Performance Evaluation 
Of Phase I of Dairy Project 
Draft Report 
August, 2015 
 
 
Submitted to: 
Dairy Project Lahore, Pakistan 
 
 
 
Prepared by: 
Sustainable Solutions Pvt. Ltd 
Islamabad, Pakistan 
 
 
VOLOSUN (SMC-
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Table of Contents 
0. Summary of Performance Evaluation ................................................. 5
1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ....................................................... 8
2. OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF WORK ......................................................... 9
2.1 Objectives .................................................................................. 9
2.2 Scope of Work ............................................................................. 9
3. Methodology ............................................................................... 9
3.1 Desk Review ................................................................................ 9
3.2 Sampling ................................................................................... 10
3.3 Instrument Development ................................................................ 10
3.4 Study Limitations ......................................................................... 11
4. Survey Execution ........................................................................12
4.1 Field Team Training ..................................................................... 12
4.2 Field Team Deployment/ Data Collection ............................................ 12
4.3 Data Validation ........................................................................... 13
4.4 Data Processing / Cleaning ............................................................. 13
4.5 Data Analysis - Report ................................................................... 13
5. Findings ...................................................................................14
5.1 Women Livestock Extension Workers .................................................. 14
5.1.1 Respondent Level of Education ...................................................... 15
5.1.2 Respondent Marital Status and age ................................................. 15
5.1.3 Sources of Income ..................................................................... 16
5.1.4 Animal Treatment ..................................................................... 17
5.1.5 Animal Feed ............................................................................ 18
5.1.6 Extension Service Outreach .......................................................... 19
5.2 Artificial Insemination Technicians .................................................... 22
5.2.1 Level of Education ..................................................................... 23
5.2.2 Age Group and Marital Status ........................................................ 23
5.2.3 Record Maintenance and income .................................................... 23
5.2.4 AI Outreach ............................................................................. 24
5.2.5 Dairy Project Infomercial for AIs .................................................... 25
5.3 Farmers .................................................................................... 27
5.3.1 Farmer’s Level of Education ......................................................... 28
5.3.2 Marital Status, age group and family size .......................................... 28
5.3.3 Land Available for Cultivation & Reserved for Fodder ........................... 29
5.3.4 Trainings of Farmers .................................................................. 29
5.3.5 Animal Ownership ..................................................................... 29
5.3.6 Fodder Used ............................................................................ 30
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5.3.7 Milk Production, Selling & Self Consumption ...................................... 31
5.3.8 Milk Selling ............................................................................. 31
5.3.9 Knowledge about Animal’s Basic Health ........................................... 31
5.3.10 Livestock Common Diseases .......................................................... 31
5.3.11 Breeding Practices..................................................................... 32
5.3.12 Access to WLEW Services ............................................................. 32
5.3.13 AIT Service Availability ............................................................... 32
5.3.14 Preference regarding Local or Imported Semen .................................. 33
5.3.15 Knowledge regarding farm practices ............................................... 33
5.3.16 Types of Farm Practices Currently in use .......................................... 33
5.3.17 Silage Practices ........................................................................ 35
5.3.18 Increase in Income after Dairy Project Training .................................. 35
5.3.19 Current Dairy Income & Expenses ................................................... 35
5.3.20 Increase in Income Before & After training ........................................ 35
5.3.21 Dairy Project Infomercials for Farmer .............................................. 35
5.3.22 Follow-up ............................................................................... 36
6. Conclusion ................................................................................37
7. Way Forward .............................................................................37
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LIST OF TABLES 
Table 5.1-1: Percent Distribution of Workers by Level of Education ....................................................15
Table 5.1-2: Percent Distribution of Respondents by source of income ..............................................16
Table 5.1-3: Percent of workers who can treat diseases ......................................................................17
Table 5.1-4: Average monthly income ..................................................................................................18
Table 5.1-5: Percent of Currently active Workers selling Feed.............................................................18
Table 5.1-6: Percent distribution of Currently Active Workers by Number of Villages served ............19
Table 5.1-7: Percent distribution of Currently Active Workers by problems faced in performing their 
duties ....................................................................................................................................................20
Table 5.1-8: Workers’ Perception about usefulness of program in disseminating information ..........20
Table 5.2-1: Respondents by Level of Education ..................................................................................23
Table 5.2-2: Average number of Villages and Farmers served by AITs .................................................25
Table 5.2-3: Success ratio of Pregnancy to Insemination Procedures ..................................................25
Table 5.2-4: Percent distribution of AITs by number of suppliers ........................................................25
Table 5.2-5: Sources of knowledge for Project program on Dairy Farming..........................................26
Table 5.2-6: AITs’ Perception about usefulness of information ...........................................................26
Table 5.3-1: Percent Distribution of Farmers by Level of Education ....................................................28
Table 5.3-2: Type of Fodder usage in summer, winter and both..........................................................30
Table 5.3-3: Places where Farmers sell milk .........................................................................................31
Table 5.3-4: Farmers by Breeding Practices ..........................................................................................32
Table 5.3-5: Monthly Income and Expenditures of Dairy Products ......................................................35
Table 5.3-6: increase in Monthly Income after Training .......................................................................35
Table 5.3-7: Source of Farmers’ knowledge about Project programs on Dairy Farming......................36
LIST OF FIGURES 
Figure 5.1-1: Reasons for being inactive ...............................................................................................17
Figure 5.3-1: Farmers by type of training received ...............................................................................29
Figure 5.3-2Type of animal ownership by percentage of farmers........................................................30
Figure 5.3-3 Average quantity of milk produced and consumed in summer and winter in Kgs ..........31
Figure 5.3-4 Rating of DRDF services ...................................................................................................32
Figure 5.3-5: Percent distribution of Farmers by Preferred Semen .....................................................33
Figure 5.3-6 Types of Farm Practices ....................................................................................................34
Figure 5.3-7 Average investment by type of Farm Practices ................................................................34
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0. Summary of Performance Evaluation
The Dairy Development Project of Dairy and Rural Development Foundation (DRDF) phase￾1 (2011- 2014) is an integrated project for community development through livestock related 
interventions. The holistic integration comes in with core identification of the very large 
livestock sector, mostly undocumented and rural based. The farmers, farm workers and 
associated farming families including women plays a vital role in running livestock 
establishment, mostly with traditional knowledge of livestock management, feeding, breeding 
and farming techniques. The project brought in modern knowledge, both in terms of capacities 
and support assistance, to enhance the skills and knowledge of the local communities 
including women to engage and improve their livestock management skills and gain more in 
economic terms in a sustainable manner. As external consultants, including professional team 
members, it can be rightly assessed that the project has been a very successful to achieve its 
principals objectives. 
In order to measure the performance of phase -1, and as per the scope of work of the 
performance evaluation report, the data was benchmarked with the project performance 
measurement plan, the project end report of phase -1 and also with the indicators and external 
factors from other livestock related baselines and references available in Pakistan. 
The key findings as performance summary is narrated below: 
Women Livestock Extension Worker (WLEWs) 
Generally the rural women as part of farming families look after the dairy animals with 
traditional knowledge, but mostly without any direct income to women themselves, and all 
income generated through sale of milk or livestock related other income is part of total 
household income or make part of the income of the male dairy farmer. Most women in rural 
context are handling livestock for daily feeding, milking, basic health management etc. These 
women, though with some basic school education have virtually no modern knowledge of 
livestock management or best farming practices, and neither have any social status for 
handling these animals (prior to the project)- The USAID funded dairy project brings in a 
number of interventions for the rural women in terms of livestock extension workers (i.e. as 
basic animal health worker), better livestock management, and also women as small village 
based entrepreneurs selling animal feed and nutrition products. The project has not only 
provided skills and economic opportunities to women, but has also enhanced their social 
status in the society they live in. 
The summary of Key findings of performance evaluation related to WLEW’s is narrated 
below:- 
a. Average monthly income of WLEW’s recorded for active beneficiaries is Pak Rupees 
1,155/- (around 12 USD), (The average is drawn out after excluding expenses on the 
services provided by the WELWs the average monthly income of workers from provision 
of vaccination services is about Rs 1,712, for De-worming services Rs. 1,207 and Rs. 980 
and Rs. 747 for providing treatment of Tympani and Diarrhea respectively). The average 
is more than the average drawn out in the project cycle end report of year 3 of the project 
(which is Pak Rs 1,144). In international terms this figure may seem low but in rural 
Pakistan terms, a women with no personal income can have a little status and buying 
power- Moreover, has started to engage in an economic activity. There are various 
examples of some standalone WLEW’s earning more than 10,000 Pak Rupees (100 
to150USD) per month and which sets leading examples to the other women 
b. Percentage of project-trained WLEWs providing services as self-employed extension 
workers is 44.80% which seems little less than the year 3 achievement of the project which 
was 64%. But given the recent floods in the target region of Punjab (continuous over last 
three years in a row), a huge agriculture are, houses and livestock was damaged- Under 
the circumstances 44.80% sustenance is a good achievement. 
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c. Percentage of WLEWs offering feed, nutrient, and other inputs for sale to farmers is 
56.60%, compared to the average of 78% in year 3 end report. 
d. Percentage of farmers using services of Women Livestock Extension Workers is 69.60% 
which is well above the previous year 3 recording of 17%. This has shown marked 
improvement in trust of farmers in WLEW skills and services. 
e. As per WELWs around 63 % farmers consider them as a reliable source in providing 
animal health and nutrition services. 
f. Media campaigns reached up to 56 %of the active workers 
g. Overall, the consultants have an opinion that the findings reveal a good level of success 
for WLEW’s, where most importantly a stream of modern knowledge has been inculcated 
Artificial Insemination Technicians (AIT’s) 
Pakistan is a country, where Artificial Insemination coverage is not very high. Though the same 
is practiced in rural lock sector since decades, but not sufficient to cover all. More over there 
is lack of scientific knowledge, required skills and semen choices to farmers. The government 
livestock department has also run some successful programs but given the huge number of 
livestock, the coverage is thinly spread. More over the farmers only have traditional 
knowledge of breeding transferred from either their ancestors, or from a neighborhood farmer 
and also some from government or semen selling companies. During the project phase -1, a 
total of 2032 AITs were trained and established as small entrepreneurs in first three years of 
the project. Training included a mix of theory, demonstration and practical exercises related 
to insemination and safe handling and maintenance of insemination guns, liquid nitrogen 
cylinders for transporting semen, and other AI supplies and equipment. All 2032 AITs provided 
with a support kit to jump-start their businesses and improve their income. The Dairy and Rural 
Development Foundation also supported in capacity building to enable the AITs in maintaining 
and supply chain of a diversified breeding products portfolio to the Project Trained AITs. 
The summary of performance evaluation of AIT’s trained during phase 1 are as follows, 
a) Average monthly income of an AIT from imported semen as well as from local semen 
is same which is more than Rs. 11,000 per month after deducting the average monthly 
expenses of Rs. 4,534 for provision imported semen services and Rs. 2,997 for local 
semen services. This income level is by enlarge very substantial, because Rs 11,000 
(110 USD) per month near to home is far better than people migrating from villages to 
cities for small work jobs like guards, labor etc. for equal amount of salaries. 
b) Register of activities and progress is maintained by 57% of the AITs 
c) An average, 12.7 doses of imported and 33.8 local semen are used in a month 
d) The average number of conceived cases is 9.5 which is 75% of imported semen cases. 
The average monthly cases conceived from use of local semen are 26.1 which is 77 
% of use of local semen 
e) On average, 5.7 villages with an average of 134 farmers are served by AITs 
f) About 82 % of the AITs reported having a linkage with semen/LNG supplier in the area 
where available 
g) Around 87% of AITs received training on business practices and book keeping etc 
h) More than 95% farmers have trust in project trained AIT’s and are using their services 
i) Over 98.5% AIT’s trained are working and active fully or part time as active AI service 
providers. 
j) As compared to year 3 end report, the achievement of active AIT’s was 97% and PMP 
target was 60% active AIT’s. The project performance in this segment has been over 
excellent with 98.5%.
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Farmers 
According to agriculture and livestock census Pakistan has more than 8 Million farming 
families and over 67 Million animal heads, out of which, more than 60% reside in the province 
of Punjab. Again most farmers possess traditional knowledge of dairy farming. Some have 
access to modern knowledge from government run projects (which are also successful), but 
given the huge density of livestock farming, a full coverage of any good livestock enabling 
project is farfetched. A total of 9,286 farmers were trained on best dairy farm practices, 
improved feeding and animal nutrition, basic level animal health management, farm equipment 
management, shed management, and the importance of improved breeds in first three years 
of the project. All of the trained farmers were provided with a support kit to improve farm 
management practices for increased milk yield and earnings 
The key findings are as follows, (calculated in reference to year 3 project report achievements, 
the PMP targets and some additional references from the baseline of Phase -2 and other 
similar projects of the same nature). 
a) Overall, half of the farmers owns Pure (Sahiwal/ Cholistan) farm animals, 76% own 
local and 22% own cross (European) farm animals’ breeds. On average, farmers 
own 4.7 animals of pure breed, 5.6 of local breed and 4.6 of cross breed. 
b) Daily production of milk is higher during winter as compared to summer. On 
average, 12.4 litters of milk is produced daily during summer and 16.8 litters during 
winter. 
c) Around 95 % of farmers rated the Dairy Development Project as good or excellent 
and have adopted more than three interventions (best practices). 
d) About 82 % of the same number of farmers also use artificial insemination services. 
Every third farmers reported use of both methods of breeding. A large majority of 
farmers also reported having knowledge about the presence of artificial 
insemination technician in their area. 
e) Average income increase is by 15% through milk yield increase due to project 
interventions. This is higher than the PMP target of 10%, higher then project 
reported 3rd year performance of Rs 7000/- average versus Rs 8200/- per month. 
f) With project interventions, 62 % of farmers know about silage making and shed 
improvement as farm practices. Knowledge of other farm practices including De￾worming (89%), vaccination (90%), and natural matting (86%). 
g) Major investment is made to shed improvement and on an average each farmer 
invested Rs. 11,957 on shed improvement, Rs. 4,770 on silage making and Rs. 
4,231 on arranging free water access to animals. (This way above the base line 
and other references from year 3 project report and PMP). 
h) Average monthly income from sale of milk during winter is Rs. 19,025 which is Rs. 
3,596 more than they earn during summer (This is 15% more than the baseline of 
Phase-2, and more than the reported average of year 3 performance). 
i) About 61% have been reached and like the radio and other communication 
programs of the project. 
j) The consultants are of the opinion that there has been a huge positive impact on 
farmers from the program. 
It was observed and concluded that the project interventions have been highly fruitful for 
setting a pace for harnessing the potential of the dairy sector in the target area in an integrated 
manner, with a continuity as indicator for sustainability of 44.8% for WLEW’s, 98.2% for AIT’s 
and 95% for farmers. Therefore, it is recommended that the project may be continued for 
another period of two years with a support mechanism of provision of kits and other trade 
related grants to jump start work and also to sustain it in the future. 
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1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND 
The dairy and livestock sector contributes around 11 percent to the Gross Domestic Product 
of Pakistan. There are 7 million farming families and 67 million cattle and buffaloes in Pakistan. 
More than half of the dairy farmers live in the Punjab province. However, most of these farmers 
do not follow best dairy farming or breeding practices. Moreover, a few farmers have access 
to veterinary and breed improvement services. Lack of livestock related businesses only 
exacerbates the situation. As a result, milk yields are abysmally low in Pakistan and livestock 
holding has not become a source of prosperity for most of the farmers despite its huge 
potential for being so. 
DRDF, in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development 
(“USAID”), is undertaking a Dairy Project in order to foster sustainable increase in dairy and 
livestock productivity through adoption of best farming practices, breed improvement, 
availability of timely extension services and promotion of livestock. 
In this context, USAID-DRDF Dairy Project was conceived to fill the above gaps by; 
 Organizing the rural dairy farming in communities 
 Training unemployed rural women and men in livestock services to improve access 
to breeding and health services; along with generating self-employment opportunities 
 Raising Awareness Amongst and Training Rural Dairy Producing Households in 
Farming Best Practices to improve milk productivity through better management of 
livestock and input resources and to inspire them to utilize needed livestock breeding 
and health services 
 To enable this activity to be sustainable beyond the funded life of the project by 
building the capacity of the Dairy and Rural Development Foundation to introduce 
and maintain rural businesses to improve the access of dairy households to inputs 
and continued technical guidance. 
The Dairy Project’s first phase ran from 2011-2014 with the following four components: 
1. Training and support for dairy farmers 
2. Training and support for Artificial Insemination Technicians (AITs) 
3. Training and support for Women Livestock Extension Workers (WLEWs) 
4. Awareness Campaigns.
In order to achieve the objectives, DRDF called for proposals to ascertain the impact of the 
Dairy Project, its various activities and training programs etc. on dairy rural household in 
general and on the trainees, farmers and cattle in particular, through conducting a Baseline 
and End line Surveys from independent third party evaluators. 
M/S Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd were selected as the evaluators to conduct the desired 
Baseline and End line Surveys. This report describes the performance evaluation of the project 
and is prepared as part of the baseline study. 
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2. OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF WORK 
2.1 Objectives 
The main objective of this study is to measure the impact of the Dairy Project on various 
targeted aspects of the Dairy Rural Households/Farms through a performance evaluation. 
 The targeted areas that were covered under the study are: 
 Farm Productivity and efficiency: Milk Yield / Animal, Profitability, Milking Animals as a 
%age of Total Animals Milk Quality and Price Yield, Livestock Growth, Land Usage 
 Sustainable availability of services: Extension, Quality Artificial Insemination, Diseases 
Diagnosis and Treatment 
 Access to Inputs : Product Portfolio and Cost, quality of inputs, Usage 
 Market Access : Supply Chain steps to market of milk, livestock, meat 
 Employment opportunities for rural youth : Artificial Insemination, Health Provision, 
Herd Management 
 Women Empowerment : Social Interaction and Respect, say in household affairs 
 Community Engagement : Collective Self Extension and knowledge propagation, 
collective buying on scale, self-managed and arranged follow up gatherings, collective 
decision making and problem solving 
2.2 Scope of Work 
The scope of work depicts impact evaluation of the phase –II of the project. Methodology to 
carry out the studies is as under: 
3. Methodology 
Following methodology was adopted for the study: 
3.1 Desk Review 
Desk Review 
In order to get an in depth understanding of the project following material related to the project 
was reviewed: 
 Program Description as given in the Cooperative Agreement 
 Annual Implementation Plan 
 Project's Progress Reports 
 Monitoring and Evaluation Activity Plan 
In addition a series of consultation meetings were held with the senior staff at Dairy Project to 
understand the context of the project. This helped in developing evaluation methodology. The 
consultant interacted with the stakeholders including, but not limited to, Dairy Project's staff, 
staff of other projects working in the livestock sector, trainees of Dairy Project and other 
livestock projects and government functionaries. 
A team having an in-depth knowledge of undertaking impact evaluation assignments at 
national level was deployed for the study. This team comprised of M&E specialists, dairy 
business experts and data analysts. 
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3.2 Sampling 
The objective of the sampling strategy is to create a sample of households benefiting from 
Dairy Project, split into two categories i.e. treatment household and control household. In order 
to achieve this goal a multi-stage sampling strategy was adopted. Following steps were 
undertaken to conduct the baseline: 
Phase 1. Defining a sampling frame; is the source material or device from which a sample is 
drawn. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled. In this 
scenario they are 40,000 farmers, 2,000 WELWs, 1,000 AITs and 100 Model 
Farms. Once the beneficiaries were identified, Simple Random Sampling (SRS) 
was used to identify the sampled beneficiaries. 
Based on the above, the following sample was agreed: 
Phase – I: Performance Survey 
Name of 
District 
Sample data collected
Farmers AITs WLEWs Total 
Bahawalpur 30 40 30 100
Khanewal 80 40 60 180
Lodhran 20 40 20 80
Multan 120 40 80 240
Muzaffargarh 20 60 20 100
Vehari 120 40 100 260
Total 390 260 310 960
Beneficiary 
Type Population Confidence 
Level
Confidence 
Interval Sample Size
Farmers 40,000 95% 5 381
WLEWs 2,000 95% 5 322
AITs 1,000 95% 5 278
Total 981
3.3 Instrument Development 
Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted to conduct performance evaluation 
of Phase- I beneficiaries. These instruments were shared with DRDF Project for comments 
and sign-off before field testing and finalization. Later during the field staff training these tools 
were tested through pilot testing and mock exercise. Based on the findings these tools were 
improved and finalized with the project team. 
The data collected was processed in SPSS for analysis. Detail process of data processing 
and analysis is mentioned in later section on data analysis. 
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3.4 Study Limitations 
Some unanticipated realities that the study team had to face during the field operations were 
as follows: - 
a) When field survey was started the team came to know about the reluctance of 
enumerators to take part in the field surveys for the projects financed by INGOs 
especially USAID due to the fear of personal safety as there had been many 
incidents where the field enumerators were threatened while carrying out field 
activities on foreign funded projects. 
b) The enumerators and field workers at Union Council level were hugely engaged by 
Punjab government for voter’s census for the upcoming local body elections. 
c) During Performance Evaluation a number of identified AITs and farmers refused to 
talk or were not available in the given location, therefore, alternate AITs and farmers 
were identified for interviews/ data collection which resulted in delays. 
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4. Survey Execution 
The survey team first undertook household listing. During this exercise the teams identified
treatment and control households, obtained initial information regarding the households. This 
helped the survey teams to locate these households during the baseline survey and later 
during the end line survey. 
The survey teams were hired from the targeted districts as being local the teams were well 
conversant with the custom-culture, demographics and local communities. 
The survey teams were closely monitored at all levels. For example, each survey team was 
managed and supervised by the field supervisor and monitoring team. The purpose of this 
arrangement was to ensure quality of quantitative data collection. 
The monitoring team would randomly select filled forms and re-visited household to validate 
the information gathered by the field enumerators. 
4.1 Field Team Training 
Training of field enumerators 
Before the data collection exercise, a training was organized for the enumerators and field 
supervisors representing each district. This training covered concept development and 
questions understanding, mock exercise, feedback and concept rebuilding. The training was 
conducted at Multan on 24th may, 2015, this location was selected due to the central location 
and easy access for the enumerators. Training material for each session was prepared and 
shared with the trainees. Prior to commencement of the training sessions, detailed training 
plans were developed and shared with Dairy Project. The training mainly focused on the 
following: 
1. Understanding of community data gathering Guidelines 
2. Mock-up Sessions 
3. Area Reconnaissance and Participant Selection 
Training of Data Entry Operators 
During the inception phase data entry operators and data coder was selected who participated 
in the training session held at Islamabad on 15th June -, the objective of the training was to 
impart a clear understanding of the program interventions, Survey tools and their objectives 
and to ensure meticulous data entry. This training workshop was managed through three 
modules. 
Module 1: Survey Understanding 
Module 2: Data Entry 
Module 3: Data Cleaning 
4.2 Field Team Deployment/ Data Collection 
As part of the survey design phase and upon finalization of required instruments, detailed data 
collection guidelines for each section and question of the instrument (s) was developed and 
shared with the enumerators during detailed orientation/training session. These guidelines 
were implemented in the field by the enumerators under close supervision of field supervisors. 
Accompanied Visit, Spot checks and back checks for data quality assurance were 
performed by survey manager, regional coordinator, supervisor and project team leader. The 
Field Supervisors (FSs) continually trained the enumerators throughout the assignment. They 
were accompanied with enumerator’s teams during the interview until completely confident 
that all members are able to handle the task on their own. 
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A daily debriefing session was held at each regional office at the end of each day. The field 
team performed data editing and data validation tasks. The teams swapped their filled 
instruments and cross-checked each other’s work. Marked envelops having filled out 
questionnaires were dispatched to the centralized Data Management Hub in Islamabad, by 
the field supervisor. 
4.3 Data Validation 
Data quality assurance was insured by:
Measurement Error: As part of the Quality Assurance Mechanism, all measurement errors 
were be minimized through concept building exercise, mock exercise, and data collection 
guidelines and accompanied interviews.
Transcription Error: Transcription error were minimized using data validation checklists. The 
Enumerators validated the collected information before handing it over to the Field Supervisors 
(FS). The FS again reviewed all questionnaires before dispatching them to the centralized 
Data Entry Hub. Any discrepancy in the filled instruments was adjusted using logic, predefined 
guidelines, enumerators’ knowledge and respondents were contacted via phone and revisited 
for collection of missing information. 
Unrepresentative Sampling: To avoid this error, sample was selected from each defined 
strata with approved proportion. Field supervisors and field monitoring teams ensured that 
data was collected as per the approved sampling plan and proportion. 
Survey Instrument: Survey instrument was validated during mock exercise and pilot testing. 
To ensure data reliability, detailed guidelines were developed, specific instruction for each 
question was devised on receipt of survey questionnaire. 
4.4 Data Processing / Cleaning 
A specialized data entry program was developed in SPSS in line with the quantitative form to 
feed in the data collected in the field. This was shared with Dairy Project to comment and 
finalize before the commencement of the survey. 
4.5 Data Analysis - Report 
The data collected in the field was randomly checked by the field supervisors for completion. 
This data was sent to Islamabad for data feeding and analysis. Consultants proposed SPSS 
for data feeding and analysis. 
The field supervisor and monitors ensured cleaning of data at field level through checking 
completeness of forms, consistency and logical flow of information. This saved time while data 
feeding. 
The data entry operators received clean forms to be processed in the SPSS. To ensure quality 
of data feeding double data entry method was adopted. Following steps were be undertaken 
for data analysis and report writing: 
 Indexing of questionnaire 
 Double data entry 
 Post-entry verification 
 Perform Data Analysis 
 Consistency Check 
 Technical review of data analysis and final datasets 
 Draft report 
The findings of the study are given in the section below. 
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5. Findings 
The finding of the Performance Evaluation survey could be clubbed into three main categories: 
1. Women Livestock Extension Worker
2. Artificial Insemination Technicians 
3. Farmers 
5.1 Women Livestock Extension Workers 
Section Summary: 
Under the project 5,015 WLEWs were trained in first three years to provide basic animal 
treatment and animal feed at farmers door step. All trainees were provided with a support kit 
to kick-start businesses in order to ensure better earnings. To conduct this performance 
evaluation a sample of 324 WELWs were selected from the total of 5015 trained WELWs as 
per the following distribution within districts: 
Vehari Lodhran Multan Muzaffargarh Bahawalpur Khanewal Total
100 19 94 21 30 60 324
A summary of findings of the performance evaluation of WELWs is given as under: - 
Out of the total WLEWs consulted 94 % of have completed their education at least up to 
middle level with majority (34%) having matriculation a few (0.3%) with higher education up to 
Masters. 
Although marriage not being an important criteria, however, 60% of the respondents are 
married. Culturally the married women are more active and have less mobility restrictions as 
compared to young unmarried women. 
As expected the age group of 20-30 years (67%) is much active being 27 years average for 
all the WELWs interviewed. The average household size of the respondents is 7.7 with equal 
number of male members of the household. 
Regarding source of income of the WELWs one third the workers reported health treatment 
services as the main source of income whereas 28 % of the workers reported sale of animal 
feed as the main source. About 19% WELWs mentioned both health treatment and feed sale 
to be main sources of income. There are about 16 percent of workers reported no source of 
income. 
About 78 % of the women trained as WELWs identify themselves as Livestock Extension 
Workers whereas 11 % as Livestock Health Workers and Livestock Business Entrepreneurs. 
Less than half (45%) of the workers reported as active workers after their training and 
subsequent association with DRDF project. When the remaining 55%inactive WELWs were 
asked to express reasons as why they are not active, 32 % of the inactive workers reported 
that this was not a profitable business, 25% said that they got married and another 20 % 
mentioned social constraints as main reason for being inactive. Out of the all respondents 
76% workers are maintaining records on regular basis. 
More than half of the WELWs (58%) are providing services for treatment of animal diseases. 
At an average 6 animals are treated for diarrhoea and Tympani each every month by a single 
WELW whereas, de-worming services are provided to 25 animals and vaccination services to 
45 animals in one month. At an average, workers are charging Rs. 218 to treat one animal for 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 15 | P a g e
diarrhoea, Rs. 211 for treatment of Tympani, Rs 257 for De-worming an animal and Rs 274 
for vaccinating one animal with variation of rates in all the districts 
Regarding expenses on different services by the WELWs, it was learnt that at an average, 
worker spends Rs. 828 per month on providing vaccination services and Rs. 637 on provision 
of De-worming services. Workers monthly expenses for providing Tympani treatment services 
are Rs. 405. Workers also spend Rs 382 per month for providing treatment of Diarrhoea. 
After excluding expenses on the services provided by the WELWs the average monthly 
income of workers from provision of vaccination services is about Rs 1,712, for De-worming 
services Rs. 1,207 and Rs. 980 and Rs. 747 for providing treatment of Tympani and Diarrhoea 
respectively. 
Selling animal feed is also part of the WELWs services. Almost 57 % of the active workers sell 
animal feed whereas 55% of active workers sell Vanda only 9% sell Mineral Mix feed. At an 
average, a worker sells 95 kilograms of Vanda and 101 kilograms of Mineral Mix in one day. 
On an average an active worker is providing services to 1.7 villages. More than 43 % of 
workers do not serve any village, less than 20 percent of workers reported serving one village 
and 20 percent reported providing service to two villages. 
Estimated number of farmers who approach WELWs for services from the villages is 84 and 
average number of farmers serviced by active workers is 32 in month. Almost all of the active 
workers reported to have developed confidence of framers regarding provision of solutions to 
the health issues of their animals as 63% reported that the farmers consider them as a reliable 
source in providing animal health and nutrition services. 
All the workers have established linkages with input suppliers where ever available. Almost 
74 % of workers do not have any supplier in their area, 8% have one supplier, 10 % reported 
having access to 2 suppliers and 8 % reported three or more suppliers. Availability of suppliers 
varies across districts. More than half of the workers received training on business practices 
and book keeping. Regarding problems faced while doing their job, 43% of workers reported 
that there job was not viewed with as favourable in the society. Almost 37% reported that they 
had restricted mobility and another 30 % had restrictions on talking to men. 
Media campaign reaches up to 56% of the active workers. The main source of information on 
dairy farming is social mobilizers (64%) followed by radio (23%) and television (16%). Of those 
who got information on dairy farming through media campaign, 57 % rated it good and another 
33 % rated it fair. On average, DRDF has organized 1.4 meetings, 64% workers reported that 
no follow-up meeting was organized by DRDF, 18% workers reported one or two meetings 
and 9% reported 5 or more meetings. About 63% of workers reported the existence of cluster 
formation in the area, 90% of active workers got the cluster membership and regularly 
participated in the meetings. 
5.1.1 Respondent Level of Education 
A large majority (94%) of WLEWs have completed at least 8 years of schooling. Educational 
attainment varies among districts. All of the respondents from Multan, Muzaffargarh and 
Bahawalpur and about 90 % from Vehari, Lodhran and Khanewal have completed at least 8 
years of schooling. 
Table 5.1-1: Percent Distribution of Workers by Level of Education 
Level of 
Education Illiterate Up to 
Primary Middle High 
School Intermediate B.A/B.Sc M.A/M.Sc Total
Total 0.00% 5.90% 28.70% 34.60% 22.20% 8.30% 0.30% 100%
5.1.2 Respondent Marital Status and age 
Sixty percent of the workers are married. Proportion of married workers is the highest in 
Muzaffargarh (67 %) and the lowest in Bahawalpur (47 %) among all districts. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 16 | P a g e
It is a general perception that married women have higher mobility therefore; higher proportion 
of married women will be active workers. However, when monitoring data was analysed, it 
was learnt that marriage had no influence on the overall performance of the workers. 
The average age 27 years. Workers in Vehari are older (28 years of age) and are younger in 
Lodhran (23 years old) among the districts. 
Three in four workers are between 20 to 30 years of age. More than 84 % of workers from 
Lodhran are between 20 to 30 years of age which is the highest percentage among all districts. 
Overall, household size is 7.7. The average number of male members and female members 
in a household is almost the same. While comparing household size among districts, it is clear 
that household size in Vehari (11.3) is the largest followed by Muzaffargarh (8.6) among all 
districts. On the other hand, household size in Lodhran (4.7) which is the smallest among 
districts.
5.1.3 Sources of Income 
One third the workers reported health treatment services as the main source of income, 28 
%sale of animal feed, 19% health treatment and feed sale as the main source of income. 
About 16 % of workers reported no source of income. 
The workers who reported health treatment as the main source of income are 74 % in Lodhran. 
Sale of animal feed is the main source of income for 53 % of the workers in Khanewal. 
Surprisingly, 60 % of the workers from Bahawalpur and 38 % from Muzaffargarh had no source 
of income. Main sources of income in target districts is given in the below table. 
Table 5.1-2: Percent Distribution of Respondents by source of income 
Source
Health 
Treatment
Feed 
Sale Both
Family 
Income
Stitching 
the 
Cloths
No 
Income Total N
Overall 32.7 27.5 18.5 4.9 0.6 15.7 100 322
A large majority (78 %) of the workers are Livestock extension workers whereas 11 % each 
work as Livestock Health workers and Livestock Business Entrepreneurs. 
All of the workers from Muzaffargarh and Khanewal and 90% and 94% from Bahawalpur and 
Multan respectively are livestock extension workers. It is interesting to note that 25% of 
workers in Vehari district work as Livestock Health workers and another 33% work as 
Business Entrepreneurs because this category does not exist in other districts. Only 45 % of 
the workers reported as active workers. Proportion of active workers varies substantially 
across districts. Proportion of active workers is the highest in Vehari (93 %) among all 
districts and the lowest in Multan from where only 9 % active workers are reported. 
When workers were asked why they are not active, 32 percent of the workers reported that 
this was not a profitable business. Twenty seven percent reported that they got married and 
another 20 percent mentioned social constraints as main reason for being inactive. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 17 | P a g e
Figure 5.1-1: Reasons for being inactive 
Among active LHWs three in four workers are maintaining records on regular basis. All of the 
workers in Khanewal are maintaining their record however, only 45 % of workers in 
Bahawalpur are maintaining record. 
5.1.4 Animal Treatment 
About 58 % of the workers are providing services for treatment of animal diseases. All most 
all of the workers from Lodhran and Bahawalpur and 82 % each from Muzaffargarh and 
Khanewal are treating farm animal diseases. However, only 41 % of the workers are providing 
animal treatment services in Vehari. 
About 80 % of the workers reported treatment of Tympani, 71 % are treating Diarrhoea and 
about 67 % each are providing de-worming and vaccination services. District level estimates 
are not meaningful to discuss because number of cases for this variable is negligible. 
Table 5.1-3: Percent of workers who can treat diseases 
Disease Diarrhea Tympani(Gas) Deworming Vaccination
Other 
(Injury 
etc.) N
Overall 71.40% 79.80% 67.90% 66.70% 9.50% 84
On an average, 6 animals each are treated for diarrhoea and Tympani in a month. De-worming 
services are provided to 25 animals and vaccination services to 45 animals in a month. 
Average fee charged by worker for each type of service being provided in presented in table 
7. Tables which suggests that on average, workers are charging Rs. 218 to treat one animal 
for diarrhoea, Rs. 211 for treatment of Tympani, Rs 257 for De-worming an animal and Rs 274 
for vaccinating one animal. 
Workers were asked about their monthly expenses in providing treatment services to local 
farmers. Monthly expenses vary by type of services provided. On average, workers spend Rs. 
828 in a month on providing vaccination services and Rs. 637 on provision of De-worming 
Series1, Not a 
profitable 
business, 
35%, 32%
Series1, Got 
Married, 29%, 
27%
Series1, Social 
Constraints, 
21%, 20%
Series1, Not 
enough 
business, 
15%, 14%
Series1, 
Started other 
business, 4%, 
4%Series1, 
Others, 
3%, 3%
Figure 5:Reasons or being inactive
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 18 | P a g e
services. Workers monthly expenses for providing Tympani treatment services are Rs. 405. 
Workers also spend Rs 382 in a month for providing treatment of Diarrhoea. 
Monthly income of workers who are providing treatment services which indicate that workers 
are earning about Rs 1,712 per month by providing vaccination services and earning Rs. 1,207 
for De-worming services. Workers also earn Rs. 980 and Rs. 747 for providing treatment of 
Tympani and Diarrhoea respectively. 
Table 5.1-4: Average monthly income 
Disease Diarrhea Tympani(Gas) De-worming
Vacci
natio
n
Other
(Injury etc.)
Overall 747 980 1207 1712 254
5.1.5 Animal Feed 
Overall, 57 % of the active workers sell animal feed out of which 55% sell Vanda and only 9 
% sell Mineral Mix feed. 
Proportion of active workers selling animal feed varies from district to district. About 82 % of 
the active workers from Lodhran sell feed which is the highest percent among all districts. On 
the other hand, only 9 % of the active workers sell animal feed which is the lowest among all 
districts. Very few active workers sell Mineral Mix in all districts except Lodhran where 73 % 
of the active workers are involved in Mineral Mix sale. Percent of currently active workers who 
sell animal feed is presented in the table below. 
Table 5.1-5: Percent of Currently active Workers selling Feed 
Feed type Vanda Mineral Mix Any of above N
Overall 54.50% 9.00% 56.60% 145
Workers who are selling Vanda, were asked about the available quantity of Vanda, average 
daily sale and average daily income from sale of Vanda. Workers reported that on an average, 
813 kilograms of Vanda is available to a worker. Quantity of Vanda available to a worker varies 
across districts. Workers from Vehari reported that they had 1,051 kgs of Vanda which the 
highest quantity available to a worker among all districts. 
On an average worker sells 95 kilograms of Vanda in a day. Daily sale of Vanda does vary 
among districts. Average daily sale of Vanda is 329 kilograms in Lodhran which the highest 
daily sale among all districts and only one kilogram as reported by workers from Bahawalpur 
which is the lowest among districts. 
Average daily income of workers from sale of Vanda is Rs. 1,388. Average daily income is Rs. 
1,725 in Vehari – the highest among district and Rs. 40 in Bahawalpur which is the lowest 
among districts. 
Workers who are selling Mineral Mix, were asked about the available quantity of Mineral Mix, 
average daily sale and average daily income from sale of Mineral Mix. Workers reported that 
on an average, 179 kilograms of Mineral Mix is available to a worker. Quantity of Mineral Mix 
available to a worker varies across districts. Workers from Vehari reported that they had 800 
kgs of Mineral Mix which the highest quantity available to a worker among all districts. 
On average, a worker sells 101 kilograms of Mineral Mix in a day. Daily sale of Mineral Mix 
does vary among districts. Average daily sale of Mineral Mix is 450kilograms in Multan which 
the highest daily sale among all districts and 2 kilograms as reported by workers from 
Muzaffargarh which is the lowest among districts. 
Average daily income of workers from sale of Mineral Mix is Rs. 428. Average daily income is 
Rs. 500 each in Vehari and Khanewal and between Rs. 442 to 450 in Lodhran and Multan. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 19 | P a g e
5.1.6 Extension Service Outreach 
On an average, an active worker is providing services to 1.7 villages. Average number of 
villages served by a worker varies from district to district. In Muzaffargarh an active worker is 
providing services to 3.5 villages which the largest number being served among all districts. 
Surprisingly, more than 43 % of trained workers do not serve any village. Slightly less than 20 
% of workers reported serving one village and 20 percent reported service to two villages. 
Ninety one percent of the workers in Bahawalpur and 55 % workers in Muzaffargarh do not 
serve any village. One the other hand, 36 % workers from Muzaffargarh provide services to 3 
or more villages. 
Table 5.1-6: Percent distribution of Currently Active Workers by Number of Villages served 
Number 
of 
Villages None
One 
Village
Two 
villages
Three or 
more Total
Mean 
number 
of 
Villages N
Overall 43.40% 19.30% 20.00% 17.20% 100.00% 1.7 145
On an average, the number of farmers from the villages is 84 and average number of farmers 
served by active workers is 32 in a month. 
Number of estimated farmers in the area served by an active worker in Muzaffargarh is 827 
which is the highest amongst all districts. On the other hand, average number of farmers 
served by an active worker is 31 in Lodhran which the lowest number amongst all districts. 
On an average, one worker serves 32 farmers. Workers in Muzaffargarh serve 181 farmers 
and this is the highest number among all districts. Less than three workers are being served 
by an active worker in Lodhran district. 
Almost all of the workers are able to develop the confidence of framers that she can provide 
solution to the health issues of their animals. All of the workers from Vehari, Muzaffargarh, 
Bahawalpur and Khanewal were approached by the farmers for consultation and advice on 
animal health and nutrition. 
Almost all of the active workers had established linkage with input suppliers. All of the workers 
from all districts except Multan reported linkages with input providers. Figure 5.1-11 below 
give an overview of the district wise linkages. 
When active workers were asked how their services were perceived by farmers, 63 % replied 
that the farmers consider them as a reliable source in providing animal health and nutrition 
services. 
Districts vary substantially in this regard. Ninety one percent of workers from Lodhran 
mentioned that they were considered as reliable source and this proportion is the highest 
among all districts. Whereas only 9 percent of active workers each from Bahawalpur and 
Khanewal are perceived as reliable source. 
About three in four active workers had no suppliers in their area. Which suggests that on 
average, less than one supplier exists in an active worker’s area. Workers in Lodhran and 
Muzaffargarh reported about two suppliers in their areas and workers from Bahawalpur 
reported none. 
Overall, 74 % of workers do not have any supplier in their area. Eight percent reported one 
supplier, 10 %reported two suppliers and 8 %reported three or more suppliers. Availability of 
suppliers varies across districts. None of the workers from Bahawalpur reported presence of 
suppliers in their areas. On the other hand, 82 % of workers from Lodhran reported existence 
of suppliers in their area. 
More than half of the workers received training on business practices and book keeping. All of 
the workers from Bahawalpur received training on business practices and book keeping. A 
large majority of workers from Lodhran (91 %) and Multan (88 %) received training. However, 
only 27 % of workers from Muzaffargarh were trained on business practices and bookkeeping. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 20 | P a g e
Active workers reported problems faced regarding their job, 43 % of workers reported that 
there job was not looked at favourably in the society. Thirty seven percent reported that they 
had restricted mobility and another 30 % had restrictions on talking to men. More than one￾fifth or workers did not get fee from farmers and same percentage of workers mentioned 
presence of other service providers like veterinary officers etc. in the area. 
A large majority of workers from Lodhran (91 %), Muzaffargarh (91 %t), Bahawalpur (82 %) 
and Khanewal (82 %) reported that their work was not fully acceptable in the society. Mobility 
related problems were commonly reported from Lodhran, Multan and Khanewal. Non-payment 
of services by the farmers is the highest in Khanewal and Lodhran from where more than half 
of the workers complained about non-payment by farmers. 
Table 5.1-7: Percent distribution of Currently Active Workers by problems faced in performing their 
duties 
Problems
Work is 
not 
looked at 
favorably 
in the 
society
Restrictions 
on mobility
Restrictions 
on talking 
to men
Other 
women 
in their 
Baradri
also 
works
Farmers 
decline 
to pay 
for your 
services
Veterinary 
Officer 
available 
in your 
village N
ove
rall
42.80% 37.20% 30.30% 25.50% 21.40% 24.80% 145
Media campaigns reached up to 56 %of the active workers. All of the workers from Lodhran 
and Bahawalpur and 82 percent from Muzaffargarh have had seen/heard about media 
campaign on dairy farming. On the other hand only few from Khanewal and Vehari reported 
about media campaign. Figure below gives the details on access to media campaigns. 
The main source of information on dairy farming is social mobilizer followed Radio and 
Television. All of the workers who have heard/seen media campaign in Bahawalpur and 
Lodhran reported social mobilizer as the source of information. 
Of those who got information on dairy farming through media campaign, 57 % rated it good 
and another 33 % rated it fair. Khanewal is the only district where respondents rated the 
communication as poor. 
Table 5.1-8: Workers’ Perception about usefulness of program in disseminating information
Usefulness Poor Fair Neutral Good Excellent Total N
Overall 0.70% 33.10% 6.90% 56.60% 2.80% 100.00% 145
On an average DRDF has organized 1.4 meetings. District variation does exist. More meetings 
were organized in Lodhran (5.8) followed by Khanewal (4.3) as compared to other districts. 
No meeting was organized in Muzaffargarh and negligible was organized in Vehari. 
Three in four workers reported no follow-up meeting was organized by DRDF. Eighteen 
percent reported one or two meetings and nine percent reported 5 or more meetings. As 
mentioned, no meeting was organized in Bahawalpur. More than 77 % of the active workers 
from Vehari and half of workers from Multan reported no follow-up meetings. 
Number of meeting organized by DRDF was on average per location was 1.4, but WLEWs 
meet together more than that to establish business and sensitize farmers. Workers have more 
follow-up meetings (3.1) than organized by DRDF (1.4). Workers had more than 7 follow-up 
meeting in Muzaffargarh and more than 3 meeting in Vehari. 
When active workers were asked about the usefulness of these follow-up meeting, more 56 
% rated these meetings as good or excellent. That suggests these are helpful and achieving 
the objectives. All of the active workers from Muzaffargarh and 73 % from Multan rated these 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 21 | P a g e
meetings as good or excellent.70% of active WLEW responded useful information was 
disseminated in the meetings. 
Sixty three percent of workers reported the existence of cluster formation in the area. Ninety 
percent of active workers got the cluster membership and regularly participated in the 
meetings 
Cluster formation is much wide spread in Lodhran and Muzaffargarh compared to other 
districts. It does not exist in any of the active worker’s area in Khanewal. 
Almost all of the workers in Bahawalpur and Vehari had membership and all members regular 
attend cluster meetings in Vehari and Muzaffargarh. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 22 | P a g e
5.2 Artificial Insemination Technicians 
Section Summary 
A total of 2032 AITs were trained and established as small entrepreneurs in first three years 
of the project. Training included a mix of theory, demonstration and practical exercises related 
to insemination and safe handling and maintenance of insemination guns, liquid nitrogen 
cylinders for transporting semen, and other AI supplies and equipment. All 2032 AITs provided 
with a support kit to jump-start their businesses and improve their income. The Dairy and Rural 
Development Foundation also supported in capacity building to enable the AITs in maintaining 
and growing supply chain of a diversified breeding products portfolio to the Project Trained 
AITs. 
For this study a total of 263 AITs were selected out of the total of 2032 with following district 
wise distribution: 
Vehari Lodhran Multan Muzaffargarh Bahawalpur Khanewal Total
40 40 40 62 40 41 263
About 13 percent of AITs are graduates or above with a minimum number (1.1%) having 
primary education and highest (51%) completing high school followed by 29% up to 
intermediate and 9.5% have done graduation. Out of the all people consulted, an average of 
3.4% have attended universities for education up to masters. 
An average of 69 percent of AITs are married. The average age of the AITs is 29 years with 
61% AITs falling in the bracket of 20-30 years followed by 36% in 30-40 years only 1% were 
older than 40 or below 20 years of age. The average household size is 8.5 in the project area 
A Register of activities and progress is maintained by 57% of the AITs. For this evaluation the 
sources of information of income and expenses were) register maintained by 33 %of AITs and 
ii) 67 % used their memory. The record shows that on an average, 12.7 doses of imported and 
33.8 local semen are used in a month. The average number of conceived cases is 9.5 which 
is 75% of imported semen cases. The average monthly cases conceived from use of local 
semen are 26.1 which is 77 % of use of local semen. 
Average fee per imported and local semen case is Rs. 1,102 and Rs. 531. AITs are charging 
more than double free for imported case than local semen case. Average monthly income of 
an AIT from imported semen as well as from local semen is same which is more than Rs. 
11,000 per month after deducting the average monthly expenses of Rs. 4,534 for provision 
imported semen services and Rs. 2,997 for local semen services. 
In addition to service provision for imported and local semen, on average an AIT performs 30 
pregnancy tests in a month and charges Rs. 95 for each test. Average monthly revenue from 
pregnancy tests is Rs. 2,269 and monthly expenses are Rs. 571. 
On average, 5.7 villages with an average of 134 farmers are served by AITs. Regarding 
pregnancy success ratio, 8 % of AITs reported one in one (i.e., pregnancy on first attempt). 
About two-thirds of the AITs reported that pregnancy occurs in second attempt and an 
additional 24 % reported pregnancy occurs in three attempts. Almost all of the AITs reported 
they are considered by the farmers as a reliable service provider in the community. 
About 82 % of the AITs reported having a linkage with semen/LNG supplier in the area where 
available. Overall, 43% of the AITs reported no suppliers in their area, 15% reported one 
supplier and 25 % reported two suppliers in their area and 17% of the AITs reported 3 or more 
suppliers. 
Almost 87% of AITs received training on business practices and book keeping etc. 84% of 
AITs confirmed that the Media campaign reached them. The main source of information on 
dairy farming is social mobilizers followed by radio and television. About 78 % of AITs rated 
the campaign to be good and only 6 % rated it fair. On an average, DRDF has organized 6.8 
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meetings. Less than 14% of the AITs reported no follow-up meeting was organized by DRDF, 
22% reported one or two meetings and 40 % reported 5 or more meetings. Almost 83 % rated 
the follow up meetings as good or excellent. 
5.2.1 Level of Education 
Level of education of AITS is presented in table5.2-1. Data suggest that about 93 percent of 
AITS have completed high school or above. There are about 13 percent of AITs who are 
graduates or above. 
Educational attainments vary across district. Almost all of the AITs from Vehari and 
Muzaffargarh have completed high school or above. Proportion of AITs with higher education 
(Graduation or higher) is the highest in Muzaffargarh (27 percent) followed by Khanewal (19 
percent). 
Table 5.2-1: Respondents by Level of Education 
Level of 
Education Illiterate
Up to 
Primary Middle
High 
School Intermediate B.A/B.Sc. M.A/M.Sc. Total
Total 0.00% 1.10% 5.70% 51.00% 29.30% 9.50% 3.40% 100%
5.2.2 Age Group and Marital Status 
Figure 5.2-1 presents data on marital status of respondents. About 69 % of AITs are married. 
Proportion of married respondents varies across district. Proportion of married AITs is the 
highest in Multan. Sixty three percent of AITs each in Lodhran, Bahawalpur and Khanewal are 
married. 
The average age of the AITs is 29 years. AITs from Vehari are older (31 years) and the 
younger (28 years) in Lodhran compared to other districts. 
A large majority (61 percent) of the respondents are between 20 to 30 years of age. About 36 
percent fall in 30 - 40 years age group. No variation across districts exists. 
The average household size in these project districts is 8.5 with an average number of males 
and females per household. Household size is the largest in Muzaffargarh and the smallest in 
Lodhran. Figure below presents data on household size, mean number of male members and 
mean number of female members in a household. 
5.2.3 Record Maintenance and income 
Performance register is maintained by 57 percent of the AITs. Almost all AITs in Khanewal 
and 85 percent in Lodhran reported maintenance of register. One in tenth of AITs maintains 
register in Multan. Figure below gives district wise details on maintenance of record. 
Data show that, on an average, 12.7% imported and 33.8 % local semen are used in a month. 
Average monthly use of imported semen by AITs is 16.8 doses in Lodhran which is the highest 
among all districts. Use of imported semen is 5.1 doses in Vehari which the lowest among all 
districts. 
Use of local semen is the highest in Bahawalpur where, on an average AITs are using local 
semen in 36 cases per month which is highest among all districts. On the other hand monthly 
use of local semen is the lowest in Multan (11.2 cases) among the districts. 
AITs were asked about average number of conceptions from imported semen. The average 
number of conceived cases is 9.5 which is 75 percent of the total imported semen cases 
suggesting that conception rate of imported semen is 75 percent. Average number of 
conceived case in Lodhran is 13.6 which is the largest among all districts followed by 11 cases 
each in Multan and Khanewal. 
The average monthly cases conceived from use of local semen are 26.1 which is 77 percent 
of the total use of local semen. This suggests that conception rate of local semen is almost 
the same as imported semen. On average, 50 cases of local semen conceived in Muzaffargarh 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 24 | P a g e
which translate in 77 percent conception rate from use of local semen. Only nine cases were 
conceived in Multan. 
Average free per imported and local semen case is Rs. 1,102 and Rs. 531 respectively. AITs 
are charging more than double free for imported semen as compared to local semen case. 
Fee rate for imported semen is Rs. 1,998 in Vehari which is the highest fee rate for imported 
semen among all districts. However AITs in Bahawalpur charge about Rs. 780 per case for 
imported semen. 
AITs in Vehari are charging Rs.1.383 per case of local semen and this fee rate is the highest 
among all districts. On other hand, AITs are charging Rs. 304 for a local semen case in 
Bahawalpur which is the lowest among all districts.
Average monthly income of an AIT from imported semen as well as from local semen is same 
which is more than Rs.11,000 per month. Average monthly expenses are Rs. 4,534 for 
provision imported semen services and Rs. 2,997 for provision of local semen services. 
Average monthly income from imported semen services is almost the same in Lodhran, 
Muzaffargarh and Khanewal where an AITs income ranges between Rs 12000 to 13,400. 
However, AITs monthly income from imported semen is less than Rs. 9,000 in Vehari and 
Bahawalpur. 
Average monthly income from local semen is Rs. 22,800 in Muzaffargarh which is the highest 
earnings among all districts. On the other hand monthly income from local semen in Multan is 
less than Rs. 5,000. 
Average monthly expenses for provision of imported semen services are Rs. 4,534 and for 
local semen is Rs. 571. Monthly expenses on imported semen services is 40 percent of the 
total monthly income from imported semen services and 27 % of the total income in case of 
local semen services. This suggests that there is higher profit margin for local semen 
compared to imported semen cases. 
In addition to service provision for imported and local semen, information was also collected 
on average number of pregnancy tests performed, fee rate for each test and monthly income 
and expenses. On average an AIT performs 30 pregnancy tests in a month and charges Rs. 
95 for each test. Average monthly revenue from pregnancy tests is Rs. 2,269 and monthly 
expenses are Rs. 571.Fee rate for pregnancy test in Multan is Rs. 288 which is the highest 
fee rate among all districts. Average monthly income from pregnancy test services is Rs. 3,114 
in Muzaffargarh which is the highest and earn Rs. 400 in Vehari which is the lowest among all 
districts. 
AITs performance regarding pregnancy tests varies significantly across districts. AITs in 
Bahawalpur performed 34 pregnancy tests in a month which the highest number among all 
districts. On the other hand, 12.5tests are performed by AITs in Multan. 
The sources of information of income and expenses were record register (33 percent of AITs) 
and verbal information (67 percent). 
A large majority (73 %) of AITs in Lodhran used register to provide income/expenses 
information whereas a large majority of AITs from Multan (88 %), Muzaffargarh (84 %) and 
Khanewal (83 %) did not maintain an income and expenses register and used their memory 
to provide the information.
Eighty one percent of the AITs reported follow up with inseminated animals for pregnancy 
tests. All of the AITs in Khanewal and a large majority of AITs from Bahawalpur and Multan 
followed up inseminated animals for pregnancy test whereas only 53 percent of AITs in Vehari 
district dis the same. 
5.2.4 AI Outreach 
On an average 5.7 villages are served by an AIT with an average 567 number of farmers out 
of which 134 are served by AITs. 
Each AIT serves 10 villages in Muzaffargarh which is the highest number of villages served 
among all districts. In other districts, one AIT provides service to 4 to 5 villages. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 25 | P a g e
Average number of farmers per AIT is the highest in Khanewal (2,647) and the lowest in Vehari 
(71). AITs provided services to 357 farmers in Khanewal which is the highest and to 35 farmers 
in Vehari, which is the lowest among all districts. AITs in Khanewal are providing services to 
10 times more farmers than Vehari. 
Table 5.2-2: Average number of Villages and Farmers served by AITs 
Services Villages served (No.) Farmers (No.) Farmers Served (No.) N
Overall 5.7 566.7 134.5 263
When AITs were asked about their view on pregnancy success ratio 8 percent of AITs reported 
one in one (i.e., pregnancy on first attempt). About two-thirds of the AITs reported that 
pregnancy occurs in second attempt and an additional 24 percent reported pregnancy occurs 
in three attempts. 
Table 5.2-3: Success ratio of Pregnancy to Insemination Procedures 
Success 
rate
One in 
One
One in 
Two 
One in 
Three
One in 
Four
One in 
Five Total N
Overall 7.60% 65.40% 24.30% 1.50% 1.10% 100% 263
Almost all of the AITs reported they are considered by the farmers as a reliable service 
provider in the community. This is found to be true for all districts. 
AITs reported their linkages with Semen/LNG suppliers Overall, 82 percent of the AITs 
reported having a linkage with semen/LNG supplier in the area. These linkages are widely 
spread in Lodhran, Bahawalpur and Khanewal. Less than half of the AITs in Vehari reported 
lack of such linkages with semen suppliers. 
On average there are 1.3 semen suppliers per AIT. Overall, 43 percent of the AITs reported 
no suppliers in their area. Fifteen percent reported one supplier and 25 % reported two 
suppliers in their area, 17% of the AITs reported 3 or more suppliers. 
Eighty four percent of AITs from Muzaffargarh and 73 % from Khanewal reported no supplier 
in their areas. Availability of semen suppliers is wide spread in Lodhran, Bahawalpur and to 
some extent in Multan. 
Table 5.2-4: Percent distribution of AITs by number of suppliers 
Suppliers None One Two
Three or 
more Total N
Overall 43.00% 14.80% 25.10% 17.10% 100% 263
A large majority (87 %) of AITs received training on business practices and book keeping. All 
of the AITs from Bahawalpur and Vehari received training on business practices and book 
keeping. A large majority of AITs from Lodhran (93 %), Khanewal (88 %) and Multan (83 %) 
received training. However, only 69 % of AITs from Muzaffargarh were trained on business 
practices and bookkeeping. 
5.2.5 Dairy Project Infomercial for AIs 
Media campaign reaches up to 84 % of the AITs. All of the respondents from Lodhran and 
Bahawalpur and 85% from Khanewal had seen/heard about media campaign on dairy farming. 
About three fourths from Vehari, Multan and Muzaffargarh had heard about media campaign.
The main source of information on dairy farming is social mobilizer followed by Radio and 
Television. Of those AITs who have heard/seen media campaign, all in Bahawalpur, 90 
percent in Lodhran and 84 percent in Muzaffargarh reported Social mobilizer as source of 
information. Radio is playing important role in providing information on dairy farms in Vehari 
and Khanewal district. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 26 | P a g e
Table 5.2-5: Sources of knowledge for Project program on Dairy Farming 
Source
Social 
Mobilizer Radio TV
Street 
Theater
Leaflet / 
pamphlet N
Overall 65.60% 30.30% 27.10% 11.80% 5.00% 221
Of those who got information on dairy farming through media campaign, 78 percent of AITs 
rated it good and only 6 percent rated it fair. 
Table 5.2-6: AITs’ Perception about usefulness of information
Usefulness Poor Fair Neutral Good Excellent Total N
Overall 1.10% 5.70% 16.30% 70.70% 6.10% 100.00% 263
When asked about the usefulness of the follow-up meetings, more than 83 percent rated these 
meetings as good or excellent. This suggests these meetings are helpful and achieving the 
objectives. All of the active AITs from Bahawalpur and 90 percent from Khanewal rated these 
meetings as good or excellent. 
The survey showed that on average, DRDF organized 6.8 meetings. District variation does 
exist. More meetings were organized in Bahawalpur (15.6) followed by Lodhran (7.4) as 
compared to other districts. Less than one meeting was organized in Vehari. 
Less than 14% of the AITs reported no follow-up meeting was organized by DRDF. Twenty 
two percent reported one or two meetings and 40 %reported 5 or more meetings. Two in five 
AITs in Vehari and One in six AITs in Muzaffargarh reported no follow-up meeting organized 
in their districts. 
Average number of follow-up meetings attended by AITs are 5.3. Number of meeting attended 
by AITs in Bahawalpur is 15.3 which is the highest average among all districts. AITs in Vehari 
only attended one meeting. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 27 | P a g e
5.3 Farmers 
Section Summary 
A total of 9,286 farmers were trained on best dairy farm practices, improved feeding and 
animal nutrition, basic level animal health management, farm equipment management, shed 
management, and the importance of improved breeds in first three years of the project. All of 
the trained farmers were provided with a support kit to improve farm management practices 
for increased milk yield and earnings 
To conduct this evaluation a number of 392 trained farmers were selected out of the total with 
following district wise distribution: 
Vehari Lodhran Multan Muzaffargarh Bahawalpur Khanewal Total
118 24 120 20 30 80 392
Out of the total farmers interviewed about 9 percent of the farmers have never been to school 
and 24 % completed primary level. Two thirds of the farmers have completed middle or higher 
level education. 
Overall, almost three in four farmers were married with average age of 32 years, only 4% of 
the farmers are of 20 years or younger. Slightly more than half of the farmers are between 20 
to 30 years of age. There are only 3% of the farmers who are 50 years or older. 
Household size in these districts is 7 with almost equal male to female ration in each 
household. On average, farmers cultivate 6.3 acres of agricultural land out of which more than 
two acres of land is used to grow fodder. Regarding training opportunities almost 40% received 
two days training, more than half received four days training and 5 % received training of at 
least one month. 
Overall, half of the farmers owns Pure (Sahiwal/Cholistan) farm animals, 76% own local and 
22% own cross (European) farm animals breeds. On average, farmers own 4.7 animals of 
pure breed, 5.6 of local breed and 4.6 of cross breed. 
During summer season, 96 % of the farmers are using cultivated fodder for farm animals. The 
second most commonly used fodder is dried fodder which is used by 63 % of farmers. More 
than half of the farmers used ‘Khal’ (53 %) and vanda (52 %) as fodder during summer season. 
One in six farmers also rely on grazing during summer. Of those farmers who reported use of 
Vanda as fodder, 86 % purchase it from open market and 11 % grow their own. Only less than 
3% reported project assisted WLEWs as source of vanda. 
Daily production of milk is higher during winter as compared to summer. On average, 12.4 
litters of milk is produced daily during summer and 16.8 litters during winter. Similarly, more 
milk is consumed during winter as compared to summer. On average a farmer consumes 5.2 
litters of milk in a day during winter and 4.1 litters during summer. 
About 63 % of farmers rated the Dairy Development Project as good or excellent. However, 
few (8%) were not happy with project’s services. About 63% percent of the farmers sell milk 
to Gawala and only one percent sell milk to processing industry. One in nine farmers does not 
sell milk. 
Between 27 to 42 % of farmers reported having good knowledge about animal diseases. On 
the other hand, 25 % of farmers reported poor knowledge about animal diarrhoea, parasitic 
infestation, and mastitis and ND vaccination. Framers reported that on an average 3.7 animals 
of pure breed, 2.2 animals of local breed and 2.4 animals of cross breed got vaccinated during 
last one year. Foot and Mouth has been the common disease among all types of animal 
breeds. 
Natural as well as artificial insemination breeding methods are equally popular among farmers 
as 67% of the farmers reported using artificial insemination and 66% of the farmers are using 
natural insemination method. Every third farmers reported use of both methods of breeding. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 28 | P a g e
A large majority of farmers also reported having knowledge about the presence of artificial 
insemination technician in their area. 
As farmers’ knowledge of AIT s i.e. 82 % the same number of farmers also use artificial 
insemination services. 
The main reason for not using artificial insemination services, is the non-availability of AI 
services in the area. A large majority of farmers preferred local semen for breeding purposes. 
Farmers who used services of AITs are satisfied with these services as 89% of the farmers 
showed satisfaction. 
Almost all of the farmers reported knowledge of De-worming and Vaccination of animals. A 
large majority of farmers had knowledge of artificial insemination usage of imported and local 
semen, natural matting, animal’s free access to water, and use of vanda as fodder. 
About 62 % of farmers know about silage making and shed improvement as farm practices. 
Knowledge of other farm practices including De-worming (89%), vaccination (90%), and 
natural matting (86%).Similarly, vanda feeding, artificial insemination through usage of 
imported and local semen is practiced by 70 to 75 % of farmers. However silage making is 
practiced by 10 %, shed improvement by18% and data recording of farm animals by 27 % of 
farmers. Major investment is made to shed improvement and on an average each farmer 
invested Rs. 11,957 on shed improvement, Rs. 4,770 on silage making and Rs. 4,231 on 
arranging free water access to animals. Consultation with silage making technician is only 16 
percent. 
The large part of monthly income during summer as well as winter comes from sale of milk as 
farmers are earning more from sale of milk during winter as compared to summer. Average 
monthly income from sale of milk during winter is Rs. 19,025 which is Rs. 3,596 more than 
they earn during summer. Similarly, expenditure on milk during winter is Rs. 7,064 which are 
Rs. 1,222 more than in summer. Farmers earn RS. 2,818 during summer and earn Rs. 3,500 
during winter from sale of butter. Expenses incurred in production of butter are Rs. 500 during 
summer and Rs. 1,000 during winter. The increase in monthly income after receiving training 
is less than Rs. 1000 for 39 percent of the farmers and Rs 3,000 or more for 33 percent of the 
farmers. 
A large majority of farmers have heard about media campaign. The main source of information 
on dairy farming is social mobilizer followed television and radio. Of those who got information 
on dairy farming through media campaign 68 % of farmers rated it good or excellent and on 
the other hand, 24 % rated disseminated programs as poor to fair. 
DRDF has organized 3.1 meetings at an average in all districts which were rated as good or 
excellent by 66% of farmers. That suggests these were helpful and achieved the objectives. 
5.3.1 Farmer’s Level of Education 
During the survey it was revealed that 9 % of the farmers have never been to school and 24 
% completed primary level. Two thirds of the farmers have completed middle or higher level 
education. Farmers’ educational background varies among districts, in Vehari, 18 % of the 
farmers have never been to school. All of the farmers from Muzaffargarh and 89 % in 
Khanewal have completed at least middle level schooling.
Table 5.3-1: Percent Distribution of Farmers by Level of Education 
Level of 
Education Illiterate
Up to 
Primary Middle
High 
School Intermediate B.A/B.Sc. M.A/M.Sc. Total
Total 9.20% 23.70% 36.50% 21.70% 3.80% 4.10% 1.00% 100%
5.3.2 Marital Status, age group and family size 
Overall, almost three in four farmers are married. Proportion of married farmers is the highest 
in Multan (91 %) and the lowest in Khanewal (38 %).
Average age of farmers in the target districts is 32 years. Older farmers are reported from 
Multan (34 years) and younger farmers are from Khanewal (26 years). Only 4 percent of the 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 29 | P a g e
farmers are of 20 years or younger. Slightly more than half of the farmers are between 20 to 
30 years of age. There are 3 % of the farmers who are 50 years or older. 
Proportion of very young (up to 20 years of age) farmers is the highest (8 %) in Lodhran and 
is the lowest (none) in Muzaffargarh and Bahawalpur. Older farmers (50 years or above) are 
more prevalent in in Bahawalpur among all districts. 
Figure 5.3-2 presents data on household size, mean number of male members and mean 
number of female members in a household. Household size in these districts is 7. Household 
size is the largest in Vehari and the smallest in Muzaffargarh. Distribution of males and 
females in a household is almost the same. 
5.3.3 Land Available for Cultivation & Reserved for Fodder 
On average, farmers cultivate 6.3 acres of agricultural land. Agricultural landholding size 
slightly varies across districts. Farmers in Muzaffargarh cultivate more land (8.4 acres) 
compared to others districts. Farmers in Vehari, Bahawalpur and Khanewal reported smaller 
landholding size. 
On average, more than two acres of land is used to grow fodder. This is the highest in Multan 
(3.1 acres) ad lowest in Khanewal (1.4 acres). 
5.3.4 Trainings of Farmers 
When farmers were asked about type of training they had received, 40 % replied that they 
received two days training. More than half received four days training and 5 %t received 
training of at least one month. 
A large proportion of the farmers in Bahawalpur, Muzaffargarh and Multan received 4 days 
training. Two days training was more commonly reported from Khanewal and one-months 
training from Lodhran. 
Figure 5.3-1: Farmers by type of training received 
5.3.5 Animal Ownership 
Overall, half of the farmers own Pure (Sahiwal/Cholistan) farm animals, 76 % own local and 
22 % own cross (European) farm animals. Ownership of type of farm animals varies among 
districts e.g. ownership of pure (Sahiwal/Cholistan) animals is much higher in Muzaffargarh 
(85 %) and Khanewal (84 %) whereas ownership of Desi farm animals is more prevalent in 
Multan (97 %), Lodhran (88 %) and Vehari (85 %). Farmers in Lodhran have large proportion 
of all three types of animals i.e. pure (79 %), local (88 %) and Cross (83 %) of farm animals. 
Two Days
40% Four Days
55%
1 Month
5%
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Figure 5.3-2Type of animal ownership by percentage of farmers 
Those farmers who reported ownership of each type of animals, were asked about the number 
of animals owned by the farmers. On average, farmers own 4.7 animals of pure breed, 5.6 of 
local breed and 4.6 of cross breed. Farmers in Bahawalpur own 8.8 animals of pure breed, 
11.9 animals of local breed and 17.4 animals of cross breed. Number of animals for each 
breed owned by the farmers in Bahawalpur is the highest number among all the districts. 
About two animals each of pure and local breed are for milk purposes and 1.7 cross animals 
are for milk purposes. 
5.3.6 Fodder Used 
A large majority of farmers reported feeding animals according to the weight of the animal. All 
farmers from Bahawalpur and Khanewal reported this practice. However, only 55 percent of 
farmers from Muzaffargarh fed their animals according to animals’ weight. 
During summer season, 96 % of the farmers are using cultivated fodder for farm animals. The 
second most commonly used fodder is dried fodder which is used by 63 % of farmers. More 
than half of the farmers used ‘Khal’ (53 %) and vanda (52 %) as fodder during summer season. 
One in six farmers also relies on grazing during summer. 
District variation exists in use of fodder type during summer. All of the framers from Lodhran, 
Multan, Bahawalpur and Khanewal reported use of cultivated fodder whereas 87 percent 
farmers in Vehari are using it. Use of khal as fodder is also much higher in Bahawalpur (100 
percent), Khanewal (99 percent) and Lodhran (79 percent) compared to other districts. Use of 
Vanda is the highest (93 percent) in Bahawalpur and the lowest (21 percent) in Khanewal. 
There is no variation is use of fodder between summer and winter seasons.
Table 5.3-2: Type of Fodder usage in summer, winter and both 
Fodder 
Type
Cultivate
d Fodder
Collecte
d Fodder
Purchase
d Fodder Grazing Khal Vanda
Silahe/Ha
y
Nutritio
n Mix
Dried 
Fodder
Summer 95.70% 4.10% 8.70% 16.30% 53.10% 51.50% 5.10% 6.60% 62.50%
Winter 95.40% 2.80% 8.70% 12.00% 57.40% 50.30% 5.40% 7.40% 62.20%
Both 
seasons 95.90% 4.30% 9.90% 17.60% 60.50% 54.10% 5.90% 8.70% 62.20%
Of those farmers who reported use of Vanda as fodder, 86 percent buy it from open market 
and 11 percent grow their own. Only less than 3 percent reported project assisted WLEWs as 
source of vanda. Almost all of the farmers in Vehari (98 percent), Muzaffargarh (100 percent) 
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Pure Local Cross
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and Bahawalpur (96 percent) purchase vanda from open market. However, 64 percent of the 
farmers in Lodhran produce their own vanda. WLEWs are the source of vanda supply for 24 
percent of farmers in Khanewal. 
5.3.7 Milk Production, Selling & Self Consumption 
Data suggests that daily production of milk is higher during winter compared to summer. On 
average, 12.4 litters of milk are produced daily during summer and 16.8 litters during winter. 
Similarly, more milk is consumed during winter as compared to summer. On average, a farmer 
consumes 5.2 litters of milk in a day during winter and 4.1 litters during summer. 
Districts differ in daily production and consumption of milk. Farmers from Bahawalpur reported 
20 litters of milk produced in a day during summer and 28 litters during winter. The daily 
production of milk during summer and winter in Bahawalpur is the highest daily production 
among all districts. 
Figure 5.3-3 Average quantity of milk produced and consumed in summer and winter in Kgs 
5.3.8 Milk Selling 
Sixty three percent of the farmers sell milk to Gawala and only 1% sells this milk processing 
industry. One in nine farmers does not sell milk. 
Table 5.3-3: Places where Farmers sell milk 
Places
Processing 
Industry Gawala
At 
Home
Not 
Selling Total N
Overall 1.30% 62.80% 24.70% 11.20% 100.00% 392
5.3.9 Knowledge about Animal’s Basic Health 
Farmers were asked about level of knowledge regarding animal diseases, 27 to 42 percent of 
farmers reported having good knowledge about animal disease. On the other hand, 25 percent 
of farmers reported poor knowledge about animal diarrhoea, parasitic infestation, and mastitis 
and ND vaccination. 
5.3.10 Livestock Common Diseases 
On average, one animal each from pure and local breed and less than one animal from cross 
breed suffered from disease during the last one year. The variation among districts is minimal. 
Framers reported that 3.7 animals of pure breed, 2.2 animals of local breed and 2.4 animals 
of cross breed got vaccinated during last one year. 
Data suggest that the most common disease among animals of all breeds is foot and mouth 
disease. Analysis of data suggests that 81 percent of sick animal of pure breed and 76 percent 
of the sick animals of local breed suffered because of foot and mouth disease. 
0
5
10
15
20
Summer Winter
Produce Self Consumption
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5.3.11 Breeding Practices 
Natural as well as artificial insemination breeding methods are equally popular among farmers. 
67 percent of the farmers reported using artificial insemination and equal percentage (66 
percent) of the farmers are using natural insemination method. Every third farmers reported 
use of both methods of breeding. 
Use of breeding methods varies across districts. Use of both breeding methods is much more 
common in Muzaffargarh, Lodhran and Vehari. Farmers in Khanewal are predominantly rely 
on artificial method and farmers in Multan are mostly use natural insemination method. 
Table 5.3-4: Farmers by Breeding Practices 
Breeding 
Method
Natural 
Insemination
Artificial 
Insemination Both Total N
Overall 32.40% 34.20% 33.40% 100.00% 392
5.3.12 Access to WLEW Services 
Seventy percent of farmers reported access to WLEWs services. All of the farmers from 
Bahawalpur and Khanewal reported access to WLEWs services. Only 30 percent of farmers 
from Muzaffargarh and 39 percent from Vehari had access to WLEWs services. 
When farmers were asked to rate DRDF services, 63 percent of farmers rated as good or 
excellent, however, few (8 percent) seems not happy with DRDF services. 
All of the farmers from Bahawalpur and 96 percent from Khanewal enjoyed DRDF services 
and rated as good to excellent. However, farmers in Vehari seem less happy because only 
one-third of the farmers rated DRDF services as good or excellent. 
Figure 5.3-4 Rating of DRDF services 
5.3.13 AIT Service Availability 
A large majority of farmers know about presence of artificial insemination technician in the 
area. All of the farmers from Bahawalpur, Khanewal and Multan reported availing services of 
AIT in their area. However, 40 and 45 percent of farmers from Vehari and Muzaffargarh 
respectively did not know about artificial insemination services in the area. 
Similar to farmers’ knowledge of AIT services, a large majority (82 percent) of farmers used 
artificial insemination services. Use of these services are universal in Bahawalpur, Khanewal 
and Multan districts. Use of AI services is also low in Muzaffargarh. 
8%
20%
9% 59%
4%
Poor Fair Neutral Good Excellent
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The main reason for not using artificial insemination services, is the non-availability of AI 
services in the area. 
5.3.14 Preference regarding Local or Imported Semen 
A large majority of farmers preferred local semen for breeding purposes. However, this 
preference varies among districts. Almost all of the farmers from Khanewal and 93 percent 
from Vehari preferred local semen for breeding. However, preference for imported semen also 
exists in Bahawalpur (43 percent) and 20 to 29 percent in Multan, Lodhran and Muzaffargarh. 
Figure 5.3-5: Percent distribution of Farmers by Preferred Semen 
Farmers who used AIT services were very satisfied with these services. A total of89 percent 
of the farmers mentioned that AITs services are satisfactory and useful. All of the workers from 
all districts except Vehari were satisfied with the AI services received. Two in three farmers 
reported that AI services they received are satisfactory and useful. 
5.3.15 Knowledge regarding farm practices 
Farmers’ knowledge about most of the farm practices as is quite high. Almost all of the farmers 
reported knowledge of de-worming and vaccination of animals. A large majority of farmers had 
knowledge of artificial insemination using imported and local semen, natural matting, animal’s 
free access to water, and use of vanda as fodder. 
About 62 percent of farmers knew about silage making and shed improvement as farm 
practices. Farmers from all districts except Muzaffargarh are knowledgeable about farm 
practice. 
5.3.16 Types of Farm Practices Currently in use 
Use of farm practice is also widespread. The farm practices which are used by large majority 
of farmers are; de-worming (89 percent), vaccination (90 percent), and natural matting (86 
percent). 
Similarly, vanda feeding to animals, artificial insemination using imported semen and local 
semen is practiced by 70 to 75 % of farmers. However a few practice silage making (10 
percent), shed improvement (18 percent) and data recording of farm animals (27 percent). 
Use of farm practices varies across districts e.g. de-worming and vaccination is reported by 
all of farmers from Lodhran, Bahawalpur, Khanewal and Multan. However, de-worming and 
vaccination is practiced by about three fourths of the farmers in Vehari and 67 percent and 54 
percent of farmers respectively in Muzaffargarh. 
7%
21% 29% 20%
43%
1%
17%
93%
79% 71% 80%
57%
99%
83%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Vehari Lodhran Multan Muzaffargarh Bahawalpur Khaniwal Overall
Imported Local
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Figure 5.3-6 Types of Farm Practices 
The major investment is done on shed improvement. On average, farmer invested Rs. 11,957 
on shed improvement. Framers spent Rs. 4,770 on silage making and Rs. 4,231 on arranging 
free water access to animals. 
Investment vary by type of practice and district. On average, farmers in Khanewal spent Rs. 
35,637 on shed improvement and Rs. 12,257 on providing free water access to animals in 
district Vehari. 
Figure 5.3-7 Average investment by type of Farm Practices 
High cost of farm practices is the main impediment in its use. For example, 61 percent of 
farmers are not using de-worming because it is too costly. High cost is mentioned as main 
reason for non-use of vaccination service (59 percent), silage making (52 percent), vanda 
feeding (69 percent), not use of imported semen (74 percent) and local semen (56 percent). 
The main reason mentioned by farmer for not recording data of farm animals is the shortage 
of time available with the farmers. 
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
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5.3.17 Silage Practices 
More than half of the farmers participated in silage shows. Farmers’ participation in silage 
show is much higher in Khanewal as compared to other districts. Only 31 percent from Vehari 
and 43 percent from Multan participated in silage show. 
Consultation with silage making technician is only 16 percent. This consultation is 53 percent 
in Bahawalpur and 38 percent in Lodhran. Only 7 percent of farmers in Multan and 9 percent 
in Khanewal consulted silage making technician. 
Though a small proportion of the farmers have used services of silage making technician but 
almost all of the farmers are satisfied with the silage service received. This satisfaction level 
is reported by all farmers in Bahawalpur, Muzaffargarh and Lodhran. Only half of the farmers 
who consulted silage making technician are not satisfied with the services. 
5.3.18 Increase in Income after Dairy Project Training 
When farmers were asked about increase in their income after receiving training in dairy 
farming, 63 percent replied affirmatively. Almost of all of the farmers in Khanewal and 87 to 
88 percent from Bahawalpur and Lodhran reported increase in income after receiving training 
in dairy farming. One in four farmers from Muzaffargarh and 44 percent from Multan reported 
increase in income after training. 
5.3.19 Current Dairy Income & Expenses 
The large part of monthly income during summer as well as winter comes from sale of milk. 
Data on income and expenditures show that farmers are earning more from sale of milk during 
winter as compared to summer. Average monthly income from sale of milk during winter is Rs. 
19,025 which is Rs. 3,596 more than income during summer. Similarly, expenditure on milk 
during winter is Rs. 7,064 which is Rs. 1,222 more than expenditure on milk during summer. 
Farmers earn RS. 2,818 during summer and Rs. 3,500 during winter from sale of butter. 
Expenses occurred in production of butter are Rs. 500 during summer and Rs. 1,000 during 
winter. 
Higher income is reported from sale of milk during winter compered to summer from all 
districts. Average income from sale of milk is much higher in Muzaffargarh compared to other 
districts. Income from sale of milk is much lower in Multan compared to other districts. 
Table 5.3-5: Monthly Income and Expenditures of Dairy Products
Season Summer Winter
Produce Income Expenditure Profit Income Expenditure Profit 
Milk 15,429 5,888 9,541 19,025 7,064 11,961
Butter / 
Ghee 2,818 500 2,318 3,500 1,000 2,500
5.3.20 Increase in Income Before & After training 
Framers were asked how much monthly income increased after receiving training in dairy 
farming. The increase in monthly income after receiving training is less than Rs. 1000 for 39 
percent of the farmers and Rs 3,000 or more for 33 percent of the farmers. 
Table 5.3-6: increase in Monthly Income after Training 
Increase 
in 
Income
Up to Rs. 
1,000 1,000 – 2,000 3,000 – 4,000 4,000 – 5,000
More than Rs 
5,000
Over all 38.80% 22.40% 15.30% 12.80% 5.60%
5.3.21 Dairy Project Infomercials for Farmer 
A large majority of farmers from all districts except Vehari and Muzaffargarh had heard about 
campaign on dairy farming. Campaign knowledge is low among farmers in Muzaffargarh from 
where only 35 percent reported having heard about campaign. 
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The main source of information on dairy farming is social mobilizer followed television and 
radio. Farmers who have heard/seen media campaign through social mobilizers are 100% 
from Bahawalpur and Lodhran and 80 % in Multan. Television is playing important role in 
providing information on dairy farms in Muzaffargarh, Lodhran and Khanewal. Radio is source 
of information for 86 percent of farmers in Muzaffargarh district. 
Table 5.3-7: Source of Farmers’ knowledge about Project programs on Dairy Farming
Source
Social
Mobilizer TV Radio
Street 
Theater
Leaflet / 
pamphlet N
Over 
all 69.50% 39.00% 21.70% 16.40% 6.20% 341
Of those who got information on dairy farming through media campaign, 68 percent of farmers 
rated it good or excellent and on the other hand, 24 percent rated disseminated programs as 
poor to fair. 
These programs are much more liked and enjoyed by farmers in Bahawalpur, Khanewal, and 
Multan therefore highly rated. Farmers in Vehari seem unhappy or dissatisfied with the media 
campaign because 58 percent of farmers rated it as poor to fair. 
5.3.22 Follow-up 
Number of follow-up meeting organized by DRDF and attended by farmers is presented in 
figure 5.3-13. It is evident that on average, DRDF has organized 3.1 meetings. District 
variation does exist. More meetings were organized in Lodhran (5.3) followed by Khanewal 
(4.0) as compared to other districts. On average, one meeting was organized for farmers 
Muzaffargarh. 
Average number of follow-up meetings attended by farmers is 2.4. Number of meeting 
attended by farmers in Lodhran is 3.4 which is the highest average among all districts. 
Farmers Muzaffargarh only attended one meeting. 
When farmers were asked about the usefulness of follow-up meetings, more than 66 percent 
rated these meetings as good or excellent. That suggests these are helpful and achieved the 
objectives. All of the farmers from Bahawalpur and 96 percent from Khanewal rated these 
meetings as good or excellent. 
Sustainable Solutions (Pvt.) Ltd. 37 | P a g e
6. Conclusion 
The evaluators are of the opinion that the dairy project has been a story of success in adding 
value to communities engaged with the livestock sector, both in terms of knowledge transfer / 
skills development and creating economic opportunities. The consultants have found the dairy 
project successful due to following findings 
a) About 95% target farmers adopting more the three best practices, increasing 15% milk 
yield and approx. 15% income on milk sale (compared to project target of 10% and 
even 5 % more than the year 3 achievement) 
b) Around 69% farmers using services of WLEW’s and 82% using services of AIT’s 
(shows the good and trustworthy establishments of WLEW’s and AIT’s by the project)- 
The statistics of performance is much higher in comparison to PMP targets set at 60% 
and year 3 reporting of 60% both for WLEW’s and AIT’s 
c) The average income of AIT’s has been Pak Rs 11,000/- which is off course higher 
than the baseline of (zero) as no AIT’s existed before; and is much higher than the 
Target set in PMP for Rs 3000/- per month for AIT’s. 
d) The AIT’s who are still active and working are 98.2 % which is a highly satisfactory 
(The comparative target set in PMP was 60%) which is more than well achieved 
e) The WLEW’s who are active are 44.8 % which are slightly less than 64% reported 
achievement recorded in year 3 reporting- But the same has causes beyond control 
due to social issues of girls married and migrated to other villages, floods in the area 
for consecutive 3 years in a row restricting women to concentrate in their household￾But the will and knowledge transfer has been well received and seed for transformation 
of change has been placed. 
f) The project communication ions and follow up is well received by the target 
beneficiaries to the tune of between 60% to 72% which is again highly satisfactory in 
the rural and wide spread context of the target area. 
7. Way Forward 
The project interventions have been highly fruitful for setting a pace for harnessing the 
potential of the dairy sector in the target area in an integrated manner, with a sustainability 
rate of 44.8% for WLEW’s, 98.2% for AIT’s and 95% for farmers. The income and milk yield 
level of AIT’s, farmers and WLEW’s also shows a trend of more than 15% average increase. 
Keeping these indicators, it is recommended that the project may be continued for another 
two years for ensuring the sustainability etc. the target population being trained and engaged 
in phase -2 of the project. The support mechanism of provision of kits and other trade related 
grant has helped the target beneficiaries to jump start their work and also to sustain it in the 
future. 
More importantly, projects like this as pilot (in smaller scale) has been launched earlier as well 
benefitting smaller population, but this particular project has made a difference by virtue of its 
size, support mechanism and integration of all segments including farmers, AIT’s and WLEW’s 
across the rural dairy value chain. Immediate stoppage of this project can hamper 
sustainability –The project team and donors must find a solution to continue the support 
mechanism and may be a smaller training segment with DRDF to continue this project (even 
in a smaller scale ) for at least two more years.