়েছ, �াস পাে� না একই রকম আেছ? What are the drivers of increased demand? চািহদা বৃি�র পিরচালকগ‍েলা িক িক? AFP: Imported এফিপ: আমদািনকৃ ত। Others অনয্ানয্। 21. Detail Questions about three most important products listed above. উপেরর তািলকাভু� সবেচেয় গ‍রু�পূণর্ িতনিট পণয্ স�েকর্ িব�ািরত �� Product পণয্ Are you the only manufacturer or importer of this product? Y or N আপিন িক এই পেণয্র একমা� ��তকারক বা আমদািনকারক? হয্াঁ/ না? Did you conduct the performance tests yourselves? If not, who did? কমর্দ�তার পরী�া িক িনেজরাই কেরেছন? যিদ িনেজরা না কের থােকন তেব েক কেরেছ? Was the product subsidized by the government in 2019? ২০১৯ সােল এই পণয্িটেত সরকার িক ভতুর্ িক িদেয়িছল? Biggest challenge with this product? এই পণয্িটর ে�ে� সবেচেয় বড় বাধা িক? 59 KII Guidelines for Equipment Dealers/Retailers কৃ িষয� িডলারেদর জনয্ েকআইআই িনেদর্ িশকা INTERVIEW NUMBER (ই�ারিভউ ন�র): Name of interviewer (সা�াৎকার�হণকারীর নাম): ___________________ Date (তািরখ):_______ District (েজলা):_______________________ Upazila (উপেজলা): _______________________ Begin with the Introduction (ভূিমকা িদেয় শ‍রু করুন) Hello, my name is _______________ and I understand that my colleague Saiful Islam explained why I am calling (হয্ােলা, আমার নাম _______________ এবং আমার সহকম� সাইফু ল ইসলাম আনার সােথ কথা বেল সব বয্াখয্া কেরেছন েকন আিম কল করিছ) We understand that you were involved with the CSISA-MI project whose goal was to increase the availability of and farmer demand for agriculture machinery (আমরা জািন েয আপিন িসএসআইএসএ-এমআই �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত িছেলন যার ল�য্ িছল কৃ িষ য�পািতর জনয্ কৃ ষেকর চািহদা বৃি� করা।) We would like to get your perspective on that project and issues related to increasing farmer access to and demand for agriculture machinery (আমরা এই �ক� এবং কৃ িষ য�পািতর চািহদা বৃি� স�িকর্ ত িবষেয় আপনার দৃি�ভি� জানেত চাই।) First we need some basic information about your business (�থেম আপনার বয্বসা স�েকর্ আমােদর িকছুেমৗিলক তথয্ �েয়াজন।) What year did you first establish your business? (েকান বছর আপিন �থম আপনার বয্বসা �িত�া কেরিছেলন?) Year that business was established (েয বছর বয্বসা �িতি�ত হয়।) What is your role in the business (mark tick): (বয্বসায় আপনার ভূিমকা িক (মাকর্ িটক)): 1. Business owner (বয্বসা মািলক) 2. Employee (কমর্চারী) (Title (পেদর নাম):___________________) 3. An agent (name of company) একজন এেজ� (েকা�ািনর নাম):__________________________ 1. Other(অনয্ানয্)__________________________________________ 1. How were you involved with the CIMMYT – MI Project? আপিন িকভােব িসএমএমআইিট - এমআই �েজে�র সােথ জিড়ত িছেলন? 2. What kind of support did you receive from the project? এই �ক� েথেক আপিন িক ধরেনর সহেযাগীতা েপেয়েছন? 60 3. Which kind of support did you find most valuable? আপিন েকান ধরেনর সহেযাগীতা সবেচেয় মূলয্বান খুঁেজ েপেলন? 4. Did you receive any training and what was the topic/s? আপিন িক েকান �িশ�ণ েপেয়েছন এবং িবষয় িক িছল? 5. Did your staff receive training? What topic/s? আপনার কম�রা িক �িশ�ণ েপেয়েছ? েকান িবষেয়? 6. Did the project introduce you to manufacturers or importers whose equipment you did not sell before? �ক�িট আপনােক এমন ��তকারক বা আমদািনকারকেদর সােথ পিরচয় কিরেয় িদেয়েছ যার সর�াম আপিন আেগ িবি� কেরনিন? 7. If so, which companies and what equipment do you buy from them? যিদ তা হয় তেব েকান সং�া এবং েকান সর�াম আপিন তােদর কাছ েথেক িকনেবন? 8. Did they introduce you to local service providers or others who started buying equipment from you? তারা িক আপনােক এলএসিপ (�ানীয় পিরেষবা সরবরাহকারী) বা অনয্েদর সােথ পিরচয় কিরেয় িদেয়েছ যারা আপনার কাছ েথেক সর�াম েকনা শ‍রু কেরিছল? 9. What kind of support would you have appreciated more of? (িক ধরেনর সহেযাগীতােক আপিন ভােলা েলেগেছ?) 10. What is the bigger challenge for you as a business man, meeting the demand for machinery or increasing the demand for machinery? (একজন বয্বসায়ী িহেসেব আপনার জনয্ সবেচেয় বড় সুেযাগ িক হেত পাের, য�পািতর চািহদা পূরণ করা বা য�পািতর চািহদা বাড়ােনা?) 11. Is there any equipment in high demand which you cannot supply? Y or N �বল চািহদার এমন েকান য� আেছ যা আপিন সরবরাহ করেত পারেবন না? হয্াঁ অথবা না 12. If so, what is it and why cannot you not supply it? যিদ থােক, তাহেল এটা িক এবং েকন আপিন তা সরবরাহ করেত পারেছন না? 13. Do you use commissioning agents or sub-dealers to sell any of the equipment associated with the project? If so how many? (আপিন িক এই �কে�র সােথ সংি�� েকান য� িবি� করেত কিমশিনং এেজ� বা সাব-িডলার বয্বহার কেরন? যিদ তাই হয় তাহেল কয়জন?) commissioning agents: (কিমশিনং এেজ�) ………………. Nos. সংখয্া Sub-dealers (সাব-িডলার) : ………………….. Nos. সংখয্া Other1( অনয্ানয্-১):…………… ………………….. Nos. সংখয্া Other2 (অনয্ানয্-২:……………. ………………….. Nos. সংখয্া 61 14. Can you provide approximate numbers on the machinery that you sold since getting involved in the project? (এই �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত হওয়ার পর েথেক আপনার িবি� করা য�পািত স�েকর্ আনুমািনক সংখয্া �দান করেত পােরন?) Name of the machine (েমিশেনর নাম) Number of machines sold each year: ( �িত বছের িব�িত েমিশেনর সংখয্া): Do you provide spare parts for these machines? (আপিন িক এই েমিশেনর জনয্ খুচরা য�াংশ সরবরাহ কেরন? ) Do you expect demand for the machines to increase or decrease? (আপনার মেত এ েমিশেনর চািহদা বাড়েব না কমেব?) Why? (েকন?) Rank these in terms of importance to your business. বয্বসার সাফেলয্র িদক েথেক এ য�গ‍েলার র য্াংিকং করুন। 2015 (২০১৫) 2016 (২০১৬) 2017 (২০১৮) 2018 (২০১৮) 2019 (২০১৯) Power tiller 18 tines আঠার টাইন িবিশ� পাওয়ার িটলার PTOS (48 tines with seeder) ৪৮ টাইন িবিশ� সীডারসহ পাওয়ার িটলার Reaper: Self propelled reaper েস� ে�ােপ�ট িরপার Reaper attachment Imported শ‍ধু িরপার অংশ ((আমদানী)) Combine harvester: Imported ক�াই হােভর্ �ার (আমদানী) Other: AFP Imported 62 Name of the machine (েমিশেনর নাম) Number of machines sold each year: ( �িত বছের িব�িত েমিশেনর সংখয্া): Do you provide spare parts for these machines? (আপিন িক এই েমিশেনর জনয্ খুচরা য�াংশ সরবরাহ কেরন? ) Do you expect demand for the machines to increase or decrease? (আপনার মেত এ েমিশেনর চািহদা বাড়েব না কমেব?) Why? (েকন?) Rank these in terms of importance to your business. বয্বসার সাফেলয্র িদক েথেক এ য�গ‍েলার র য্াংিকং করুন। এফিপ (আমদানী) AFP (local) এফিপ (েদেশ ৈতরী) Other irrigation: Name অনয্ানয্ (েসচয�) Others (অনয্ানয্) 15. Is there any equipment that you used to sell associated with the project that you no longer sell? (�কে�র সােথ সংি�� এমন েকান য� িছল যা আপিন আর িবি� কেরন না?) Name (যে�র নাম) Manufacturer (��তকারক) Year you began selling this product? (েকান বছেরে◌আপিন এই য� িবি� শ‍রু কেরিছেলন?) Last year sold? (গত বছর কতিট য� িবি� হেয়িছল?) Primary Reason for ceasing sales 1/ যিদ িব�য় ব� কের থােকন, তাহেল �াথিমক কারণ িক১/ If the reason is lack of demand ask why? 2/ (যিদ চািহদার অভাব হয় তাহেল েকন? 2/) 1/ Options for reasons for ceasing sales 1/(িব�য় ব� করার কারণ) 2/ Causes for lack of demand 2/ চািহদার অভােবর কারণ 63 1. Lack of demand (চািহদার অভাব); 2. Unavailable (অ�াপয্তা); 3. Low profit margin (লভয্াংশ কম); 4. Other – specify (অনয্ানয্ উে�খ করুন) 1. Too expensive for LSPs (এলএসিপর জনয্ বয্ববহুল); 2. Not appropriate for the local cropping systems (�ানীয় শসয্ আবাদ প�িতর জনয্ উপযু� নয়); 3. Not appropriate for local soil types (�ানীয় মািটর উপেযাগী নয়); 4. Frequent breakdowns (�ায়শই অেকেজা হেয় যায়); 5. Lack of spare parts (খুচরা য�াংেশর আভাব); 6. Other more reliable equipment is available (অনয্ ভােলা যে�র �াপয্তা); 7. Other less expensive equipment is available (অনয্ কমদামী যে�র �াপয্তা) 16. Status of frequently troubleshooting spare parts of machines (েযসকল খুচরা য�াংশ ঘন ঘন সমসয্া েদখা েদয় তােদর অব�া Machine (য�) Status of spare parts at your store (আপনার েদাকােন এ য�াংেশর �াপয্তা) Three most important spare parts that you sell? (সবেচেয় গ‍রুৎতপূণর্িতনিট য� িক িক যা আপিন িবি� কেরন) Primary source of spare parts (খুচরা য�াংেশর �াথিমক উৎস িক?) (Use code below) িনেচর েকাড বয্বহার করুন PTOS: Imported (িপিটওএস: আমদানী করা) Available (সহেজ পাওয়া যায়) Difficult to collect (সং�হ করা কিঠন) Not available (পাওয়া যায় না) Self Propelled Reaper: Available (সহেজ পাওয়া যায়) Difficult to collect (সং�হ করা কিঠন) Not available (পাওয়া যায় না) Reaper Attachment: Imported (িরপার: আমদানী করা) Available (সহেজ পাওয়া যায়) Difficult to collect (সং�হ করা কিঠন) Not available (পাওয়া যায় না) Combine harvester: Manufactured (ক�াইন হােভর্ �ার: েদেশ ��ত) Available (সহেজ পাওয়া যায়) Difficult to collect (সং�হ করা কিঠন) Not available (পাওয়া যায় না) AFP: Manufactured Available (সহেজ পাওয়া যায়) 64 (এফিপ: েদেশ ��ত) Difficult to collect (সং�হ করা কিঠন) Not available (পাওয়া যায় না) AFP: Imported (এফিপ: আমদানী করা) Available (সহেজ পাওয়া যায়) Difficult to collect (সং�হ করা কিঠন) Not available (পাওয়া যায় না) Source of spare parts: 1. Import directly (সরাসির আমদানী করা); 2. District or Dhaka based wholesaler (েজলা শহর বা ঢাকার পাইকারী িবে�তা) 3. Manufacturer within desh (েদেশ ৈতরী) 4. Local workshop (�ানীয় ওয়াকর্ শপ) 17. What did the project do that most effectively help to increase the demand for machinery? (�ক�িট কাযর্করীভােব িক কেরিছল যা েমিশেনর চািহদা বৃি�েত সাহাযয্ কেরেছ?) 18. Do you have any recommendation for what the project could have done to increase LSP demand for equipment or farmer demand for the use of mechanization services? (আপনার িক েকানও সুপািরশ আেছ যা �ক�িট বা�বায়ন করেল এলএসিপগেণর যে�র চািহদা বাড়েব অথবা কৃ ষেকর জনয্ যাি�কীকরণ পিরেষবা চািহদা বাড়ােত পাের?) 19. Approximately what share of your total business comes from the following (আপনার বয্বসার আনুমািনক কত শতাংশ িনেচ উে�িখত েকান ধরেণর য� েথেক আেস): Irrigation equipment (েসচ য�):_________________ Tillage equipment (চােষর য�):____________________ Seeding/planting equipment (PTOS) (বপন/েরাপন য�): ______________ Harvest equipment (কতর্ ন য�): _______________________ Other (অনয্ানয্): __________________________________ 65 KII Questions for Mechanics েমকািনে�র জনয্ েকআইআই ��সমূহ INTERVIEW NUMBER (সা�াৎকার নং): Name of Interviewee (তথয্ �দানকারীর নাম): ______________________ Date (তািরখ): District েজলা: ________________________ Upazila উপেজলা: Begin with the Introduction Hello, my name is _______________ and I understand that my colleague Saiful Islam explained why I am calling. We understand that you were involved with the CSISA-MI project whose goal was to increase the availability of and farmer demand for agriculture machinery. We would like to get your perspective on that project and issues related to increasing farmer access to and demand for agriculture machinery. First we need some basic information about your business. সূচনা িদেয়ই শ‍রু করুন। হয্ােলা, আমার নাম ............................................. এবং আিম বুঝেত পাির েয, আমার সহকম� সাইফু ল ইসলাম বুঝেত পারেতন েয েকান আিম েফান কেরিছ। আমরা বুঝেত পাির েয, আপিন িসএসআইএসএ-এমআই �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত িছেলন যার ল�য্ িছল কৃ িষে�ে�র সহজলভয্তা এবং কৃ ষেকর চািহদা বৃি� করা। আমরা েসই �কে�র িবষেয় আপনার দৃি�ভি� েপেত চাই এবং কৃ ষেকর কােছ �মবধর্মান এে�স এবং কৃ িষে�ে�র চািহদা স�িকর্ ত িবষয়গ‍িল িনেয় আেলাচনা করেত চাই। �থেম আমােদর আপনার বয্বসায় স�েকর্ িকছু�াথিমক তথয্ �েয়াজন। Education level িশ�াগত েযাগয্তা: [1. Primary (�াইমারী), 2. SSC/HSC (এসএসিস/এইচএসিস), 3. Trade course/Diploma (ে�ডেকাসর্/িডে�ামা), 4. Higher education (উ�িশ�া) 1. What type of job are you doing? আপিন িক ধরেনর চাকিরত িনেয়ািজত আেছন? [Rank in order of importance if the person does more than one job.] [পদমযর্াদা উে�খ করেত হেব যিদ বয্ি� একািধক কােজর সােথ জিড়ত থােকন] Employee in a dealer shop সরবরাহকারীর েদাকােনর কমর্চারী Employee in a workshop ওয়াকর্ শেপর কমর্চারী Freelance mechanic ি�লয্া� েমকািনক Job under manufacturer/ importer (উৎপাদনকারী/আমদািনকারেকর অধীেন চাকুরী) Own workshop িনজ� ওয়াকর্ শপ Seasonal job েমৗসুমী চাকুরী Other specify) অনয্ানয্ (উে�খ রুন) 2. If you have your own business when did you start it [year]? (যিদ আপনার িনেজর বয্বসা থােক তাহেল কখন তা শ‍রু কেরিছেলন? (বছর) _________ 3. When did you become aware of the CSISA project which is promoting the use of agriculture machinery in your area? (আপিন কখন িসএসআইএসএ (িসসা) �ক� স�েকর্অবিহত হেয়িছেলন যা আপনার অ�েল কৃ িষ য�পািত বয্বহার বৃি�র জনয্ �চার কাজ করেছ?) 66 Year (সাল): 4. Was there anything they encouraged you to do differently to help farmers and Local Service Providers to use more agriculture machinery? (তারা (�ক� েথেক) আপনােক আলাদাভােব এমন েকান উৎসাহ িদেয়িছল যােত আপিন কৃ ষক এবং �ানীয় েসবা সরবরাহকারীেদরেক (এলএসিপ) আরও েবিশ েবশী কৃ িষ য�পািত বয্বহার করেত সহায়তা কেরিছেলন?) 5. Was there anything they did to help you improve or expand your business? (তারা (�ক� েথেক) িক এমন িকছুকেরিছল যােত আপনার বয্বসার উ�িত করেত বা বয্বসা বাড়ােত সাহাযয্ কেরিছল?) 6. Did they provide you with any training? Y or N. If yes, on what subject? (তারা িক আপনােক েকানও �িশ�ণ িদেয়িছল? যিদ িদেয় থােক, তেব েকান িবষেয়র উপর?) 7. Did they introduce you to Local Service providers, or other people to help you expand your business? (তারা িক আপনার সােথ �ানীয় েসবা সরবরাহকারী (এলএসিপ) বা অনয্ েলােকর সােথ পিরচয় কের িদেয়িছল যা আপনার বয্বসা বাড়ােত সহায়ক িছল?) Y or N? If yes, what kind of service providers? who? যিদ িদেয় থােক, তেব েক?) Mechanics (েমকািনক), machine operators (েমিশন চালক), spare part dealers (খুচরা য�াংেশর েদাকান/িডলার) Others (অনয্ানয্): 8. Has your job or business expanded since getting involved with the project? (�কে�র সােথ জিড়ত হওয়ার পর েথেক আপনার কাজ বা বয্বসা েবেড়েছ িক?) 9. If yes, how? (যিদ হয্াঁ হয়, তেব িভােব?) 10. Do you have any idea of about how many mechanics work on agriculture machinery in this upazila? (আপনার িক েকান ধারণা আেছ এই উপেজলায় কতজন েমকািনক কৃ িষ য�পািত সং�া� কাজ কেরন?) 11. What type of machinery do you service? [List the five most common in the order of frequency.] েকান ধরেনর েমিশন আপিন েমরামত কেরন? [মা�া অনুসাের ৫িট অিত সাধারণেক তািলকাভু� করুন।] Part A: Machine type (use code below) পাটর্- এ: যে�র ধরণ (িনেচর েকাড বয্বহার করুন) Part B: Top three most common problems পাটর্- িব: িতনিট সেবর্া� অিত সাধারণ সমসয্াসমূহ (িনেচর েকাড বয্বহার করুন) Part C: Number of machines repaired in the last season? পাটর্-িস: গত েমৗসুেম েমরামতকৃ ত েমিশেনর সংখয্া Part D: Is the presence of these machines increasing or decreasing in this upazila? (I or D) পাটর্-িড: এই উপেজলায় এসব েমিশেনর বয্বহার কমেছ নািক বাড়েছ Codes for part A: পাটর্-এ েত বয্বহৃত েকাডসমূহ : Codes for part B: পাটর্-িব এর জনয্ েকাডসমূহ 1. Two-wheeled tractors পাওয়ার িটলার 2. 18 tine tilling attachment আঠােরা ফলার িটলার 3. PTOS (48 tines) পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার gine (Black smoke: piston/liner/ring, etc.) ইি�ন (কােলা েধায়া: িপ�ন/লাইনার/িরং ইতয্ািদ) 1. Gear box িগয়ার ব� 1. Bearing & seal িবয়ািরং ও িসল 1. Chain/belt েচইন/ের� 67 4. Low lift centrifugal pump েসচ য� - মািটর উপেরর পািন েতালা (খাল/েডাবা/নদী/িবেলর পািন) 5. AFP এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� 6. Other irrigation device অনয্ানয্ েসচ য� 7. Bed planters েবড �া�ার 8. Rice transplanter ধােনর চারা েরাপন য� 9. Self-Propelled Multi-crop reaper িরপার েমিশন 10. Reaper attachment পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার 11. Combine harvester ক�াইন হােভর্ �ার 12. Other Equipment অনয্ানয্ য�: 1. Cutter bar কাটার বার 1. Furrow opener (ফােরা ওেপনার) 1. Fuel line ফু েয়ল লাইন 1. Welding ওেয়লিডং 1. Problem due to Inappropriate operation ভুল কােযর্র ফেল সৃ� সমসয্া 1. Clutch �াচ 1. Break ে�ক 1. Overhauling ওভারেহািলং 1. Other (specify) অনয্ানয্ (উে�খ করুন)_________ 12. How do you provide repair service of the machines? [Tick each that applies.] আপিন িকভােব যে�র েমরামত েসবা �দান কেরন? [েযিট �েযাজয্ হেব তােত িটক িদন] Machine য�পািত Farmers come with machine to your workshop. কৃ ষকরা আপনার ওয়াকর্ শেপ য�পািত িনেয় আেস The farmer telephones you and you go to the farmer. কৃ ষক আপনােক েফান েদয় এবং আপিন কৃ ষেকর কােছ যান The machine dealer contacts you. য�পািত সরবরাহকারী আপনার সােথ েযাগােযাগ কেরন 2WT পাওয়ার িটলার PTOS পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার AFP – imported এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� - আমদািনকৃ ত AFP – Bdesh made এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� - বাংলােদেশ ��তকৃ ত LLP েসচ য� - মািটর উপেরর পািন েতালা (খাল/েডাবা/নদী/িবেলর পািন) Other irrigation equipment অনয্ানয্ েসচয� Self-Propelled multi-crop Reaper িরপার েমিশন Reaper Attachment পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার Combine harvester ক�াইন হােভর্ �ার 13. I am going to ask you about your most common repair requests for PTOS, Self-Propelled Reapers, Reaper attachments and AFPs. What are the most common repair problems that you deal with? [Use 68 coded responses below.] আিম আপনােক িপিটওএস, �-চািলত িরপার, িরপার সংযুি� এবং এএফিপ-র জনয্ সবেচেয় সচরাচর েমরামেতর অনুেরাধগ‍িল স�েকর্ িজ�াসা করেত যাি�। সবেচেয় সচরাচর সমসয্া েকানগ‍িল যা আপিন েমাকােবলা কেরন? [নীেচ েকােডড তািলকা বয্বহার করুন।] Name of the machine য�পািতর নাম What are the most common repair problems for the machines below? (rank 1 to 5) িনেচর য�পািতসমূেহর সবেচেয় সাধারণ সমসয্াসমূহ (মান ১ েথেক ৫) 1 2 3 4 5 PTOS পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার Self-Propelled multi-crop Reaper িরপার েমিশন Reaper Attachment পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার AFP – imported এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� - আমদািনকৃ ত AFP made in Bdesh এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� - বাংলােদেশ ��তকৃ ত Coded list for repair issue: 1. Engine (Black smoke: piston/liner/ring, etc.) ইি�ন (কােলা েধায়া: িপ�ন/লাইনার/িরং ইতয্ািদ) 2. Gear box (িগয়ার ব�) 3. Bearing & seal (িবয়ািরং ও িসল) 4. Chain/belt (েচইন/ের�) 5. Cutter bar (কাটার বার) 6. Furrow opener (ফােরা ওেপনার) 7. Fuel line (ফু েয়ল লাইন) 8. Welding (ওেয়লিডং) 9. Problem due to Inappropriate operation (ভুল কােযর্র ফেল সৃ� সমসয্া) 10. Clutch (�াচ) 11. Break (ে�ক) 12. Overhauling (ওভারেহািলং) 13. Other (specify) অনয্ানয্ (উে�খ করুন) write in cell 14. I would like to ask you some questions about spare parts for PTOS, Reapers, Combine harvesters and AFPs. ’পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার, িরপারস েমিশন, ক�াই� হােভর্ �ার এবং এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা�’এর খুচরা য�াংশ স�েকর্ আিম আপনােক িকছু�� করেত চাই। (choose from list below) (িনেচর তািলকা েথেক বাছাই করুন) Machine (যে�র নাম) Most commonly required spare parts 1/ অিত সাধারণ �েয়াজনীয় খুচরা য�াংশ ১/ Primary source of spare parts 2/ Are these parts readily available? 3/ এ য�াংশগ‍েলা িক সহেজই পাওয়া যায় ? ৩/ How is the quality? (excellent, good, fair, terrible) 69 অিত সাধারণ খুচরা য�াংেশর �াথিমক উৎস ২/ এর মান েকমন? (চমৎকার, ভাল, েমাটামুিট ভাল, খুব খারাপ) PTOS পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার Self-Propelled multi￾crop Reaper িরপার েমিশন Reaper Attachment পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার AFP এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� Combine harvester ক�াইন হােভর্ �ার 1/ Spare parts: 1) Piston ring (িপ�ন িরং), 2) Bearing (িবয়ািরং), 3) Big end bearing (িবগ এ� িবয়ািরং), 4) Gasket (গয্াসেকট), 5) Fuel filter (ফু েয়ল িফ�ার), 6) Fuel pump (ফু েয়ল পা�), 7) Injector nozzle (ইনেজ�র নেজল), 8) Clutch (�াচ), 9) Break ে�ক), 10) Gear (িগয়ার), 11) Nut and bolt (নাট এ� েবা�), 12) Clutch wire (�াচ ওয়য্ার), 13) Other (specify) অনয্ানয্ (উে�খ করুন) _______ 2/ Source: 1) Farmer provides (কৃ ষক �দৎত), 2) Dealer (সরবরাহকারী), 3) Local store (�ানীয় েদাকান), 4) District sadar upazila (েজলা/সদর উপেজলা), 5) Made in local workshop (�ানীয় ওয়াকর্ শেপ ৈতরী), 6) Other (specify) অনয্ানয্ (উে�খ করুন)__________ 3/ Availability: 1) Always available (সবসময় পযর্া�), 2) Usually available (সাধারণত পাওয়া যায়), 3) Rarely available (খুবই কম পাওয়া যায়), 4) Never available (কখেনা পাওয়া যায় না) 15. Do you need more training to do your job better? (If yes, for which machine/component) আপনার কােজর জনয্ আরও �িশ�েণর দরকার িকনা? (যিদ হয্া হয় তেব েকান য�/য�াংেশর জনয্) [িনেচর সািরেত িটক িদন] PTOS পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার 2WT পাওয়ার িটলার LLP েসচ য� - মািটর উপেরর পািন েতালা (খাল/েডাবা/নদী/িবেলর পািন) AFP এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� Self￾propelled Reaper িরপার েমিশন Combine harvester ক�াইন হােভর্ �ার Reaper attachment পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার Others (specify) অনয্ানয্ (উে�খ করুন) 16. What are the challenges that you are facing in operating your business? আপিন আপনার বয্বসা পিরচালনায় িক িক চয্ােলে�র স�ুখীন হন? 17. Do you have any plan to expand your business? If so, explain your plan. আপনার বয্বসার স�সারেণ েকান পিরক�না আেছ িকনা? যিদ থােক বয্াখয্া করুন। 18. Do you need any support related to servicing agri. machineries? If yes, please explain. 70 কৃ িষ য�পািত েমরামেত আপনার েকান সহায়তা �েয়াজন িকনা ? যিদ হয্া হয় তেব বয্াখয্া করুন। Thank you very much for your time. KII Questions for Spare-Part Shop Owners খুচরা য�াংেশর েদাকান মািলেকর েকআইআই ��প� INTERVIEW NUMBER (সা�াৎকার ন�র): Date (তািরখ):___/___/______ Name of Interviewer (সা�াৎকার �হনকারীর নাম): _______________________________ Name of Interviewee (সা�াৎকার �দানকারীর নাম):__________________________ Name of business (েদাকান/বয্বসা �িত�ােনর নাম):_____________________________ District(েজলা):_________________________Upazila(উপেজলা): ___________________ Begin with the Introduction (ভূিমকা িদেয় শ‍রু করুন) Hello, my name is _________________________ and I understand that my colleague Saiful Islam explained why I am calling (জনাব, আমার নাম _______________________________ | আিম জািন আমার সহকম� সাইফু ল ইসলাম আপনােক কল করার কারণ বয্াখয্া কেরেছন) We understand that you were involved with the CSISA-MI project whose goal was to increase the availability of and farmer demand for agriculture machinery (আমরা জািন েয আপিন িসএসআইএসএ-এমআই (CSISA￾MI) �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত িছেলন যার ল�য্ িছল কৃ িষ য�পািত সহজলভয্ করা এবং কৃ ষকেদর মেধয্ কৃ িষ য�পািতর চািহদা বৃি� করা।) We would like to get your perspective on that project and issues related to increasing farmer access to and demand for agriculture machinery (আমরা এই �ক� সমে� এবং কৃ ষকেদর কােছ কৃ িষ য�পািতর সহজলভয্তা এবং কৃ িষ য�পািতর �িত কৃ ষকেদর চািহদা স�েকর্ আপনার দৃি�ভি� জানেত চাই।) First, we need some basic information about your business (�থেম আপনার বয্বসা স�েকর্ িকছুেমৗিলক তথয্ আমােদর জানা �েয়াজন।) 1. Address (িঠকানা): Town, Union (শহর, ইউিনয়ন) 2. Year that business was established (েয সােল বয্বসা �িতি�ত হয়) 3. How many other spare shops are there in this upazila? (এই উপেজলায় আর কতগ‍েলা খুচরা য�াংেশর েদাকান রেয়েছ) 4. Are there any women spare parts retailers in this upazila? (এই উপেজলায় খুচরা য�াংেশর েকান খুচরা মিহলা িবে�তা রেয়েছ) 5. How were you first made aware of the CSISA – MI Project? (CSISA – MI �ক� স�েকর্ �থেম আপিন িকভােব অবিহত হেয়েছন?) 71 6. Did you receive any kind of support or training from the project? (আপিন িক �ক� েথেক েকান �কার সহায়তা বা �িশ�ণ েপেয়েছন?) Yes/No হয্াঁ / না 7. Did you receive any training and if so, what was the topic? (আপিন িক েকান �িশ�ণ েপেয়েছন, যিদ েপেয় থােকন, িক িবষেয়র উপর �িশ�ণ েপেয়েছন?) 8. Rather than training, what other kind of support did you receive? (�িশ�ণ ছাড়া আপিন অনয্ িক ধরেণর সহায়তা েপেয়েছন?) 9. Did the project introduce you to equipment or spare part importers? (�ক� িক আপনােক েকান য�পািত বা খুচরা য�াংেশর আমদানীকারেকর সােথ পিরচয় কিরেয় িদেয়িছল?) Yes/No হয্াঁ / না 10. If yes, which companies? (উৎতর হয্াঁ হেল, েকান েকা�ানীর সােথ পিরচয় কিরেয় িদেয়িছল?) 11. Did you then start buying parts from those companies? (তার পর েথেক িক আপিন ঐ েকা�ানীগ‍িল েথেক য�াংশ েকনা শ‍রু কেরিছেলন? Yes/No হয্াঁ / না 12. If yes, for which machines? (উৎতর হয্াঁ হেল, েকান যে�র জনয্?) 13. Did the project do anything else to help you expand your business? (আপনার বয্বসা স�সারেণর জনয্ �ক� িক অনয্ েকান ধরেণর সহায়তা কেরিছল?) 14. Did the project introduce you to Service Providers who sell agriculture machinery services to farmers? (�ক� কী আপনােক েসবা �দানকারীেদর সােথ পিরচয় কিরেয় িদেয়েছ যারা কৃ ষকেদর কােছ কৃ িষ য�পািতর পিরেষবা িব�য় কের বা ভাড়া ঘাটায়?) Yes/No হয্াঁ / না 15. Did this help your business? If so, how? (এটা িক আপনার বয্বসায় সহায়তা কেরেছ? উৎতর হয্াঁ হেল, িকভােব?) 16. Who are your main customers (Farmer/LSP/Other)? (আপনার �ধান ে�তা কারা? – কৃ ষক / এলএসিপ / অনয্ানয্- ) 17. About how many of these LSPs did you meet through the project? (এই �কে�র মাধয্েম আপিন কতজন এলএসিপর সিহত সা�াৎ কেরেছন?) 18. Did the project provide training on how to provide technical advice to the LSPs? _______ Can you give an example? (িকভােব এলএসিপেদরেক কািরগির পরামশর্�দান করেত হেব এ িবষেয় �ক� েথেক েকান �িশ�ণ েদয়া হেয়িছল িক? __________________ আপিন িক একিট উদাহরণ িদেত েরন?) 19. Have you noticed an increased demand for spare parts in the last three years? (গত িতন বছের খুচরা য�াংেশর চািহদা েবেড়েছ িক না?) Yes/No হয্াঁ / না 20. What are the top three machines for which there has been an increased demand for spare parts? Give the list: (খুচরা য�াংেশর চািহদা েবেড়েছ এমন শীষর্িতনিট েমিশন িক িক?) তােদর তািলকা িদনঃ 21. Do LSPs or farmers request you to order parts on their behalf? (এলএসিপ বা কৃ ষকরা িক তােদর হেয় য�াংশ অডর্ ার করার জনয্ আপনােক অনুেরাধ কেরেছন?) Yes/No হয্াঁ / না 22. Do they do that only when the part is broken, or do they plan in advance for the season? (েকান য�াংশ ন� হেয় েগেলই িক তারা এটা কের, নািক েমৗসুেমর জনয্ অি�ম পিরক�না কের এটা কের?): 72 When broken / Plan in advance (ন� হেয় েগেল / অি�ম পিরক�না কের) 23. Are you able to acquire all of the parts that are needed by your customers? Yes/No (আপিন িক আপনার �াহকেদর �েয়াজনীয় সম� য�াংশ সং�হ করেত স�ম? হয্াঁ / না) 24. If not, which ones do you have the most difficulty obtaining that are in most demand? (যিদ না হয়, তেব অিধক চািহদা রেয়েছ এমন েকান য�াংশিট সং�হ করেত আপনার েবিশ অসুিবধা হে�?) 25. What are the three most common spare parts that you sell for PTOSs, reapers, and AFPs? (�কে�র সােথ স�িকর্ ত বা �ক� কতৃ র্ ক �চািরত েয চারিট খুচরা য�াংশ আপিন সবেচেয় েবশী িবি� কেরন েসগ‍িল কী কী?) What are the most common spare parts required for the following machines? (িন�িলিখত য�পািতগ‍েলার জনয্ �েয়াজনীয় সাধারণ খুচরা য�াংশগ‍িল কী কী? Manufacturer/ Importer (উৎপাদক/ আমদািনকারক) Who is your supplier for these parts? (েক আপনােক এই য�াংশ সরবরাহ করেতা?) Year you began selling this product (েকান সােল আপিন এই পণয্ িব�য় শ‍রু কেরন?) Number sold in 2019 (২০১৯ সােল কতগ‍েলা িব�য় কেরেছন?) According to your customers how is the quality? (আপনার �াহকেদর মেত গ‍ণগত মান েকমন?) (good, fair, poor - ভােলা, চলনসই, �æিটপূণর্) Is demand declining or increasing? (চািহদা িক �াস পাে� বা বাড়েছ?) (D or I - �াস পাে� বা বাড়েছ) PTOS (পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার): Self-Propelled Reapers (িরপার েমিশন ) Reaper attachments (পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার ) AFPs (এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� ) LSP KII Guidelines 73 এলএসিপ েকআইআই িনেদর্ শনা Interview Number (সা�াৎকার ন�র): LSP # (এলএসিপ ন�র) Date: (তািরখ): ____/____/_______ Interviewer Name (সা�াৎকার �হনকারীর নাম): ____________________________________ LSPs name: __________________________ District (েজলা): _______________________ Upazila (উপেজলা): ____________________ Union (ইউিনয়ন): ______________________ Village (�াম):___________________________________ Type of LSP according to project list (�কে�র তািলকা অনুযায়ী এলএসিপর ধরন): (1) AFP (এি�য়াল ে�া পা�) ___________ (2) PTOS (পাওয়ার িটলার অপােরেটড সীডার) ____________ (3) Reaper (িরপার) __________ Begin with the Introduction (ভূিমকা িদেয় শ‍রু করুন) Hello, my name is _______________ and I understand that my colleague Saiful Islam explained why I am calling (জ্নাব, আমার নাম _______________ । আিম জািন আমার সহকম� সাইফু ল ইসলাম আপনােক কল করার কারণ বয্াখয্া কেরেছন) We understand that you were involved with the CSISA-MI project whose goal was to increase the availability of and farmer demand for agriculture machinery (আমরা জািন েয আপিন িসএসআইএসএ-এমআই (CSISA￾MI) �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত িছেলন যার ল�য্ িছল কৃ িষ য�পািত সহজলভয্ করা এবং কৃ ষকেদর মেধয্ কৃ িষ য�পািতর চািহদা বৃি� করা।) We would like to get your perspective on that project and issues related to increasing farmer access to and demand for agriculture machinery (আমরা এই �ক� সমে� এবং কৃ ষকেদর কােছ কৃ িষ য�পািতর সহজলভয্তা এবং কৃ িষ য�পািতর �িত কৃ ষকেদর চািহদা স�েকর্ আপনার দৃি�ভি� জানেত চাই।) Introduce yourself as per the guidelines. Ask if they understand why you are calling. If not, then explain. Explain about keeping personal information confidential. (গাইডলাইন অনুযায়ী িনেজেক পিরিচত করুন। আপিন েকন েফান করেছন তা তারা বুঝেত পাের িকনা তা েজেন িনন। যিদ না হয়, তেব বয্াখয্া করুন। বয্ি�গত তথয্ েগাপনীয় রাখার িবষেয় বয্াখয্া করুন।) Code: 1 = Yes 2 = No [েকাড: ১ = (হয্াঁ) ২=(না)] CSISA MI QUESTIONS (িসএসআইএসএ-এমআই (CSISA-MI) ��প�) 1. Are you familiar with the CSISA-MI project? Y or N circle (আপিন িক িসএসআইএসএ-এমআই �কে�র সােথ পিরিচত?) (হয্াঁ) অথবা (না) (বৃৎত করুন) 2. How did you first learn about the project? (�ক� স�েকর্ �থেম আপিন িকভােব অবিহত হেয়েছন?) __________________________________________________________________________ 3. What year did you first become involved with the project? (েকান বছর আপিন �থম এই �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত হেয়িছেলন?) __________________________________________________________ 74 4. Who did you first meet involved with the project? This could be an DAE, NGO or business (�কে�র সােথ জিড়ত আপিন �থম কার সােথ েদখা কেরেছন?) এিট েকানও এনিজও বা বয্বসা হেত পাের Their name (তােদর নাম): ____________________ Organization (সং�া): ___________________ Title (পদবী): ____________________________ 5. Did you already own equipment before meeting this person? Y or NO (এই বয্ি�র সােথ েদখা করার আেগ আপিন িক ইিতমেধয্ য�পািতগ‍িলর মািলক িছেলন?) (হয্াঁ) অথবা (না) 6. If yes, what did you have? (যিদ হয্াঁ হয়, আপনার িক িছল?) _____________________________________ 7. What year did you buy it? (আপিন েকান বছর এিট িকেনিছেলন?) ________________ 8. Was your equipment for your (tick) য�পািতগ‍িল আপিন েকান জিমর জনয্ বয্বহার কেরেছন? (িটক িদন) _____(1) own land only (শ‍ধুমা� িনেজর জিম) _____(2) yourself and other farmers (আপনার িনেজর এবং অনয্ানয্ কৃ ষেকর) _____(3) other farmers only (শ‍ধুমা� অনয্ কৃ ষেকর জনয্) 9. If you worked for other farmers, about how many each season? আপিন যিদ অনয্ কৃ ষকেদর জনয্ কাজ কেরন, �িত েমৗসুেম কতিট? _________________________________________________ 10. What year did you start selling services to others? আপিন েকান বছর েথেক অেনয্র কােছ পিরেষবা িবি� শ‍রু কেরিছেলন?___________ 11. What kinds of equipment do you have now and when did you buy them? Record answers below. আপনার কােছ এখন কী কী ধরেণর সর�াম রেয়েছ এবং আপিন কখন এগ‍িল িকেনিছেলন? (নীেচ উৎতর েরকডর্/িলিপব� করুন।) 11. A. Did you get a government subsidy for any of these? (আপিন িক এ য�গ‍েলার েকানিটর জনয্ সরকারী ভতুর্ কী েপেয়েছন?) Please note in table (িনেচর ছেক িলিপব� করুন)। Type (ধরন) 2 Wheel tractor (পাওয়ার িটলার) PTOS (পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার) Self-propelled Reaper (িরপার েমিশন) Reaper attachment (পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার) LLP (েসচ য� - মািটর উপেরর পািন েতালা) AFP (এি�য়াল ে�া পা�) Other (অনয্ানয্) Year purchased �য়কৃ ত (বছর) 1st piece (�থম িপচ) 2nd piece (ি�তীয় িপচ) Subsidy machine (tick) 12. Did you purchase your first equipment or additional equipment because of your interaction with the project? Tick _______ (1) First Machine _______ (2) Additional _____ (3) NA 75 �কে�র সােথ আপনার আলাপচািরতার কারেণ আপিন িক আপনার �থম সর�াম বা অিতির� সর�াম িকেনিছেলন? িটক িদন ____ (1) �থম েমিশন _____ (2) অিতির� ____ (3) �েযাজয্ নেহ 13. Are you still working as an LSP? Y or N If yes, continue to 16 আপিন িক এখনও এলএসিপ িহসােব কাজ করেছন? হয্াঁ বা না, যিদ হয্াঁ হয়, তেব ১৬ ন�র �ে� চেল যান 14. If no, what year did you stop? ____________ যিদ না হয়, তেব আপিন েকান বছর ব� করেলন? 15. Why did you stop working as an LSP? Use tick আপিন এলএসিপ িহসােব কাজ করা েকন ব� করেলন? িটক বয্বহার করুন __(1) No farmer demand(কৃ ষেকর চািহদা েনই); __(2) Not enough time (পযর্া� সমেয়র অভাব) __ (3) Not profitable enough(যেথ� লাভজনক নয়); __(4) Other(অনয্ানয্)উে�খ করুন 16. Do you operate all of your machines? Use tick: __ (1) yourself or __ (2) do you have employees? আপিন িক আপনার সম� েমিশন পিরচালনা কেরন? (িটক িদন) ___(১) িনেজ িনেজ অথবা ___ (২) আপনার িক কমর্চারী আেছ? 17. How many employees do you have? আপনার কতজন কমর্চারী আেছন? ______________ Project Support for LSPs 18. How did the project support you to become an LSP? �ক�িট কীভােব আপনােক একজন এলএসিপেত পিরণত করেত সহায়তা কেরিছল? 19. Were you provided with any kind of training? What kind of training Which of these trainings was most important to you? Record in the table আপিন িক েকানও ধরেণর �িশ�ণ েপেয়িছেলন? েকান ধরেণর �িশ�ণ আপনার পে� সবেচেয় গ‍রু�পূণর্িছল? িনেচর েটিবেল িলিপব� করুন। Type of training (�িশ�েণর ধরণ) Rank importance (1 to 3 with 1 as most valuable) (গ‍রুে�র �ম 1 েথেক 3, েযখােন ১ সবেচেয় মূলয্বান) 20. Did you learn about how to increase demand for your services? Y or N কীভােব আপনার পিরেষবার চািহদা বাড়ােনা যায়, েস িবষেয় আপিন িক িশেখেছন? হয্াঁ বা না, 21. If yes, what did you learn? আপিন িক িক িশেখেছন/িশখেলন? 22. Has the demand for your services increased? Y / N By how much? আপনার পিরেষবার চািহদা িক বৃি� েপেয়েছ? হয্াঁ / না যিদ বৃি� েপেয় থােক তেব বক পিরমাণ? 23. Was there any media advertisement on improved agricultural technology that increased the demand for your services? Y or N 76 If yes, please describe the topic (উ�ত কৃ িষ �যুি�র উপর এমন েকানও িমিডয়া িব�াপন িছল যা আপনার পিরেষবার চািহদা বািড়েয়িছল? হয্া বা না; িবষয়িট বণর্না করুন) Project Effect on the Area (অ�লিটেত �কে�র �ভাব) 24. What other kinds of equipment were newly introduced into your union as a result of the project? (�কে�র ফল�র‍প আপনার ইউিনয়েন অনয্ েকান েকান উপকরণ নতুনভােব চালুহেয়েছ?) 25. Which kinds of equipment have increased in availability as a result of the project? (�কে�র ফল�র‍প, েকান ধরেণর সর�ােমর �াপয্তা বৃি� েপেয়েছ?) 26. Is there any demand for machinery not available in the area? Yes or No আপনার এলাকায় েযসব য�পািত েনই, েসগ‍েলার িক েকান চািহদা আেছ? হয্াঁ বা না 27. If yes, What kind and for what crop? Record in the table (েকান ধরেণর এবং েকান ফসল এবং েমৗসুেমর জনয্? িনেচর েটিবেল িলিপব� করুন।) Machinery (য�পািত) Crops (ফসল) 28. Did you learn about any new agriculture practices? Y or N If yes, what are these and ask follow-up questions: আপিন েকানও নতুন কৃ িষকাজ/ কৃ িষ অনুশীলন স�েকর্ িশেখেছন? এগ‍িল কী এবং ফেলা-আপ / িনেচর ��গ‍েলা িজ�াসা করুন : Specific practice (িনিদর্ � কৃ িষকাজ/ কৃ িষ অনুশীলন) Do you promote this practice with other farmers or your customers? Y or N (আপিন িক এই অনুশীলন গ‍েলা অনয্ানয্ কৃ ষক বা আপনার �াহকেদর সােথ �চার কেরন?) হয্াঁ বা না If no, why not?1/ (যিদ না হয় তেব েকন? ১) Have farmers begun to adopt this practice? Y or N (কৃ ষকরা িক এই �থা অবল�ন করেত শ‍রু কেরেছন? হয্াঁ বা না Has this practice increased the demand for your services? Y or N এই অনুশীলনিট িক আপনার পিরেষবাগ‍িলর চািহদা বািড়েয়েছ? ? হয্াঁ বা না 1/ Code: (েকাড a. That crop does not grow well in this area.(এই ফসল ভাল হয় না এই এলাকায়।) b. There are other more profitable crops. (আরও লাভজনক ফসল রেয়েছ) c. That practice is too much work. (েসই অনুশীলনিট খুব েবিশ কাজ করেত হয়) 77 d. The benefit of implement that practice is not worth the effort or cost. (এই অনুশীলনিট বা�বায়েনর সুিবধা, �েচ�াবা বয্েয়র পে� সাম�সয্ নয়।) e. Other: (অনয্ানয্)___________________________ 29. Did you or do you work with any farmer groups or water user associations? Y or N (আপিন িক েকানও কৃ ষক দল বা জল বয্বহারকারী সিমিতগ‍িলর সােথ কাজ কেরিছেলন বা কেরন? হয্াঁ বা না) If yes, what is the name of the group? _________________________________ (�পিটর নাম কী?) 30. Were you connected to this or these groups by the project? (আপিন িক �কে�র �ারা এই সিমিত বা এই সিমিতগ‍িলর সােথ সংযু� িছেলন?) Access to Finance 31. How do you get finance for buying your machines? [Family, MFI, bank, dealer, other] (আপিন আপনার েমিশন েকনার জনয্ অথর্কীভােব পান? [পিরবার, এমএফআই, বয্াংক, বয্বসায়ী, অনয্ানয্) 32. Did the project help you to access finance for equipment purchase? Yes / No. �ক�িট িক আপনােক সর�াম �েয়র জনয্ অথর্েপেত/অয্াে�স করেত সহায়তা কেরিছল? হয্াঁ বা না) 33. If yes, what did they do? (তারা িক কেরিছল?)_______________________________ _____ 34. Are you a member of any kind of LSP Network (LSPN)? Yes / No. (আপিন িক েকানও ধরেণর এলএসিপ েনটওয়াকর্ (এলএসিপএন) এর সদসয্? হয্াঁ বা না.) 35. If yes, what is the name of the Network? ____________________________________ (যিদ হয্াঁ হয়, তেব েনটওয়াকর্ িটর নাম কী?) 36. Does the Network have LSPs from the whole upazila? Yes / No (এই েনটওয়ােকর্ পুেরা উপেজলা েথেক কী এলএসিপ রেয়েছ? হয্াঁ বা না) 37. How many members are there? _________________ (েসখােন কতজন সদসয্ আেছ?) Equipment and Business Challenges (সর�াম এবং বয্বসািয়ক চয্ােল�গ‍িল) 38. What is your busiest season? (আপনার বয্�তম েমৗসুম েকানিট?) ______ Boro(েবােরা)_______ Rabi(রিব)________Aman(আমন)_______ Other (অনয্ানয্)_______ 39. How many customers did you serve during that season? ____________________ (আপিন এই েমৗসুেম কতজন �াহকেক পিরেসবা িদেয়েছন?) 40. How many different villages are you able to serve? ______________ (আপিন কতগ‍িল িবিভ� �ােম পিরেষবা িদেত স�ম?) 41. How many different unions? (কতগ‍িল িবিভ� ইউিনয়েন?)_______________ 42. How many upazilas? (কতগ‍িল উপেজলােত?)__________________ 78 43. What are your three greatest challenges with your equipment? [Ask what they are and then ask the LSP to rank them in terms of importance with Number 1 being the most important.] (আপনার সর�াম িনেয় আপনার িতনিট বৃহৎতম চয্ােল� িক? [তারা কী তা িজ�াসা করুন এবং তারপের এলএসিপেক বলুন তােদরেক গ‍রুে�র সােথ র য্া� করেত েযখােন ১ ন�র সবর্ািধক গ‍রু�পূণর্িহেসেব] a. Finding a good mechanic Ranking: ______________ (একিট ভাল েমকািনেকর স�ান করা) b. Transporting equipment to more distant farmers Ranking: ______________ (দূেরর কৃ ষকেদর কােছ সর�াম পিরবহন) c. Getting spare parts Ranking: ______________ (খুচরা য�াংশ �াি�) d. Knowledge on regular maintenance Ranking: ______________ (িনয়িমত র�ণােব�ণ স�েকর্ �ান) e. Finding qualified employees to run machinery Ranking: ______________ (য�পািত চালােনার জনয্ েযাগয্ কম�েদর স�ান করা) f. Other/Specify: ________________________ Ranking: ______________ (অনয্ানয্/ িনিদর্ � করুন) g. Other/Specify: _________________________ Ranking:______________ (অনয্ানয্/ িনিদর্ � করুন) 44. What are the three greatest challenges you are having with your business? [Ask what they are and then ask the LSP to rank them in terms of importance with Number 1 being the most important.] (আপনার বয্বসার �ধান িতনিট চয্ােল� কী কী?) তারা কী তা িজ�াসা করুন এবং তারপের এলএসিপেক বলুন তােদরেক গ‍রুে�র সােথ র য্া� করেত েযখােন ১ ন�র সবর্ািধক গ‍রু�পূণর্িহেসেব Rank a. Keeping track of your customers _____________ (�াহকেদর তথয্ রাখা ) b. Getting people to pay on time _____________ (সময়মেতা টাকা পিরেশাধ করার মানুষ পাওয়া) c. Everyone needs you at the same time _____________ (�েতয্েকর একই সােথ আপনার �েয়াজন) d. Other/Specify: ___________________________ _____________ (অনয্ানয্/ িনিদর্ � করুন) e. Other/Specify_____________________________ _____________ (অনয্ানয্/ িনিদর্ � করুন) 79 45. Do you have sufficient customers, or do you need more, or do you have too much demand? (আপনার িক পযর্া� �াহক রেয়েছ, বা আপনার িক আরও েবিশ �েয়াজন, বা আপনার খুব চািহদা রেয়েছ?) Tick (িটক িদন) ___(1) Sufficient (পযর্া�)___(2) Need More (আরও েবিশ �েয়াজন) __(3) too much demand (খুব েবিশ চািহদা) 46. If you need more, what do you think can be done to increase farmer demand for machinery services? (আপনার যিদ আরও েবিশ �েয়াজন হয়, তেব য�পািত সং�া� পিরেষবার জনয্ কৃ ষকেদর চািহদা বাড়ােত কী করা েযেত পাের বেল আপনার মেন হয়?) 47. If you have more customers than you can serve, do you refer these farmers to other LSPs? Y or N (আপিন েয পিরেষবা িদেত পােরন তার েচেয় েবিশ �াহক থাকেল আপিন িক এই কৃ ষকেদর অনয্ানয্ এলএসিপর কােছ েরফার/ অপর্ণ করেবন?) হয্াঁ বা না) 48. Are there new LSPs establishing themselves to meet this demand? Yes / No (এই চািহদা েমটােত িক নতুন নতুন এলএসিপরা িনেজেদর �িত�া করেছ? হয্াঁ বা না) If no, why not? যিদ না হয়, তেব েকন নয়?_____________________________________ Gender (িল�) 49. Do you have any women customers? Y or N If yes, how many? ________________ (আপনার িক েকানও নারী �াহক আেছ? হয্াঁ বা না) যিদ হয্াঁ হয়, তেব কতজন? If no, are you aware of any machinery services that women are interested in? (যিদ না হয়, তেব আপিন িক এমন েকানও য�পািতর বয্বহার স�েকর্ সেচতন/জােনন যাহােত মিহলােদর আ�হ আেছ?) Yes(হয্াঁ)/ No(না) 50. What kind of service are they usually looking for and for what crop? ____________________ (তারা সাধারণত েকান ধরেণর পিরেষবা খুঁেজন এবং েকান ফসেলর জনয্?) 51. Do they ever ask about any machinery that is not available in the area? Y or N (তারা িক কখনও এলাকায় পাওয়া যায় না এমন েকানও য�পািত স�েকর্ িজ�াসা কের?) হয্াঁ বা না) 52. What kind and for what crop? (েকান ধরেণর এবং েকান ফসেলর জনয্?) _____________________ Specific Irrigation Questions (িনিদর্ � েসচ সং�া� ��) 53. What are the main types of irrigation in this area and for what percentage of irrigated land? (এই অ�েল �ধান �ধান েসচ িক এবং শতকরা কত শতাংশ েসচকৃ ত জিম?) Irrigation type (েসেচর ধরন) What are the major sources of surface water? (ভূ-পৃ�� পািনর �ধান উৎসগ‍েলা কী কী?) Large canals (বড় খাল), small canals (েছাট খাল), ponds (পুকুর) other (অনয্ানয্) % of irrigated land (% েসচকৃ ত জিম) Primary crop (�ধান �ধান ফসল) Is use increasing or decreasing? (বয্বহার িক বাড়েছ নািক কমেছ?) Why? (েকন?) Deep tubewell Shallow tube well 80 Irrigation type (েসেচর ধরন) What are the major sources of surface water? (ভূ-পৃ�� পািনর �ধান উৎসগ‍েলা কী কী?) Large canals (বড় খাল), small canals (েছাট খাল), ponds (পুকুর) other (অনয্ানয্) % of irrigated land (% েসচকৃ ত জিম) Primary crop (�ধান �ধান ফসল) Is use increasing or decreasing? (বয্বহার িক বাড়েছ নািক কমেছ?) Why? (েকন?) LLP/Surface water (েসচ য� - মািটর উপেরর পািন েতালা) AFP/Surface water (এি�য়াল ে�া পা�) Other: 53 b. What are the most important sources of surface water in your area? What percentage for each (আপনার অ�েল ভূ-পু�� পািনর সবেচেয় গ‍রু�পূণর্উৎসগ‍েলা কী কী? �িতিট জনয্ কত শতাংশ) Source (উৎস) Percentage of Surface water use (ভূ-পৃ�� পািনর কত শতাংশ) What is the preferred pump for this source? (এই পািনর উৎেসর জনয্ েকান ধরেনর েসচ পা� উপযু�) AFP, LLP or other Why? (েকন?) Large canals (বড় খাল) Small canals (েছাট খাল) Ponds (পুকুর) Other (অনয্ানয্) 54. Is anyone in your area using Axial Flow Pumps for irrigation? (আপনার অ�েলর েকউ িক েসচ েদওয়ার জনয্ এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� বয্বহার করেছন?) Y(হয্াঁ) / N(না) If yes, what do people think of them? How do they compare AFP with LLP? (যিদ হয্াঁ, েলােকরা তােদর স�েকর্ কী মেন কের? তারা কীভােব এি�য়াল ে�া পা�িটেক এলএলিপর সােথ তুলনা কের?) 55. Has the area of production of any crop increased in your working area due to the availability of surface water irrigation? (ভূ-পৃ�� জল েসেচর সহজলভয্তার কারেণ িক আপনার কমর্ে�ে� েকানও ফসেলর উৎপাদন অ�ল/ে�� বৃি� েপেয়েছ? ) Yes (হয্াঁ) / No (না) If so, what crop? (যিদ তাই হয়, তেব েকান ফসল?) _____________________________________ 56. What are the major problems with the existing irrigation technology presently available in your area? (আপনার অ�েল বতর্ মােন িবদয্মান েসচ �যুি�র �ধান �ধান সমসয্াগ‍িল কী?) 81 57. Are you aware of any irrigation machines that you think would be more effective but are not available in your area? If so, what are they? (আপিন িক এমন েকানও েসচ েমিশন স�েকর্ জােনন যা আরও কাযর্কর হেব তেব আপনার অ�েল েনই? যিদ তাই হয়, তেব েসগ‍েলা িক িক?) 58. Are there other machinery needs in your area not related to irrigation that you would like to procure? If so, what are they? (আপনার অ�েল েসচ স�িকর্ ত নয় এমন অনয্ানয্ য�পািতর িক �েয়াজনীয়তা আেছ যা আপিন সং�হ করেত চান? যিদ তাই হয়, তেব েসগ‍েলা িক িক?) Farmer KII Questions কৃ ষক এর েকআইআই ��প� Record basic administrative information (েমৗিলক �শাসিনক তথয্ েরকডর্ করুন) Farmer Name (কৃ ষেকর নাম): Male or Female? Land holdings from Farmer list (decimals): District (েজলা): Upazila (উপেজলা): Union (ইউিনয়ন): Village (�াম): Phone # (েফান ন�র): Date (তািরখ): Facilitator (সা�াৎকার �হণকারী): Begin with the Introduction (ভূিমকা িদেয় শ‍রু করুন) Hello, my name is _____________ and I understand that my colleague Saiful Islam explained why I am calling (হয্ােলা, আমার নাম ___________ এবং আমার সহকম� সাইফু ল ইসলাম আনার সােথ কথা বেল সব বয্াখয্া কেরেছন েকন আিম কল করিছ) We understand that you were involved with the CSISA-MI project whose goal was to increase the availability of and farmer demand for agriculture machinery (আমরা জািন েয আপিন িসএসআইএসএ-এমআই �কে�র সােথ জিড়ত িছেলন যার ল�য্ িছল কৃ িষ য�পািতর জনয্ কৃ ষেকর চািহদা বৃি� করা।) We would like to get your perspective on that project and issues related to increasing farmer access to and demand for agriculture machinery (আমরা এই �ক� এবং কৃ িষ য�পািতর চািহদা বৃি� স�িকর্ ত িবষেয় আপনার দৃি�ভি� জানেত চাই।) Read the introduction and confidentiality description, and obtain the interviewee’s consent. Remind them at the interview will take at least 1.5 hours. 1. Are you familiar with a project that was promoting the use of Power tiller Operated Seeders, self￾propelled reapers, reaper attachments, Axial Flow Pumps (AFPs) and other equipment? It was called the CSISA- MI project but it worked through local service providers, machinery companies and dealers. Y or N? েযই �েজ� েথেক পাওয়ার �লার চািলত িসডার, �-চািলত িরপারস, সংযু� য�, এি�য়াল ে�া পা� (এএফএস) এবং অনয্ানয্ য�পািতর বয্াবহার িনেয় �েমাট করা হয় আপিন িক েস �কে�র সােথ পিরিচত? এিট িসএসআইএসএ-এমআই �ক� নােম পিরিচত িক� এিট �ানীয় েসবাদানকারী (এলএসিপ), িবিভ� য�পািত সং�া এবং িডলারেদর মাধয্েম কাজ কের। হয্া অথবা না? 82 2. How did you become aware of the project? If they mention a Farmer Field Day, demonstration, or training ask what year that took place and who organized the event. আপিন িকভােব এই �ক� স�েকর্ জানেত েপেরিছেলন? যিদ তারা কৃ ষেকর মাঠ িদবস, �দশর্িন অথবা �িশ�ণ এর কথা উে�য্খ কের তেব িজ�াসা করুন েসটা েকান সােল হেয়িছেলা এবং কারা এই অনু�ান আেয়াজন কেরিছেলা। 3. Were you invited to any training events about agriculture machinery or improved cropping practices? Yes/ No আপিন িক কখেনা কৃ িষ য�পািত বা উ�ত ফসেলর চচর্ া স�িকর্ ত �িশ�েণর অনু�ােনর জনয্ িনম�ণ েপেয়িছেলন? হয্া/ না ● If yes, what was the type of event and subject? যিদ হয্া হয়, িক ধরেণর অনু�ান িছেলা এবং অনু�ােনর িবষয়ব� িক িছেলা? ● What year did it take place? েকান বছর এটা হেয়িছেলা? ● Did you do anything new as a result of the training (If “yes”, ask what?)? For example, start using any new machinery or apply a new cropping practice. আপিন এই ে�িনং এর ফল�র‍প নতুন িকছুকেরিছেলন (যিদ হয্া হয়, িজে�স করুন িক কেরিছেলন?)? উদাহরণ�র‍প, নতুন য�পািতর বয্বহার শ‍রু করা অথবা নতুন চাষাবােদর চচর্ া �েয়াগ করা। Type of training event1 �িশ�ণ অনু�ােনর ধরণ Training subject �িশ�েণর িবষয় Year সাল Did you do anything new as a result of this event? (If yes, what?) এই অনু�ােনর ফল�র‍প আপিন িক নতুন িকছুকেরিছেলন? (যিদ হয্া হয়, িক কেরিছেলন?) 1/A. Farmer field day B. Formal training C. Demonstration C. Other ক। কৃ ষেকর মাঠ িদবস খ। অনু�ািনক �িশ�ণ গ/ �দশর্ণী ঘ/ অনয্ানয্ 4. Are you a member of any farmer group, MFI, water association, or other group? (আপিন িক েকান কৃ ষক দল, �ু�ঋণ সং�া, পািন (েসচ) সিমিত অথবা অনয্ানয্ দেলর সদসয্?) Name of group দেলর নাম Group type (water, savings, etc.) �েপর ধরণ (পািন/ েসচ, স�য় ইতয্ািদ) How many people are in this group? এই দেল কতজন সদসয্ িছেলা? From how many villages? কতগ‍েলা �াম েথেক? Male পুরুষ Female মিহলা 5. Were either of these groups invited to the events mentioned in question 3? Y or N ৩ ন�র �ে� উে�খ করা অনু�ােন এই দলগ‍েলার িক আমি�ত িছেলা? 6. If so, which ones? যিদ তাই হয়, েকানটােত? 7. Do you own any agricultural machinery? Yes/ No আপিন িক েকান কৃ িষ য�পািতর মািলক? হয্া/ না 83 8. If yes, then what kind of machinery do you own? [Use code from the list below] যিদ হয্া হয়, তাহেল আপিন েকান ধরেণর য�পািতর মািলক? [িনেচর িল� এর েকাডগ‍েলা বয্বহার করুন] 9. What crop or crops do you use this machine for and when did you buy it? েকান ধরেণর শষয্ বা শষয্গ‍েলার জনয্ এই য�পািতগ‍েলা বয্বহার কেরন এবং আপিন কখন এিট িকেনিছেলন? Machine য� Crops শষয্ What year did you first buy this kind of machine? েকান সােল আপিন �থম এই ধরেণর য� িকেনিছেলন? Machinery Codes: for questions 8 & 20 & 21 য�পািতর েকাডঃ ৮, ২০ এবং ২১ ন�র �ে�র জনয্ 1. Two-wheeled tractors পাওয়ার িটলার 2. 18 tine tilling attachment আঠােরা ফলার িটলার 3. PTOS (48 tines) পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার 4. Low lift centrifugal pump েসচ য� - মািটর উপেরর পািন েতালা (খাল/েডাবা/নদী/িবেলর পািন) 5. AFP এি�য়াল ে�া পা�/জাে�া পা� 6. Other irrigation device অনয্ানয্ েসচ য� 7. Bed planters েবড �া�ার 8. Rice transplanter ধােনর চারা েরাপন য� 9. Self-Propelled Multi-crop reaper িরপার েমিশন 10. Reaper attachment পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার 11. Combine harvester ক�াইন হােভর্ �ার 12. Other Equipment অনয্ানয্ য�: 10. Have you learned about or used any new agriculture machinery over the last 4 years? Y or N গত চার বছের আপিন নতুন েকান য�পািত স�েকর্ িশেখিছেলন বা বয্বহার কেরিছেলন? হয্া/ না 11. If yes, what machines? List the machines and then ask the following questions: যিদ হয্া হয়, েকান য�? যে�র তািলকা করুন এবং িনেচর ��গ‍েলা িজে�স করুনঃ Machine List all machines he/she has learned about য� Have you ever used this machine for your land? Y or N আপিন আপনার জিমেত কখেনা এই য� বয্াবহার কেরিছেলন? Did you use a service provider who owns the machine? Y or N য�ািদ আেছ এমন েকান েসবা দানকািরেক িক আপিন বয্াবহার কেরিছেলন? How many seasons have you used this machine or service? কতগ‍েলা েমৗসুেম আপিন এই য�ািদ বা েসবা বয্াবহার কেরেছন? Do you continue to use this service? Y or N আপিন িক এই েসবা এখেনা িনেতেছন? Why or why not? েকন অথবা েকন না? 84 েস যতগ‍েলা য� স�েকর্ িশেখিছেলা তার সবগ‍েলার তািলকা করুন হয্া/ না হয্া/ না হয্া/ না 12. Have you met any new Machinery service providers, mechanics, or other people involved in agriculture machinery over the last few years? (since 2016) Y or N আপিন গত কেয়ক বছেরর মেধয্ (২০১৬ েথেক) নতুন েকান য�ািদ েসবা �দানকারীেদর, য�ািদ অথবা অনয্ানয্ মানুষ যারা কৃ িষ য�ািদর সােথ য� এরকম কােরা সােথ সা�াত কেরিছেলন? হয্া/ না 13. If yes, who specifically? A mechanic, LSP etc. যিদ হয্া হয়, িবেশষত কার সােথ? একজন কািরগর (েমকািনক), এলএসিপ ইতয্ািদ। 14. Do you feel like the number of agriculture machine mechanics, spare parts shops, dealers/retailers/commission agents, or machine operators (LSPs) have increased in your area? Y or N আপিন িক মেন কেরন েয, আপনার এলাকায় কৃ িষ য�ািদর কািরগর, খুচরা য�াংেশর েদাকান, িডলার/খুচরা িবে�তা/ কিমশন এেজ� অথবা েমিশন চালেকর সংখয্া বৃি� েপেয়েছ? হয্া/ না 15. If yes, which ones? যিদ হয্া হয়, েকানগ‍লা? 16. Do you feel like the quality of these services have improved? Y or N আপনার িক মেন হয় েয এই ধরেনর েসবার মান বৃি� েপেয়েছ? হয্া/ না 17. If yes, which ones and how? যিদ হয্া হয়, েকানগ‍েলার এবং িকভােব? 18. Do you feel like there has been an increase in machine availability in your area? If yes, which machines? আপিন িক মেন কেরন েয, আপনার এলাকায় এখন য�ািদর �াপয্তা বৃি� েপেয়েছ? যিদ হয্া হয়, েকান য�ািদগ‍েলা? 19. Do you pay anyone for providing any machinery services on your land? Y or N আপনার জিমেত য�ািদ বয্বহার এর জনয্ আপিন িক কাউেক মূলয্ পিরেশাধ কেরন? হয্া/ না 20. If yes, what machine and for what crops? Ask the other questions in the table. যিদ হয্া হয়, িক য� এবং েকান শেসয্র জনয্? েটিবেল উে�য্িখত ��গ‍েলা িজ�াসা করুন। 85 Machine য�ািদ Use code above উপেরর েকাডগ‍েলা বয্বহার করুন Crops শসয্ Use code below িনেচর েকাডগ‍েলা বয্বহার করুন What year did this service become available in your area? এই ধরেণর েসবা আপয়া� এলাকায় কেব েথেক সহজলভয্ হেয়েছ? Is the demand for this service increasing or decreasing? এই ধরেণর পিরেসবার চািহদা বৃি� পাইেতেছ অথবা কেম যাে�? Why? েকেনা? Crop Code: 1) rice 2) wheat 3) maize 4) lentils/dal 5) potatoes 6) jute 7) onion 8) coriander 9) other ______write in______ শসয্ েকাডঃ ১) ধান ২) গম ৩) ভু�া 4) মসুর / ডাল 5) আলু 6) পাট 7) েপঁয়াজ 8) ধিনয়া ৯) অনয্ানয্ ________ িলখুন 21. Are there machinery services available in your area that you do not use? List them starting with the most common. আপিন বয্বহার কেরন না এমন য�ািদ পিরেষবা আপনার এলাকায় আেছ? সবেচেয় �চিলতগ‍েলা েথেক তািলকা করা শ‍রু করুন। Equipment type ( 2 use codes above সর�ােমর ধরণ (উপের উে�য্িখত েকাডগ‍েলা বয্বহার করুন) Why do you not use this machine? Use code below আপিন েকন এই য�ািদ বয্াবহার কেরন না (িনেচর উে�য্িখত িল� েথেক েকাড বয্বহার করুন) Is there an increasing or decreasing demand for this equipment in your area? আপনার এলাকায় এই ধরেণর সর�ােমর চািহদা বৃি� পাইেতেছ অথবা কেম যাে�? Why? েকেনা? 1. 2. 3. 4. Code: 1) prefers his present practice; 2) LSP is too expensive; 3) LSP is unreliable; 4) LSP is too busy or unavailable; 5) the equipment is unreliable; 6 Other:__________________________ েকাডঃ ১) বতর্ মান চচর্ ােকই পছ� কের; ২) এলএসিপ খুব বয্য়সাধয্; ৩) এলএসিপ অিনভর্ রেযাগয্; ৪) এলএসিপ অেনক বয্া� থােক এবং অ�াপয্ ৫) এই সর�ামগ‍েলা অিনভর্ রেযাগয্ ৬) অনয্ানয্ঃ 22. Is there any agriculture machinery not available in your area that you would like to have access to? Y or No আপনার এলাকায় পাওয়া যায় না এমন েকান ধরেনর য�ািদ আপিন িক বয্বহার করেত ই�ুক? হয্া/ না 23. What machine and for what crop? েকান েমিশন এবং েকান শসয্? 86 Specific questions for PTOS, Self-Propelled Reapers, and reaper attachments if they own one of these machines or have experienced it through an LSP? পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার (িপিটওএস), িরপার েমিশন, এবং পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার এর জনয্ িনিদর্ � ��; যিদ তারা এসব যে�র মািলক হেয় থােক বা এলএসিপ এর মাধয্েম বয্বহােরর অিভ� থােক? 24. What do you think of the PTOS? পাওয়ার িটলার চািলত িসডার (িপওিটওএস) এর বয্পাের আপিন িক মেন কেরন? 25. What do you think of the self-propelled reaper? �-চািলত িরপার েমিশন এর বয্াপাের আপিন িক মেন কেরন? 26. What do you think of the reaper attachment? পাওয়ার িটলােরর সামেন সংযু� িরপার এর বয্পাের আপিন িক মেন কেরন? 27. Please name your top three sources of information about agriculture machinery services. [Use code below.] কৃ িষ য�ািদ েসবা স�িকর্ ত তথয্ জানার জনয্ আপনার েয উৎস বয্বহার কেরন এমন শীষর্িতনটার নাম বেলন। (িনেচর েকাডগ‍েলা বয্াবহার কেরন) 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ ১. ____ ২. ____ ৩. ____ [Code: 1. LSP, 2. Machinery dealer 3. Extension personnel, 4. Media, 5. Agri. Machinery fair, 6. Other (specify)] েকাডঃ ১) এলএসিপ, ২) য�াংেশর িডলার, ৩) স�সারণ কম�, ৪) �চার মাধয্ম ৫) কৃিষ য�ািদর েমলা, ৬) অনয্ানয্ (উে�য্খ করুন) Irrigation Questions েসচ স�িকর্ ত �� 28. What are the primary sources of water for irrigation in your upazila and what percentage of irrigated land relies on this source? আপনার উপেজলায় েসেচর পািনর �াথিমক উৎসগ‍েলা িক িক এবং এই উৎেসর উপর শতকরা কতটুকু েসচ স�� জিম িনভর্ রশীল? _______Deep tube wells _______shallow tubewells _______surface water ______Other _______গভীর নলকূপ _______অগভীর নলকূপ ___উপেরর েলেভেলর পািন _____অনয্ানয্ 29. Have you or do you know of anyone in your village or union who uses surface water for irrigation? Y or N আপনার �াম অথবা ইউিনয়েনর মেধয্ আপিন িনেজ বা আপনার পিরিচত েকউ িক মািটর উপির ভােগর পািন েসেচর জনয্ বয্বহার কেরন? হয্া/ না 30. If yes, is it him/her or someone else? যিদ হয্া হয়, এিট িক েস িনেজ অথবা অনয্েকউ? 31. If yes, for which crop? যিদ হয্া হয়, েকান শেসয্র জনয্? 32. If yes, what kind of pump do they use? যিদ হয্া হয়, তারা েকান ধরেণর পা� বয্াবহার কের? 33. Have you or anyone in your village used an Axial Flow Pump? _________________________ 87 আপনার এলাকায় আপিন অথবা আপনার পিরিচত েকউ িক জাে�া পা� বয্াবহার কেরিছেলা? ___ 34. Are there any AFPs in your village now? Y or N If yes, how many? _______________ আপনার �ােম িক এখেনা জাে�া পা� আেছ? হয্া/ না যিদ হয্া হয়, কতগ‍েলা? _____ 35. What are they used for? Which crop and what season? _____________________________ েসগ‍েলা িক কােজ বয্বহার হয়? েকান ধরেণর শসয্ এবং েকান েমৗসুেম? ________ 36. How many people in your village continue to use AFPs for irrigation? আপনার �ােমর কতজন মানুষ এখেনা েসেচর জনয্ জাে�া পা� বয্বহার করেতেছ? 37. For those who continue to use the AFP, why do they prefer the AFP over the LLP? যারা এখেনা জাে�া পা� বয্বহার কের, তারা পাওয়ার পা� (এলএলিপ) এর বদেল েকেনা জাে�া পা� পছ� কের? 38. For those who stopped using, why did they stop? যারা বয্াবহার করা বাদ িদেয়েছ, তারা েকন ব� কের িদেয়েছ? 39. What is your level of education? আপনার িশ�গত েযাগয্তা িক? 1. Cannot read/write িলখেত পড়েত বা িলখেত পাের না 2. Can read/write পড়েত বা িলখেত পাের 3. Primary �াথিমক 4. SSC/HSC এসএসিস/ এইচএসিস 5. Trade course/Diploma কারীগরী �িশ�ণ/ িডে�ামা 6. Higher education উ�তর িশ�া 7. Pass class 8 Do you have any questions for me or other thoughts you would like to share? আপনার িক আমার কােছ েকান �� করার আেছ অথবা অনয্ েকান িচ�াভাবনা েযগ‍েলা আপিন েশয়ার করেত চান? 88 ANNEX 17: CSISA-MI EVALUATION INTERVIEW SCHEDULE KII Type Upazila Farmer land in dec. Date Monowar Ahid Rashid Saiful Rasel Notes CSISA MI Leadership Team 11-Aug-20 X X Jashore Team FGD 12-Aug-20 X X Interview with Importer/Manufact urer 13-Aug-20 X X Barishal Team FGD 16-Aug-20 X X Faridpur Team FGD 17-Aug-20 X X Importer/Manufact urer KII 16-Aug-20 X X Importer/Manufact urer KII 17-Aug-20 X X Dealer KII 1 18-Aug-20 X Mechanic KII 1 18-Aug-20 X Dealer KII 2 18-Aug-20 X Dealer KII 3 18-Aug-20 X Dealer KII 4 19-Aug-20 X Dealer KII 5 19-Aug-20 X Dealer KII 6 19-Aug-20 X Mechanic KII 2 Manirampur 20-Aug-20 X Mechanic KII 3 Srepur 23-Aug-20 X Mechanic KII 4 Nagorkanda 23-Aug-20 X Mechanic KII 5 Galachipa 23-Aug-20 X Mechanic KII 6 Mujibnagor 23-Aug-20 X Mechanic KII 7 Baliakandi 24-Aug-20 X Dealer KII 7 Jashore 24-Aug-20 X LSP interview 1 Wazirpur 24-Aug-20 X LSP interview 2 Wazirpur 24-Aug-20 X Phone was off SPS KII 1 Wazirpur 24-Aug-20 X SPS KII 2 Galachipa 24-Aug-20 X 89 KII Type Upazila Farmer land in dec. Date Monowar Ahid Rashid Saiful Rasel Notes LSP interview 3 Nagorkanda 24-Aug-20 X LSP interview 4 Nagorkanda 24-Aug-20 X LSP interview 5 Nagorkanda 25-Aug-20 X LSP interview 6 Baliakandi 1 25-Aug-20 X LSP interview 7 Baliakandi 2 25-Aug-20 X LSP interview 8 Nagorkanda 25-Aug-20 X LSP interview 9 Nagorkanda 25-Aug-20 X LSP interview 10 Nagorkanda 25-Aug-20 X LSP interview 11 Nagorkanda 25-Aug-20 X SPS KII 3 Baliakandi 26-Aug-20 X SPS KII 4 Nagorkanda 26-Aug-20 X LSP interview 12 Baliakandi 3 26-Aug-20 X SPS KII 5 Sreepur 1 26-Aug-20 X SPS KII 6 Mujibnagor 26-Aug-20 X SPS KII 7 Monirumpur 26-Aug-20 X LSP interview 13 Wazirpur 26-Aug-20 x LSP interview 14 Baliakandi 4 27-Aug-20 X LSP interview 15 Sreepur 2 27-Aug-20 X LSP interview 16 Baliakandi 5 27-Aug-20 X LSP interview 17 Baliakandi 6 27-Aug-20 X LSP interview 18 Sreepur 3 27-Aug-20 X Interviewee was sick and could not talk LSP interview 19 Sreepur 3 27-Aug-20 X LSP interview 20 Baliakandi 7 27-Aug-20 X LSP interview 21 Sreepur 4 27-Aug-20 x Number switched off LSP interview 22 Sreepur 29-Aug-20 X LSP interview 23 Mujibnagor 29-Aug-20 X LSP interview 24 Mujibnagor 29-Aug-20 X Called several times but didn't receive the call. LSP interview 25 Sreepur 29-Aug-20 X LSP interview 26 Sreepur 29-Aug-20 X LSP interview 27 Sreepur 29-Aug-20 X LSP interview 28 Mujibnagor 29-Aug-20 X LSP interview 29 Mujibnagor 29-Aug-20 X LSP interview 30 Mujibnagor 29-Aug-20 X 90 KII Type Upazila Farmer land in dec. Date Monowar Ahid Rashid Saiful Rasel Notes LSP interview 31 Galachipa 30-Aug-20 X LSP interview 32 Galachipa 30-Aug-20 X LSP interview 33 Galachipa 30-Aug-20 X LSP interview 34 Galachipa 30-Aug-20 X LSP interview 35 Mujibnagor 30-Aug-20 X LSP interview 36 Mujibnagor 30-Aug-20 X LSP interview 37 Galachipa 30-Aug-20 X Farmer KII 1 Wazirpur 160 31-Aug-20 X Farmer KII 2 Wazirpur 30 31-Aug-20 X Farmer KII 3 Wazirpur 200 31-Aug-20 X Farmer KII 4 Galachipa 300 31-Aug-20 X Farmer KII 5 Wazirpur 20 31-Aug-20 X Could not be reached. Last call at 9:18 pm Farmer KII 6 Galachipa 100 31-Aug-20 X Farmer KII 7 Galachipa 620 31-Aug-20 X busy with machine repair. Last call at 10.45 pm. Farmer KII 8 Galachipa 200 Sept 1 X Called 3 times before responding. Farmer KII 9 Galachipa 300 Sept 1 X Farmer KII 10 Galachipa 600 Sept 1 X Farmer KII 11 Nagarkanda 78 Sept 1 X Farmer KII 12 Nagarkanda 104 Sept 1 X Mr. Baizid is driving car in Dhaka and not able to provide information about the project Farmer KII 13 Nagarkanda 230 Sept 1 X Farmer KII 14 Nagarkanda 78 Sept 1 X Farmer KII 15 Nagarkanda 260 Sept 1 X Farmer KII 16 Manirampur 168 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 17 Sreepur 33 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 18 Manirampur 64 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 19 Sreepur 100 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 20 Sreepur 60 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 21 Wazirpur 50 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 22 Manirampur 40000 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 23 Sreepur 80 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 24 Sreepur 46 Sept 2 X 91 KII Type Upazila Farmer land in dec. Date Monowar Ahid Rashid Saiful Rasel Notes Farmer KII 25 Manirampur 84 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 26 Sreepur 40 Sept 2 X Farmer KII 27 Baliakandi 44 3-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 28 Baliakandi 110 3-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 29 Mujibnagor 17 3-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 30 Baliakandi 110 3-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 31 Mujibnagor 66 3-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 32 Baliakandi 190 3-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 33 Baliakandi 280 3-Sep-20 X X Farmer KII 34 Mujibnagor 100 3-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 35 Mujibnagor 400 3-Sep-20 X Not done due to his family accident. Farmer KII 36 Mujibnagor 100 3-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 37 Nagorkanda 62 5-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 38 Galachipa 100 5-Sep-20 X Farmer KII 39 Baliakandi 100 5-Sep-20 X Not done as he is Covid-19 affected Farmer KII 40 Manirampur 154 5-Sep-20 X GOB KIIs Interview Title and Date Team Leader Nazrul and/or Monowar Preferred Media GOB KII 01 BARI 22-Sep X X Audio/ Video GOB KII 02 BADC 21-Sep X Video GOB KII 03 DAE 23-Sep X Audio/ Video GOB KII 04 DAE 23-Sep X X Video ANNEX 18: LIST OF DOCUMENTS REVIEWED Sl. # Title 1 Cooperative Agreement 2 Program Description 3 Activity Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) Plan (Approved 2015 & updated April 2017) 4 Multi Year Results Framework with annual targets and actuals 5 CSISA-MI Bangladesh Annual Reports: 2016, 2017, 2018, 6 CSISA MI Final Report 2019 7 CSISA Phase 3 Annual Report 8 CSISA Annual reports to BMGF 9/2015 & 12/2018 & 10/2019 9 CSISA Semi-Annual Reports to BMGF: March 2014 (94 pages) 10 CSISA Bangladesh SAR March 2015 (13 pages) 11 CSISA Bangladesh Semi-annual reports: 3/15 (64) MI starts on page 45 12 CSISA-MI SAR Oct 2015-Mar 2016 (40 pages) 13 CSISA-MI Semi-annual reports: March 2017 (35 pages) 14 CSISA-MI Semi-annual reports: March 2018 (56 pages) 15 CSISA-MI Semi-annual reports: March 2019 (58 pages) 16 Post Project Performance Review: August 5th, 2019 17 BMEL Third-Party Monitoring Report: Mini combine training in Jessore 18 BMEL Mini-Survey Report: Barisal division with 23/50 LSPs in 6 upazilas of 4 districts. Special Studies 19 Scaling Up of Agriculture Machinery in Bangladesh" by Dr. Richard Kohl --2016. 20 Qureshi 2015 Moving from Resource Development to Resource Management- Problems, Prospects and Policy Recommendations for Sustainable Groundwater Management in Bangladesh 21 Mottaleb 2016 Factors associated with small-scale agricultural machinery adoption in Bangladesh- Census findings 22 N. Theis 2019 Gender and Agricultural Mechanization A mixed-methods exploration of the impacts of multi￾crop reaper-harvester service provision in Bangladesh. Synopsis of this study called "Overcoming Gender Gaps in Rural Mechanization". 23 Impact Evaluation Report for the Surface Water Irrigation Rehabilitation in the Southern Delta Region of Bangladesh June 2016 24 Sustainable crop intensification through surface water irrigation in Bangladesh? A geospatial assessment of landscape-scale production potential. Timothy J. Krupnik, Urs Schulthessa, Zia Uddin Ahmeda, Andrew J. McDonald, Land Use Policy 2017 25 Study Into The Commercialization of Selected Agricultural Machines in Bangladesh by iDE. August 2012. Other Related Documents not Provided by USAID or CIMMYT 26 Gain Report by USDA Foreign Agriculture Service 2019 27 FAO Aquastat for Bangladesh 2011 28 The Impact of Intensive Groundwater Abstraction on Recharge to a Shallow Regional Aquifer System: Evidence from Bangladesh. 2011 29 Bangladesh Agriculture Value Chain Project Final Report 2019 Specific Studies Covered in Annual and Semi Annual Reports 30 Reaper Deep Dive by HCD (Page 26 2016 AR) 31 Market Study by ADI including annexes 6-10 (Page 26 2016 AR). 32 Access to Finance Study (Page 26 2016 AR) 33 Identifying and evaluating the existing busines models in terms of economic and commercial viability 34 Determining the factors affecting the adoption of the small-scale farm mechanization technologies (p. 38 AR 20216) 35 Determining the factors affecting the utilization of the small-scale farm mechanization technologies (e.g. PTOS, AFP, and reaper) at the farm level. (p 39 2016 AR) 90 93 ANNEX 19: KEY EVALUATION TEAM MEMBERS Name: Loretta Byrnes Position: Team Leader: BMEL S021 Key Qualifications Ms. Loretta Byrnes has over 20 years of experience designing, managing, and evaluating agriculture research, extension, Farmer Field School (FFS), market development, and food security programs. She has extensive experience working with male and female farmers, service providers, input companies, and business membership organizations (BMOs), research and seed system institutions, and development agencies and organizations such as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Department for International Development (DFID), Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), International Development Enterprises (IDE), CARE, and World Vision. She has worked in numerous countries in Africa and South Asia, including for nearly 13 years in Bangladesh. Ms. Byrnes also has significant experience in developing Logical and Results Frameworks; Monitoring, Learning, and Evaluation (MEL) systems; designing qualitative and quantitative surveys; conducting interviews; facilitating validation workshops; and writing reports. In addition to training staff in monitoring and evaluation (M&E) at numerous positions, her evaluation experience includes recent evaluations of the Enhancing Resilience Component of the World Food Program (WFP) Bangladesh Country Program and BRAC Bangladesh’s $33 million Integrated Development Program, including crop, fish and livestock production, water and sanitation, health service delivery, micro-finance, education, and food security interventions. In addition to her M&E experience, she has in-depth knowledge of rice, poultry, cassava, legume, vegetables, and other agriculture value chains. From 2010-2014, as Agricultural Program Officer with BMGF, Ms. Byrnes worked with grantees— especially women—to ensure grants were based on in-depth understanding of beneficiary access to information, markets, inputs seed systems, and land as well as government policies and other factors affecting farmer decision-making. As Country Director with IDE in Bangladesh (2005-2008), among other duties, she led program research, development, and implementation; managed an International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC)-funded grant to assess the economic impact of drip and other irrigation equipment for vegetable production; facilitated validation workshops with all stakeholders to analyze research results and develop interventions to improve value chains; co-facilitated joint M&E training for all IDE Country Directors to develop common indicators and M&E systems; and collaborated with and provided leadership to agriculture membership organizations, the private sector, and government institutions to improve the enabling environment. From 2003-2005, as Coordinator with the DFID-funded Rural Livelihood Program (450+ staff, 2,000 Farmer Field Schools, and subcontracts with 50 local NGOs), Ms. Byrnes applied market development approaches to strengthen private sector services and increase male and female farmer awareness and demand for higher quality seeds and inputs; solicited and managed research contracts on small business incubators, debt and migration, women in agriculture, women’s solidarity, and rural infrastructure investment and access to markets; and initiated establishment of the Market Development Forum to facilitate information sharing among more than 20 organizations involved in market development approaches. Ms. Byrnes holds a Master’s degree in Agriculture and Natural Resource Economics from Oregon State University and a Bachelor’s degree in Agronomy from Washington State University. She speaks fluent English, Bengali, and French. Education M.S., Agriculture and Natural Resource Economics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR B.S., Agronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 94 Professional Experience Independent Consultant, Various, Nigeria and Bangladesh, Jan. 2015-Present. • Evaluated the BMGF-funded Building an Economically Sustainable, Integrated Seed System for Cassava in Nigeria (BASICS) Project. Reviewed all documents, spent 28 days in country interviewing all stakeholders (IITA, Fera, NRCRI, Context Consulting, Catholic Relief Services (CRS), NASC, two cassava processing companies, and cassava outgrowers), facilitated presentation with all partners, designed and wrote the final report. • Evaluated the Enhancing Resilience Component of the World Food Program (WFP) Bangladesh Country Program. Reviewed Results Frameworks, data and data collection tools, project outputs, and Local Government Engineering Department interventions designed to decrease waterlogging, prevent flooding, and address encroaching salinization. Spent three weeks interviewing program staff, participants, and other stakeholders in some of the most remote and vulnerable areas of Bangladesh. Wrote report. • Reviewed BRAC Bangladesh’s $33 million Integrated Development Program including crop, fish and livestock production, water and sanitation, health service delivery, micro-finance, education, and food security interventions. Conducted extensive field interviews with staff, beneficiaries, and other stakeholders in some of the most remote and vulnerable areas of Bangladesh to determine technical quality and efficacy of all interventions and their relevance to women. Developed the final Results Framework and wrote the draft proposal for the second phase with the internally displaced people (IDP) leadership team. Agriculture Program Officer, BMGF, Apr. 2010-Apr. 2014. Worked with BMGF grantees to ensure grants were based on in-depth understanding of beneficiary access to information, markets, inputs seed systems, and land, as well as, government policies and other factors affecting farmer decision making—especially women. Facilitated finalization of grant proposals, budgets, Results Frameworks, M&E systems, and seed delivery plans for Yam Improvement for Income and Food Security in West Africa (YIIFSWA), the AGRA Program for African Seed Systems (PASS); Harvest Plus; Harnessing Opportunities for Productivity Enhancement (HOPE); Seed Policy Enhancement in African Regions (SPEAR); Great Lakes Cassava Initiative (GLCI); and others. Drafted the BMGF Agriculture Program Seed Systems Strategy and Operational Plan after reviewing all Research and Development grants, including CSISA. Visited Harvest Plus, Golden Rice, and CSISA projects in Bangladesh and conducted interviews with rice farmers and seed companies. Developed and managed commercial cassava seed system grants with Catholic Relief Services and Mennonite Economic Development Associates in Tanzania and Nigeria. Ensured alignment with other grants for value chain development, plant breeding, disease diagnostics, and phyto-sanitary and certification systems. Co-led the Cassava Integrated Value Chain Team in developing the BMGF Cassava Strategy. Initiated grant to improve agronomic research for cassava in Nigeria and Ghana. Developed and managed grant to strengthen Seed Trade Associations in Nigeria, Tanzania, and Bangladesh. Country Director, IDE, Bangladesh, Jul. 2005-Jun. 2008. Provided leadership for all program research, development, and implementation for a team of 40 staff. Managed IFDC funded grant to assess economic impact of drip and other irrigation equipment for vegetable production. Developed proposals for the Netherlands, USAID, and the KATALYST project. Coordinated and led six value chain studies: livestock vaccines; fresh vegetables; rice and legume seed; fresh fish; and poultry. Facilitated validation workshops with all stakeholders to analyze research results and develop interventions to improve value chains. Supervised and trained the M&E coordinator on survey design, data analysis, training of enumerators, and reporting. Co-facilitated joint M&E training for all IDE Country Directors to develop common indicators and M&E systems. Collaborated with and provided leadership to poultry and seed business membership organizations, individual companies, and government institutions to improve the enabling environment. At the request of USAID, DFID and the EU, participated in the Local Consultative Donor Groups on Agriculture, Water and Sanitation, and Poverty. Executive Committee member of the Market Development Forum. 95 Coordinator, Rural Livelihood Program (RLP), CARE, Bangladesh, May 2003-Jun. 2005. Managed DFID-funded RLP, with over 450 staff, 2,000 Farmer Field Schools, and subcontracts with 50 local NGOs. Applied market development approaches to strengthen private sector services and increase male and female farmer awareness and demand for higher quality seeds and inputs. Supervised and mentored the Livelihood Impact, ML&E, and Social Development Coordinators and other senior staff. Provided quality control for all ML&E data collection and analysis. Solicited and managed research contracts with IFPRI, Natural Resources Institute, TANGO International, Institute of Development Studies, and others on small business incubators, debt and migration, Women in Agriculture, Women’s Solidarity, and Rural Infrastructure Investment and Access to Markets. At the request of GTZ, SEDF/IFC (World Bank), and KATALYST, initiated establishment of the Market Development Forum to facilitate information sharing among more than 20 organizations involved in market development approaches. USAID Food Security Program Coordinator, CARE, Sierra Leone, Sept. 2001-May 2003. Managed USAID-funded Food Security Program for distribution of 10,000 tons of commodities to internally displaced, refugees, and Food for Work participants. Acquired additional funding for seed distribution to returning farmers. At the request of USAID, assumed overall responsibility for M&E support to all Food Pipeline Agencies (FPAs)—WFP, CRS, and World Vision. Supervised and trained M&E team to develop and implement M&E systems to ensure accountability for the delivery of appropriate food rations. Co-facilitated two week-long M&E trainings for all CARE Sierra Leone senior staff. Partnered with all FPAs to implement a nationwide food security assessment. Developed annual funding proposals, all approved by USAID. USAID Development Activities Program (DAP) Coordinator, World Vision Bangladesh (WVB), Bangladesh, Aug. 1999-Jul. 2000. Provided leadership and technical direction in preparation for $60 million USAID-funded Food Security Enhancement Initiative (FSEI). Organized and supported week-long M&E training by WV Senior U.S. colleagues and worked with local team to develop an M&E system. Reviewed project design to elaborate on modalities of monetization, food-for-work, and integration within WVB’s ongoing program. Conducted review of WVB’s agriculture interventions and developed an integrated agricultural program approved by USAID. Seed and Small Livestock Rehabilitation Project Manager, CARE, Rwanda, Mar. 1997-Jul. 1998. Managed a Norwegian-funded bean and potato seed and small livestock rehabilitation project with female farmer groups within the context of severe food insecurity. Supervised and trained 50 staff in M&E, data collection tools, agriculture production, seed systems, participatory research and training methods, and performance management. Revised program strategy to move from seed relief to a more sustainable multiplication project. Participated in UN and government workshops on agriculture, bio-diversity, food security, and land reform policies. Collaborated extensively with government at the national and field level. Developed annual funding proposals, all approved by Norwegian Foreign Affairs office. Project Coordinator, Local Initiatives for Farmers Training, CARE, Bangladesh, Mar. 1992- Aug. 1995. Managed experiential learning agricultural extension project funded by DFID, Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), and Danida. Trained local lead farmers (50 percent female) to expand seed and input supply chain and provide technical advice to farmers as an embedded service. Trained staff on participatory and experiential learning approaches and design of training modules to develop farmer capacity, which increased horticulture production using bio-intensive practices. Trained and mentored the M&E specialist on systems, data collection, analysis, and reporting. Developed five-year funding proposals and logical frameworks for each donor—all of which were approved. Increased percentage of female staff from 3 percent to 30 percent. Socio-Economist, Farming Systems Research Team, Mennonite Central Committee, Bangladesh, Aug. 1989-Aug. 1992. Developed data collection tools to facilitate male and female farmer feedback on agronomic, horticultural, livestock, and fisheries research. Conducted impact evaluation of extension program and facilitated integration of extension and research programs. Compiled 96 and edited all station and on-farm research results presented to government research and extension institutions. Graduate Research Assistant, Oregon State University, 1985-1988. Conducted impact evaluation of USAID poultry project in North Yemen. Spent three months surveying women and commercial poultry farmers to assess the sustainability and impact of the project on women at the village household level. Presented findings to USAID and wrote the final evaluation report. Languages English (native), Bengali (fluent), French (fluent) Name: Md. Ahiduzzaman, Ph.D. Position: National Mechanization Specialist Key Qualifications Dr Ahiduzzaman has more than 20 years of experience in the field of Agricultural Engineering, Development and improvement of farm machinery for harvesting and postharvest operations, Dissemination of Farm Machinery among the farmers at rural level, Farmers training and operation of farm machinery, Rice Mill Installation and Improvement, Rice drying system, parboiling boiler system installation and improvement, Energy efficiency of rice processing industries and waste management, Project Impact assessment and Evaluation, Conduct survey, stakeholder analysis. His MS and PhD thesis, research articles and journal papers of different journals related to mechanized rice cultivation system in Bangladesh, power tiller and traditional farming system, rice processing system improvement, energy utilization and environmental aspects of agro-processing industries, GHG emission mitigation options in agriculture and other sectors, value-added product development from agro-waste. He also worked for different donor agencies and worked as a Consultant in various Donor Funded Projects. He has experience working in multi-organizational and interdisciplinary team. He has strong experience in advising governmental ministries on agricultural mechanization, evaluation of research and development project in agricultural engineering sector. Education Post-Doctoral Program, University of Alberta, Canada, 2015-2017 Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, OIC, Bangladesh, 2011 M.Sc., Energy Systems and Management, University of Flensburg, Germany, 2006 M.S., Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Bangladesh, 1999 B.Sc., Agricultural Engineering, BAU, Bangladesh, 1993 Selected Professional Experience Principal Investigator (Consultant), GIZ, December 2019. Worked as Principal Investigator for the project of Operation and Trial Run of the Improvised Version of the GIZ Piloted Energy Efficient Technology-Improved Rice Parboiling System cum Integrated Dryer. His major accomplishments were: • Conducted visit the rice mill where the retrofitting works completed for preparation and inspection before conducting the trial run and commissioning, made necessary coordination with the dryer and boiler manufacturer and rice mill owner. • Arranged necessary instrumentation for performance test of the improved rice parboiling system (IRPS) cum dryer • Provided technical support to conduct the three stages (steamed, parboiled, drying) paddy drying before milling • Conducted the trial run of the IRPS cum dryer with the presence of rice mills owners at M/S Sompod Traders, Ishwardi, Pabna 97 • Provided necessary steps to trouble shoot the system, if any kind of technical problem arised during trial run • Provided a performance certificate of the retrofitted system with satisfaction of rice mill owner • Provided training to the mill operators on the operation, cleaning and maintaining of the whole IRPS cum dryer unit. • Project Completion Report submitted Sub-Project Manager, HEQEP, World Bank, Jul. 2014-Dec. 2017. Worked as Sub-Project Manager for the project of Strengthening Postgraduate Research Capacities in Agro-processing. He performed the following tasks: • Project staff recruitment, financial management of the project • Procurement of laboratory equipment and established three laboratories for Agro-processing research at the Department of Agro-Processing, BSMRAU. • Recruitment of a consultant and facilitate to develop MS and PhD course curriculum for Agro￾processing • Conducted research in mechanized processing agro-product, supervised six MS level student and awarded them MS in Agro-Processing degree • Facilitate strengthening professional knowledge and skill of the academic staff. • Project Completion Report submitted Principal Investigator (Consultant), GIZ, Oct. 2014-Jun. 2015. Worked as Principal Investigator for the project of Piloting of Integrated Improved Rice Parboiling cum Drying Technology. His major accomplishments were: • Determined drying load of paddy in terms of heat energy required • Designed and fabricated the hot air producing heat exchanger as per required drying load • Boiler design was modified and fabricated as per required steam production rate for combined parboiling and drying operation • The boiler and heat exchanger (designed and fabricated), blower systems were installed on the civil construction of furnace & chimney at site in a rice mill at Sherpur district • Conducted performance test of the integrated parboiling cum dryer system • Rice mill owners of the local cluster were invited and the performance of the newly developed parboiling cum drying technology were demonstrated to them. • Project Completion Report submitted Principal Investigator, BSMRAU, Jul. 2012-Jun, 2013. Worked as Principal Investigator for the project of Production of dried powder products from bael fruit (Aeglemarmelos) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) bulbs. His major accomplishments were developed technology for drying and powder products from bael fruit (Aeglemarmelos) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) bulbs. Agri-Engineer, IMED/GoB, Mar. 2014-Jun. 2014. Worked as Agri-Engineer for the impact Evaluation Study of National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP)-Phase I. His major accomplishments were: • A sample of 300 common interest groups and 150 control farmers were chosen for the purpose and an extensive questionnaire was used for the survey. In addition, first hand qualitative data were generated using FGDs among farmers, extensive consultation with officials both in the field and the headquarters of the organizations involved. • Research components, procurements, and farm level impacts were evaluated. • Impact of the NATP technology on recipient farmers for producing more and earn higher profit compared to the control farmers were evaluated. • Evaluated report submitted 98 Consultant, IFPRI/BIDS, Apr. 2012-Mar. 2013. Worked as Consultant for the project of Productivity and Efficiency of Rice Mills in Bangladesh: Economic, Social and Food Security Implications. His major accomplishments were: • A survey questionnaire was developed to conduct survey of rice mill. • Machinery used in rice mill both traditional and modern were evaluated. • Energy efficiency of the rice mill were evaluated. • Evaluated report submitted Project Coordinator, MOA/GOB, Jun. 2011-Jun. 2012. Worked as Project Coordinator for the project Farm Machinery Technology Development and Dissemination (FMTD). He performed the following tasks: • Improved agricultural machinery for mechanized cultivation and postharvest processing of rice (Weeder, Reaper, thresher, winnower, lost cost dryer etc.) • Conducted extensive farmers training for increased use of modern machinery in agricultural operations. Principal Investigator (Consultant), GIZ, Apr. 2008-May 2008. Worked as Principal Investigator for the project Survey of Major Rice Mill Clusters in Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh. His major accomplishments were: • Developed a survey questionnaire and 500 rice mills were chosen and surveyed from different clusters of rice mill. • Energy efficiency of rice mills were evaluated and potential savings of rice husk for further usage for example power generation was assessed. • Complete Survey report submitted Consultant, GIZ, Dec. 2006-Dec. 2007. Worked as consultant for the project Development and Extension of Energy Efficient Rice parboiling Systems in Bangladesh. His major accomplishments were: • Improvised design of traditional rice parboiling boiler was provided. • The developed technology was piloted at M/S Russel Auto Rice Mill, Kaliakoir, Gazipur. • The piloted technology was demonstrated before rice millers from different corner of the country • Completion report submitted Team Member (Working Scientist), GIZ, Mar. 2007-Jul. 2007. Worked as Team Member (Working Scientist) for the project Estimation of Energy Efficiency of the Existing Rice parboiling Systems in Bangladesh. His major accomplishments were: • Developed a survey questionnaire and more than 30 rice mills were chosen based on different kind rice parboiling boiler currently used. • Different types of rice parboiling boilers were assessed and find out the gap for further improvement. • Completion report submitted Team Member (Working Scientist), MOA/GOB, 2001-2004. Worked as Team Member (Working Scientist) for the project Popularization of BRRI Developed Agricultural Machinery Project (PAMP). His major accomplishments were: • Improved agricultural machinery for mechanized cultivation and postharvest processing of rice (Weeder, Reaper, thresher, winnower, lost cost dryer etc.) • Conducted extensive farmers training for increased use of modern machinery in agricultural operations. • Facilitated custom hiring system of agricultural machinery at rural • Facilitated entrepreneurship development in agricultural machinery business at rural level • Trained local manufacturer of agricultural machinery towards make a sustainable supply system of agri-machinery business. 99 Working Scientist, DFID, 2001-2003. Worked as Working Scientist for the project Benefits of Improved Rice Husk Combustion Efficiency. His major accomplishments were: • Conducted a mini survey of rice mill (20 no.) from different corner of Bangladesh. • Developed an improved rice parboiling boiler and demonstrated at M/S Nonia Auto Rice mill, Bilashpur, Gazipur. • Improved Existing rice husk briquette machine with collaboration of TERI, India. • Existing capacity of rice husk briquette machinery manufacturer was assessed. • Completion report submitted Professional Experience • July 2016 to till date, Associate Professor, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University • Jul 2012 to Jun 2016, Assistant Professor, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University • Jan 2007 to Jun 2012, Senior Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) • Aug 1998 to Jan 2007, Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) Publications • Talaei, A.; Oni, O.; Ahiduzzaman, M.; Roychaudhuri, P.S.; Rutherford, J.; Kumar, A. Assessment of the impacts of process-level energy efficiency improvement on the greenhouse gas mitigation potential in the petroleum refining sector. Energy, 2020, 191, 116243. IF = 5.747 • Ahiduzzaman, M.; Aminul Islam, A. K. M.; Sadrul Islam, A.K.M. Recovery of Biochar Fuel from Boiler Waste of Rice Mill.J. Agril. Engg (IEB), 2019, 42/AE(4), 55-60. • Islam, S.; Huda, M. D.; Bhuiyan, M.G.K.; Hossain, M. A.; Paul, H.; Ahiduzzaman, M. Prospect of rice straw biomass briquette production: an alternative source of energy. J. Agril. Engg (IEB), 2019, 42/AE(3), 79-86. • Ali, S. M. Y.; Hossain, M. M.; Zakaria, M.; Hoque, M. A.; Ahiduzzaman, M. Postharvest Losses of Mangoes at Different Stages from Harvesting to Consumption. Int. J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Res., 2019, 7(4), 21- 26. • Katta, A. K.; Davis, M.; Subramanyam, V.; Dar, A. F.; Mondal, M. A. H.; Ahiduzzaman, M.; Kumar, A. Assessment of energy demand-based greenhouse gas mitigation options for Canada's oil sands. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 241, 118306. IF = 6.397 • Talaei, A.; Pier, D.; Iyer, A. V.; Ahiduzzaman, M.; Kumar, A. Assessment of long-term energy efficiency improvement and greenhouse gas emissions mitigation options for the cement industry. Energy, 2019, 170, 1051-1066. IF = 5.747 • Davis, M.; Ahiduzzaman, M.; Kumar, A. How to model a complex national energy system? Developing an integrated energy systems framework for long-term energy and emissions analysis. Int. J. Global Warming, 2019, Vol. 17, No. 1, 23-58. IF = 1.042 • Bonyad, M.; Shafique, H.U.; Mondal, M.A.H.; Subramanyam, V.; Kumar, A.; Ahiduzzaman, M. The development of a framework for the assessment of energy demand-based greenhouse gas mitigation options for the agriculture sector. Transactions of the ASABE, 2018,2018, 61(3): 763-796. (doi: 10.13031/trans.12506). • Davis, M.; Ahiduzzaman, M.; Kumar, A. How will Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions change by 2050? A disaggregated analysis of past and future greenhouse gas emissions using bottom-up energy modelling and Sankey diagrams. Applied Energy, 2018, 220, 754–786. IF = 7.182 • Ahiduzzaman, M.; Sadrul Islam, A.K.M. Assessment of Rice Husk Briquette Fuel Use as an Alternative Source of Woodfuel. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2016, 6(4), 1601-1611. IF=0.897 • Ahiduzzaman, M.; Sadrul Islam, A.K.M. Evaluation of Characteristics of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk Impregnated with Zinc Chloride and Phosphoric Acid. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2016, 5(5), 94-98. 100 • Ahiduzzaman, M.;Sadrul Islam, A.K.M. Preparation of porous bio-char and activated carbon from rice husk by leaching ash and chemical activation. SpringerPlus, 2016, 5, 1248. IF= 0.982. • Ahiduzzaman, M.; Islam, A.K.M.S. 2011. Greenhouse gas emission and renewable energy sources for sustainable development in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 5, 4659– 4666. IF=8.050 • Ahiduzzaman, M. & Sadrul Islam, A.K.M. 2009. Energy Utilization and Environmental Aspects of Rice Processing Industries in Bangladesh. Energies(2):134-147. IF=2.262 • Islam, S., Rahman, SMM, Rahman, M.A., Quasem, M. A., Huda, M. D., Islam, AKM. S., Ahiduzzaman, M., Bhuiyan, M.G.K. and Hossen, M. A. 2009. Mechanized Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh: Past Experiences and Future Potentials. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America (AMA). Vol. 40(1): 36-40. • AKM. S. Islam, M. A. Rahman, R. I. Sarker, M. Ahiduzzaman and M. A. Baqui. 2001. Energy Audit for Rice Production under Power Tiller and Bullock Farming Systems in Bangladesh. OnLine J. Biological Sciences 1(9): 873-876. Languages English (fluent), Bengali (native) Name: Dr. Md Abdur Rashid Position: National Irrigation System Specialist Key Qualifications Dr Rashid has more than 40 years of experience in the field of irrigation and water management, rural development, water saving technologies. He is experienced in designing, planning, managing, and evaluating projects, baseline, assessment and project implementing in the field for increasing crop production in Bangladesh. His MS and PhD thesis, research articles and journal papers of different journals related to irrigation water management, crop production, groundwater management, water quality, solar pump irrigation and others. He also successfully performed research work on solar pump irrigation at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI). He installed, tested and evaluated the performance of solar pump for energy output, discharge and irrigation coverage in different seasons. He also investigated multiple use and economic performance of solar pump. He developed water saving technologies for rice irrigation. Once he led the Irrigation and Water Management Division of BRRI. He also worked for different donor agencies and worked as a Consultant in various Donor Funded Projects. He has experience working in multi￾organizational and interdisciplinary team. He has provided advisory services, assessments and evaluations, and recommendations to DAE and donors on water management, irrigation, technologies in the field for increasing food production in Bangladesh. Mr. Rashid has more than 35 years of experience as government professional and he holds the position of Chief Scientific Officer and Head, Principal Scientific Officer, Senior Scientific Officer and Scientific Officer respectively in Irrigation and Water Management Division of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI). Mr. Rashid has strong experience in advising governmental ministries on agricultural irrigation and water management technology and best practices. He has liaised with and advised various government ministries relating to agriculture, irrigation and water management. Education Ph.D., Groundwater Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, 2006 M.Sc., Irrigation and Water Management, Silsoe College (UK), 1992 B.Sc., Agricultural Engineering (Hons), Bangladesh Agricultural University, 1978 101 Professional Experience Engineer (Consultant), Karnaphuli Water Supply Project -Phase-2 (KWSP-2)” of Chittagong WASA under Ministry of LGRD, Jan. 2020-Apr. 2020. Worked as Engineer (Consultant) for In￾depth monitoring of the Karnaphuli Water Supply Project Phase-2 (KWSP-2) of Chittagong WASA under Ministry of LGRD. He performed the following tasks: • Assist Team Leader and closely work with other team members • Review & examine present project related information/documents • Visit and in-depth monitor of infrastructure developed and underdeveloped in the project area • Examine and review the tender documents as per existing procurement rules • Determine whether satisfactory progress is being made • Assist Team Leader to conduct KII, FGD and individual survey in the project area • Will attend local level workshop to hold discussion with stakeholders and beneficiaries • Prepare inception report including study design, approach and methodology • Assist Team Leader to prepare Draft, Draft Final and Final Report at the end of assignment. Consultant (Agri- Engineer), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Jul. 2019-Oct. 2019. Worked as a Consultant (Agri- Engineer) for finalizing the Project Completion Report (PCR) in the National Agricultural Technology Project Phase-2 (NATP-2) under Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) of the Ministry of Agriculture. He performed the following tasks: • Review and finalization of Project Completion Report (PCR) of CRG NATP-2 • Arrange the review of PCR of CRG sub-projects • Develop appropriateness of PCR of CRG sub-projects as per instructions and guidelines of BARC • Develop and arrange printing of the technology fact sheet of each research sub-projects • Evaluate the on-going research activities of PBRG sub-projects related to Agri-Engg, Crops, Forest, Planning & Evaluation and Agri-Economics • Any other related task assigned by the Director, PIU-BARC. Agricultural Engineer, Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), May 2019-Jun. 2019. Worked as an Agricultural Engineer for conducting baseline survey of the Enhancing Crop Production Through Extension of Solar Energy and Modern Water Saving Technologies Pilot Project, under Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), where he performed the following tasks: • Responsible for all issues related to irrigation and water management especially solar irrigation pump, buried pipe irrigation system, drip irrigation, dug well etc. • Review of literature and assist Team Leader in developing study instruments and sampling strategy • Assist management in recruitment of field staffs and provide training. Attend pre-testing and do field visit to ensure quality of field data • Collect, compile and process the data on land use, irrigation management, irrigation practices, hydraulic structure and other rural infrastructure • Participation in meeting with client and assist Team Leader in preparation of all reports. Agricultural Engineer, IMED, DAE, Jan. 2019-Apr. 2019. Worked as an Agricultural Engineer for conducting in-depth monitoring of a project titled “Year-Round Fruit Production for Nutrition Improvement Project (1st Revised),” under Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division (IMED) of Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) where he performed the following tasks: • Assist Team Leader and closely work with other team members, liaise with all the stakeholders including the PIU officials in operating and managing the assignment • Review and examine present project related information/documents 102 • Monitor demonstration pots, firm house, constructed/under construction roads, bridge, office building, training center, dormitory, boundary wall, nursery shed, guard shed, solar drip irrigation, irrigation infrastructure, drainage system etc. in the project area • Examine and review the tender documents as per existing procurement rules • Determine whether satisfactory progress is being made • Attend local level workshop in any of the project area to hold discussion with stakeholders and beneficiaries • Prepare inception report, including study design, approach and methodology, workplan • Assist Team Leader to prepare draft, draft final and final report at the end of assignment. Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Jan. 2016-Jun. 2016. Worked as Agricultural Engineer for conducting baseline survey of the Agricultural Support for Smallholders in South-Western Region of Bangladesh Project (ASSRBP) under Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) where he performed the following tasks: • Responsible for all issues related to irrigation and water management • Review of literature and assist Team Leader in development study instruments and sampling strategy • Collect, compile and process the data on land use, irrigation management, irrigation practices, hydraulic structure and other rural infrastructure • Participation in meeting with client and assist Team Leader in preparation of all reports. Chief Scientific Officer and Head, Principal Scientific Officer, Senior Scientific Officer and Scientific Officer, Irrigation and Water Management Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI). Nov. 1980-Jan. 2015. Held the position of Chief Scientific Officer and Head, Principal Scientific Officer, Senior Scientific Officer and Scientific Officer respectively in Irrigation and Water Management Division of BRRI. He has more than 35 years of experience in the field of irrigation and water management, developed and disseminated water saving technologies for rice irrigation, prepared different research projects and plans and implemented in the field for increasing food production in Bangladesh. Out of which 5 years’ experience as a Head of Irrigation and Water Management Division of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute and performed administrative and technical supervision of divisional research activities and staff. He has experience working in multi-organizational and interdisciplinary team. Specific activities and accomplishments are as follows: • Experienced in reviewing and evaluating research project proposals. Project completion reports, MS and PhD thesis, research articles and journal papers of different journals related to irrigation water management, crop production, groundwater management, Water quality, solar pump irrigation and others • Experienced in installation of DTW/STW and their construction details • Worked as the Chairman of Estimation Evaluation Committee for all construction work of BRRI • Work experience in agricultural /irrigation water management project, funded by government of Bangladesh and development partners like World Bank, Asian Development Bank, FAO, USAID and others • Experienced as Principal Investigator of more than seven research projects having increased food production target in Bangladesh • Experienced in managing financial accounts and expenditure documents of different project activities • Capable to lead formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of irrigation and water management projects • Performed as an expert member of irrigation water management in many workshops, arranged by different government organizations in Bangladesh • Experienced in providing policy advisory support services and engage with high ranking government officials, international development organizations and donor community • Supervised thesis works of MS/PhD students of different universities 103 • Proven capacity in preparing training module and conduct training of water users, pump drivers, field level officers and farmers on efficient water use for crop production • Experienced in working with grass root level workers, national and international NGOs as project partners • Carried out a lot of investigations in unfavorable situations (salt affected, arsenic contaminated and poor groundwater bearing aquifer situation) to find out fresh groundwater and was successful in many cases • Experienced in production of research reports and presented papers in different countries Training Received • Field Survey, Bangkok, Thailand, INWEPF Japanese Committee in 2011 • Field Survey, Ifugaon, Philippines, INWEPF Japanese Committee in 2010 • Project development and management, BARC, Dhaka, BARC in 2009 • Financial Management and Public Procurement, BIAM Foundation Dhaka, Ministry of Agriculture in in 2009 • Administrative and financial management, BARD, Comilla, BARC in 2008 • Project cycle management, RDA, Bogra, IRRI-PETRRA in 2002 • Problem-based technology generation for rainfed lowland rice environments, BRRI, IRRI in 1997 • Computer application in irrigation and water management, IPSA, Gazipur, CDP project in 1993 • Short course in Dbase III plus, Dhaka, BRRI in 1991 • English language course, British Council, Dhaka, ODA in 1990 • Research planning and evaluation, BRRI, BARC in 1990 • Rice production, applied research, communication and administration, BRRI, IRRI in 1989 • Irrigation and water management for rice production, BRRI, IDRC in 1986 • Soil fertility, BRRI, BARC in 1986 • Irrigation Water Management and Rice Production, IRRI, Philippines, IRRI in 1981 Languages English (fluent), Bengali (native) 104 ANNEX 20: CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND NON-DISCLOSURE FORMS 105 106 107 108 109